Validation of a Clinical Scale for Early Detection of Infections at the Exit Site of Central Venous Catheters for Hemodialysis.

Introduction: Exit-site infections (ESI) of central venous catheters for hemodialysis (CVC-HD) has been associated with early catheter removal and an increased risk of CVC-HD related bacteremia. No specific clinical scales to predict ESI have previously been validated. Methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study was performed to validate the proposed scale, which is based on the following 5 signs and symptoms: (i) pain at exit site during interdialytic period; (ii) hyperemia or erythema ≥2 cm from exit site; (iii) inflammation, induration, or swelling at exit site; (iv) fever ≥38 °C not attributable to other causes, and (v) obvious abscess or purulent exudate at the exit site. Adult patients with a tunneled CVC-HD for at least 1 month after insertion has been included. During each hemodialysis session, the exit site was assessed with the proposed scale by nurses. If any item was present, a pericatheter skin swab culture was collected: positive results were gold standard. The scale was validated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression analysis. For this purpose, the logit function was applied, and the ESI probability calculated, as elogit ESI/1 + elogit ESI. Results: Three hundred thirty-seven CVC-HDs from 310 patients were analyzed, producing 515 cultures (117 infected and 398 healthy). The final version of the scale includes the following 3 signs and symptoms, which present the greatest predictive capacity: (i) pain at exit site during interdialytic period, (ii) hyperemia or erythema ≥2 cm from exit site, and (iii) abscess or purulent exudate at the exit site. The final version generated an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 88.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 85.2%-91%; P < 0.001), Youden index 0.7557 ≈ 1, sensitivity 80.34% (95% CI: 71.36%-87.71%) and specificity 95.23% (95% CI: 92.73%-97%). Conclusions: The validation shows that the scale has good predictive properties, detecting approximately 90% of ESI with very acceptable validity parameters.

Mapeo de la percepción individual y del entorno organizacional para la práctica clínica basada en la evidencia entre enfermeras renales en España / Mapping of individual perception and the organizational environment for evidence-based clinical practice among renal nurses in Spain

Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de las enfermeras renales en España en relación con el entorno organizacional para la práctica clínica basada en la evidencia (PCBE); y determinar qué factores profesionales y del contexto influyen en esta percepción. Material y Método: Estudio observacional transversal multicéntrico, en 15 servicios de nefrología de distintos hospitales en España y 2 centros de diálisis. Se utilizaron los instrumentos Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) y Evidence Based Practice Questionnarie (EBPQ). Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, bivariado (ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis), y regresión logística con la puntuación total del EBPQ como variable dependiente.Resultados: Se recibieron 397 encuestas (participación 84,28%), tras depuración encuestas, fueron válidas 382 (81,1% población): 82,7% mujeres, edad media 42 años, media de experiencia profesional como enfermera 18,2 años (12,2 años en nefrología), 94,8% clínicas, 81,9% de hemodiálisis. Puntuación media PES-NWI 62,35±15,10 (IC 95%: 60,78-48,06). Presentaron menores puntuaciones en algunos factores del PES-NWI las enfermeras de centros >500 enfermeras, que trabajan en hemodiálisis y >11 años de experien-cia profesional. Las enfermeras gestoras presentaron mayores puntuaciones en todos los factores del PES-NWI. Puntuación media EBPQ 81,05±21,92 (IC 95%: 78,70-83,4). Presentaron mayores puntuaciones en varios factores del EBPQ las enfermeras con menor experiencia profesional, mejor puntuación en PES-NWI y que poseían estudios de postgrado.Conclusiones: Los factores que más influyen en la percepción de las enfermeras renales en España son la experiencia profesional, el rol dentro de la organización, un contexto favorable y la formación de postgrado.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the perception of renal nurses in Spain regarding the organizational environment for evidence-based clinical practice (EBCP), and to determine what professional and context factors influence such perception.Material and Method: A crosssectional observational multicenter study was carried out in 15 nephrology services from different Spanish hospitals and 2 dialysis centers. The Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) and Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (EBPQ) tools were used. A descriptive, bivariate statistical analysis (ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis) and logistic regression were performed with the EBPQ total score as the dependent variable.Results: A total of 397 surveys were received (participation rate: 84.28%), and after processing the surveys 382 were valid (81.1% of the population): 82.7% were women, with a mean age of 42 years, a mean of 18.2 years of professional experience as a nurse (12.2 years in nephrology), 94.8% were clinical nurses, and 81.9% worked in hemodialysis. The average PES-NWI score was 62.35±15.10 (95% CI:60.78-48.06). Nurses in centers with more than 500 nurses, those who worked in hemodialysis, and those with more than 11 years of professional experience had lower scores on some PES-NWI factors. Nurse managers had higher scores in all PES-NWI factors. The average EBPQ score was 81.05±21.92 (95% CI:78.70-83.4). Nurses with less professional experience the better PES-NWI scores; also, postgraduate nurses had higher scores on several EBPQ factors. Conclusions: Factors that most influence the perception of Spanish renal nurses are professional experience, role within the organization, a favorable context, and postgraduate education.(AU)

Evaluación de necesidades paliativas en el paciente con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis / Palliative needs assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis

Introducción: Los cuidados paliativos aportan una atención necesaria que promueve una respuesta integral y coordinada del sistema sanitario respetando la autonomía y valores de los pacientes en situación de final de vida. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de necesidad de cuidados paliativos en la unidad de hemodiálisis de nuestro centro mediante el instrumento validado NECPAL CCOMSS-ICO e identificar la situación de complejidad en pacientes con necesidades paliativas usando la herramienta de IDC-Pal. Material y Método: Estudio observacional transversal. Tres enfermeras con formación en cuidados paliativos y en el uso de los cuestionarios NECPAL CCOMS-ICO y el IDC-Pal evaluaron de forma independiente a todos los pacientes de la unidad de crónicos de hemodiálisis. Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas entre los días 6 y 10 de marzo. Las discrepancias se resolvieron consensuando el resultado final entre las tres profesionales. Resultados: Se analizaron a 50 pacientes, con una edad media de 68.24. El perfil de paciente más frecuente fue aquel con un tiempo de permanencia en hemodiálisis de 48,8 meses de media. La enfermedad renal primaria y comorbilidad más prevalente fueron la nefropatía diabética (26%) y la hipertensión arterial (56%) respectivamente. Se identificaron 20 pacientes con necesidad de atención paliativa (40%). Respecto a la evaluación del IDC-Pal, se obtuvieron 19 pacientes en situación de complejidad y 1 en situación de no complejidad. Conclusiones: Las necesidades paliativas complejas sugieren la necesidad de realizar evaluaciones periódicas en las unidades de hemodiálisis, así como un enfoque asistencial multidisciplinar para dar respuesta a las necesidades identificadas (AU)

Introduction: The palliative care provides a necessary attention that promotes a comprehensive response and coordination of the health system respecting the autonomy and values of patients in the end-of-life situation. Aim: To determine the prevalence of the need for palliative care in the hemodialysis unit of our center using the validated instrument NECPAL CCOMSS-ICO and to identify the complexity situation in patients with palliative needs using IDC-Pal. Material and Method: Cross-sectional observational study. Three nurses trained in palliative care and in the use of the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO and IDC-Pal questionnaires independently assessed all patients in the chronic hemodialysis unit. The evaluations were carried out between the 6th and 10th of March. The discrepancies were resolved agreeing the final result among the three professionals. Results: 50 patients were analysed, with a mean age of 68.24. The most frequent patient profile was with a permanence time in hemodialysis of 48.8 months of means. The most prevalent renal disease and comorbidity were diabetic nephropathy (26%) and hypertension (56%), respectively. 20 patients with palliative care (40%) were identified. Regarding the evaluation of the IDC-Pal, 19 patients were obtained in a situation of complexity and 1 in situation of non-complexity. Conclusions: Complex palliative needs suggest the need for periodic evaluations in hemodialysis units, as well as a multidisciplinary care approach to respond to identified needs (AU)