Longitudinal humoral antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in a New York City hospital.

OBJECTIVE: Dynamics of humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens following infection suggest an initial decay of antibody followed by subsequent stabilisation. We aim to understand the longitudinal humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein and spike (S) protein and to evaluate their correlation to clinical symptoms among healthcare workers (HCWs). DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: This study was conducted in a New York City public hospital in the South Bronx, New York. PARTICIPANTS: HCWs participated in phase 1 (N=500) and were followed up 4 months later in phase 2 (N=178) of the study. They underwent SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology testing for N and S protein antibodies, in addition to completion of an online survey in both phases. Analysis was performed on the 178 participants who participated in both phases of the study. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Evaluate longitudinal humoral responses to viral N (qualitative serology testing) and S protein (quantitative Mount Sinai Health System ELISA to detect receptor-binding domain and full-length S reactive antibodies) by measuring rate of decay. RESULTS: Anti-N antibody positivity was 27% and anti-S positivity was 28% in phase 1. In phase 1, anti-S titres were higher in symptomatic (6754 (5177-8812)) than in asymptomatic positive subjects (5803 (2825-11 920)). Marginally higher titres (2382 (1494-3797)) were seen in asymptomatic compared with the symptomatic positive subgroup (2198 (1753-2755)) in phase 2. A positive correlation was noted between age (R=0.269, p<0.01), number (R=0.310, p<0.01) and duration of symptoms (R=0.434, p<0.01), and phase 1 anti-S antibody titre. A strong correlation (R=0.898, p<0.001) was observed between phase 1 titres and decay of anti-S antibody titres between the two phases. Significant correlation with rate of decay was also noted with fever (R=0.428, p<0.001), gastrointestinal symptoms (R=0.340, p<0.05), and total number (R=0.357, p<0.01) and duration of COVID-19 symptoms (R=0.469, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher initial anti-S antibody titres were associated with larger number and longer duration of symptoms as well as a faster decay between the two time points.

A Case of Myxedema Coma Crisis Induced by Inhalation Injury.

Myxedema coma is a life-threatening, critical condition in which many organ systems can be severely affected. It is considered the most severe presentation of hypothyroidism and should be treated immediately. Here, we discuss the case of a 58-year-old patient who presented with altered mental status, bradycardia, and hypothermia, the critical characteristics considered in this disorder after inhalation injury. In order to avoid a fatal outcome, aggressive therapy should be initiated upon presentation. This case will depict the typical presentation, the specific cause pertinent to this patient's condition, and the management of the acute condition of myxedema coma.

Acute Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) Following COVID-19 Vaccination in a Patient With Previously Stable ITP.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune condition associated with multiple risk factors including viral infections (hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus/cytomegalovirus, HIV, and recently severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and vaccines. Though immune mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of acute ITP, autoimmunity with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is still unclear and needs further research. We report a case of acute ITP after administration of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a patient with previously stable ITP.

Telemedicine experience of NYC Internal Medicine residents during COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic challenged the resilience of public health, including diagnostic testing, antiviral development and transmission prevention. In addition, it also affected the medical education of many residents and learners throughout the country. Historically, physicians undergoing their residency training were not involved in telemedicine. However, in response to the challenges faced due to COVID-19, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) released a provision in May 2020 to allow residents to participate in telemedicine. METHOD: Lincoln Medical Center, located in the South Bronx of New York City, currently has 115 Internal Medicine residents, and telemedicine clinic visits have been conducted by residents since June 2020. An anonymous 25-question survey was sent to all Internal Medicine residents between August 8, 2020 to August 14, 2020. RESULT: Of 115 residents, 95 (82.6% of the residents) replied to this questionnaire. Residents revealed feeling less confident in managing chronic diseases through telemedicine visits. The survey also shows that 83.1% of respondents prefer in-person visits during their training, 65.3% feel that the telemedicine experience will affect their future career choice, and 67.4% would prefer less than 50% of visits to be telemedicine in their future careers. OUTCOME: The purpose of the new ACGME rules allowing telemedicine was to prevent the undertraining of residents and maintain health care for the patient during the COVID-19 pandemic. This affects residency training and the experiences of residents, which in turn can influence their future career plans.

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among health care workers in a New York City hospital: A cross-sectional analysis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: New York City (NYC) has endured the greatest burden of COVID-19 infections in the US. Health inequities in South Bronx predisposed this community to a large number of infectious cases, hospitalizations, and mortality. Health care workers (HCWs) are at a high risk of exposure to the infection. This study aims to assess seroprevalence and the associated characteristics of consenting HCWs from an NYC public hospital. METHODS: This cross-sectional study includes serum samples for qualitative SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing with nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2; PCR and completion of an online survey capturing demographics, COVID-19 symptoms during the preceding months on duty, details of healthcare and community exposure, and travel history were collected from consenting participants in May 2020. Participants' risk of exposure to COVID-19 infection in the hospital and in the community was defined based on CDC guidelines. Travel history to high-risk areas was also considered an additional risk. The Odds Ratio with bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess characteristics associated with seroprevalence. RESULTS: A total of 500 HCW were tested, 137 (27%) tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Symptomatic participants had a 75% rate of seroconversion compared to those without symptoms. Subjects with anosmia and ageusia had increased odds of seroconversion in comparison to those without these symptoms. Community exposure was 34% among those who had positive antibodies. CONCLUSION: Seroprevalence among HCWs was high compared to the community at the epicenter of the pandemic. Further studies to evaluate sustained adaptive immunity in this high-risk group will guide our response to a future surge.

A review of the quality of current diabetes clinical practice guidelines / Examen de la calidad de las directrices actuales de práctica clínica sobre la diabetes / Uma revisão da qualidade das diretrizes atuais para a prática clínica em casos de diabetes

Objective. To obtain an evaluation of current type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) clinical practice guidelines. Methods. Relevant guidelines were identified through a systematic search of MEDLINE/ PubMed. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) country offices were also contacted to obtain national diabetes guidelines in use but not published/available online. Overall, 770 records were identified on MEDLINE/PubMed for citations published from 2008 to 2013. After an initial screening of these records, 146 were found to be guidelines related to diabetes. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to further refine the search and obtain a feasible number of guidelines for appraisal. Guideline evaluation was conducted by health professionals using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument, which was developed to address the issue of variability in guideline quality and assesses the methodological rigor and transparency in which a guideline is developed. A total of 17 guidelines were selected and evaluated. Results. Ten guidelines scored ≥ 70% and seven guidelines scored ≥ 80%. The range was 21%–100%. The mean scores for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) country guidelines (n = 6) were compared to the mean scores for non-LAC country guidelines (n = 11). International guidelines consistently scored notably higher in all domains and overall quality than LAC guidelines. Conclusions. Based on this study’s findings, it is clear that T2DM clinical practice guideline development requires further improvements, particularly with regard to the involvement of stakeholders and editorial independence. This issue is most apparent for LAC country guidelines, as their quality requires major improvement in almost all aspects of the AGREE II criteria. Continued efforts should be made to generate and update high-quality guidelines to improve the management of increasingly prevalent noncommunicable diseases, such as T2DM.

Objetivo. Evaluar las directrices de práctica clínica sobre la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 que se utilizan en la actualidad. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en MEDLINE/PubMed con el fin de localizar las directrices pertinentes. Asimismo, se solicitó a las oficinas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) en los países que facilitaran las directrices nacionales sobre la diabetes utilizadas en cada país que no estuvieran accesibles ni publicadas en línea. Se obtuvieron 770 registros de trabajos publicados del 2008 al 2013 en MEDLINE/PubMed. Tras un tamizaje inicial, se localizaron 146 directrices relacionadas con la diabetes. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión para perfeccionar aún más la búsqueda y obtener un número viable de directrices para realizar la evaluación. La evaluación estuvo a cargo de profesionales de la salud, quienes utilizaron el instrumento AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation), creado para abordar el problema de la variabilidad en cuanto a la calidad de las directrices, que evalúa el rigor metodológico y la transparencia del proceso de formulación. Se seleccionaron y evaluaron 17 directrices. Resultados. Diez directrices recibieron una puntuación ≥ 70% y siete directrices, ≥ 80%. El margen de las puntuaciones asignadas fue de 21-100 %. Se comparó la media de las puntuaciones asignadas a las directrices provenientes de países de América Latina y el Caribe (n = 6) con la media de aquellas provenientes de otros países (n = 11). Las directrices internacionales recibieron una puntuación notablemente mayor que las de América Latina y el Caribe en todos los criterios evaluados y en la calidad general. Conclusiones. Dados los resultados de este estudio, está claro que es preciso mejorar la formulación de directrices de práctica clínica sobre la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, en particular con respecto a la participación de los interesados directos y la independencia editorial. Esta cuestión es sumamente evidente en las directrices de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, puesto que son necesarias mejoras considerables de la calidad en casi todos los aspectos de los criterios evaluados con el instrumento AGREE II. Es fundamental continuar con los esfuerzos destinados a formular directrices de excelente calidad y actualizarlas para mejorar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las enfermedades no transmisibles que son cada vez más prevalentes, como es el caso de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2.

Objetivo. Avaliar as diretrizes atuais para a prática clínica em casos de diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DMT2). Métodos. Identificamos diretrizes relevantes por meio de uma pesquisa sistemática na base de dados MEDLINE/PubMed. As representações da Organização Pan- Americana da Saúde (OPAS) nos países também foram contatadas para que pudéssemos obter diretrizes para diabetes utilizadas nos países, mas não publicadas/disponíveis on-line. Ao todo, foram encontrados 770 resultados na MEDLINE/PubMed para citações publicadas entre 2008 e 2013. Depois de uma triagem inicial destes resultados, constatou-se que 146 eram diretrizes relacionadas ao diabetes. Utilizamos critérios de inclusão e exclusão para refinar ainda mais a pesquisa e obter um número viável de diretrizes a serem avaliadas. A avaliação das diretrizes foi feita por profissionais da saúde usando o instrumento AGREE II (Avaliação de Diretrizes para Pesquisa e Avaliação), desenvolvido para abordar a questão da variabilidade na qualidade de diretrizes e avaliar o rigor metodológico e a transparência no desenvolvimento de uma diretriz. No total, foram selecionadas e avaliadas17 diretrizes. Resultados. Dez diretrizes tiveram pontuação ≥70%, e sete diretrizes tiveram pontuação ≥80%. A variação foi de 21% a 100%. As pontuações médias das diretrizes de países da América Latina e Caribe (ALC) (n=6) foram comparadas às de países não pertencentes a esta região (n=11). As diretrizes internacionais tiveram pontuações consistentemente mais altas em todos os domínios e uma qualidade global mais elevada que as diretrizes da ALC. Conclusões. Com base nos resultados deste estudo, está claro que o desenvolvimento de diretrizes para a prática clínica em casos de DMT2 precisa ser aperfeiçoado, especialmente no que diz respeito à participação dos interessados diretos e à independência editorial. Este problema fica muito evidente no caso das diretrizes de países da ALC, cuja qualidade precisa melhorar muito em quase todos os aspectos dos critérios AGREE II. É preciso fazer esforços contínuos para desenvolver e atualizar diretrizes de alta qualidade a fim de melhorar a gestão de doenças não transmissíveis cada vez mais prevalentes, como o DMT2.

A review of the quality of current diabetes clinical practice guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain an evaluation of current type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) clinical practice guidelines. METHODS: Relevant guidelines were identified through a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) country offices were also contacted to obtain national diabetes guidelines in use but not published/available online. Overall, 770 records were identified on MEDLINE/PubMed for citations published from 2008 to 2013. After an initial screening of these records, 146 were found to be guidelines related to diabetes. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to further refine the search and obtain a feasible number of guidelines for appraisal. Guideline evaluation was conducted by health professionals using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument, which was developed to address the issue of variability in guideline quality and assesses the methodological rigor and transparency in which a guideline is developed. A total of 17 guidelines were selected and evaluated. RESULTS: Ten guidelines scored ≥ 70% and seven guidelines scored ≥ 80%. The range was 21%-100%. The mean scores for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) country guidelines (n = 6) were compared to the mean scores for non-LAC country guidelines (n = 11). International guidelines consistently scored notably higher in all domains and overall quality than LAC guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study's findings, it is clear that T2DM clinical practice guideline development requires further improvements, particularly with regard to the involvement of stakeholders and editorial independence. This issue is most apparent for LAC country guidelines, as their quality requires major improvement in almost all aspects of the AGREE II criteria. Continued efforts should be made to generate and update high-quality guidelines to improve the management of increasingly prevalent noncommunicable diseases, such as T2DM.

A review of the quality of current diabetes clinical practice guidelines / Examen de la calidad de las directrices actuales de práctica clínica sobre la diabetes / Uma revisão da qualidade das diretrizes atuais para a prática clínica em casos de diabetes

Objective To obtain an evaluation of current type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) clinical practice guidelines. Methods Relevant guidelines were identified through a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) country offices were also contacted to obtain national diabetes guidelines in use but not published/available online. Overall, 770 records were identified on MEDLINE/PubMed for citations published from 2008 to 2013. After an initial screening of these records, 146 were found to be guidelines related to diabetes. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to further refine the search and obtain a feasible number of guidelines for appraisal. Guideline evaluation was conducted by health professionals using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument, which was developed to address the issue of variability in guideline quality and assesses the methodological rigor and transparency in which a guideline is developed. A total of 17 guidelines were selected and evaluated. Results Ten guidelines scored ≥ 70% and seven guidelines scored ≥ 80%. The range was 21%-100%. The mean scores for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) country guidelines (n = 6) were compared to the mean scores for non-LAC country guidelines (n = 11). International guidelines consistently scored notably higher in all domains and overall quality than LAC guidelines. Conclusions Based on this study's findings, it is clear that T2DM clinical practice guideline development requires further improvements, particularly with regard to the involvement of stakeholders and editorial independence. This issue is most apparent for LAC country guidelines, as their quality requires major improvement in almost all aspects of the AGREE II criteria. Continued efforts should be made to generate and update high-quality guidelines to improve the management of increasingly prevalent noncommunicable diseases, such as T2DM.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar las directrices de práctica clínica sobre la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 que se utilizan en la actualidad. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en MEDLINE/PubMed con el fin de localizar las directrices pertinentes. Asimismo, se solicitó a las oficinas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) en los países que facilitaran las directrices nacionales sobre la diabetes utilizadas en cada país que no estuvieran accesibles ni publicadas en línea. Se obtuvieron 770 registros de trabajos publicados del 2008 al 2013 en MEDLINE/PubMed. Tras un tamizaje inicial, se localizaron 146 directrices relacionadas con la diabetes. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión para perfeccionar aún más la búsqueda y obtener un número viable de directrices para realizar la evaluación. La evaluación estuvo a cargo de profesionales de la salud, quienes utilizaron el instrumento AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation), creado para abordar el problema de la variabilidad en cuanto a la calidad de las directrices, que evalúa el rigor metodológico y la transparencia del proceso de formulación. Se seleccionaron y evaluaron 17 directrices. Resultados Diez directrices recibieron una puntuación  70% y siete directrices,  80%. El margen de las puntuaciones asignadas fue de 21-100 %. Se comparó la media de las puntuaciones asignadas a las directrices provenientes de países de América Latina y el Caribe (n = 6) con la media de aquellas provenientes de otros países (n = 11). Las directrices internacionales recibieron una puntuación notablemente mayor que las de América Latina y el Caribe en todos los criterios evaluados y en la calidad general. Conclusiones Dados los resultados de este estudio, está claro que es preciso mejorar la formulación de directrices de práctica clínica sobre la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, en particular con respecto a la participación de los interesados directos y la independencia editorial. Esta cuestión es sumamente evidente en las directrices de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, puesto que son necesarias mejoras considerables de la calidad en casi todos los aspectos de los criterios evaluados con el instrumento AGREE II. Es fundamental continuar con los esfuerzos destinados a formular directrices de excelente calidad y actualizarlas para mejorar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las enfermedades no transmisibles que son cada vez más prevalentes, como es el caso de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar as diretrizes atuais para a prática clínica em casos de diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DMT2). Métodos Identificamos diretrizes relevantes por meio de uma pesquisa sistemática na base de dados MEDLINE/PubMed. As representações da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) nos países também foram contatadas para que pudéssemos obter diretrizes para diabetes utilizadas nos países, mas não publicadas/disponíveis on-line. Ao todo, foram encontrados 770 resultados na MEDLINE/PubMed para citações publicadas entre 2008 e 2013. Depois de uma triagem inicial destes resultados, constatou-se que 146 eram diretrizes relacionadas ao diabetes. Utilizamos critérios de inclusão e exclusão para refinar ainda mais a pesquisa e obter um número viável de diretrizes a serem avaliadas. A avaliação das diretrizes foi feita por profissionais da saúde usando o instrumento AGREE II (Avaliação de Diretrizes para Pesquisa e Avaliação), desenvolvido para abordar a questão da variabilidade na qualidade de diretrizes e avaliar o rigor metodológico e a transparência no desenvolvimento de uma diretriz. No total, foram selecionadas e avaliadas17 diretrizes. Resultados Dez diretrizes tiveram pontuação 70%, e sete diretrizes tiveram pontuação 80%. A variação foi de 21% a 100%. As pontuações médias das diretrizes de países da América Latina e Caribe (ALC) (n=6) foram comparadas às de países não pertencentes a esta região (n=11). As diretrizes internacionais tiveram pontuações consistentemente mais altas em todos os domínios e uma qualidade global mais elevada que as diretrizes da ALC. Conclusões Com base nos resultados deste estudo, está claro que o desenvolvimento de diretrizes para a prática clínica em casos de DMT2 precisa ser aperfeiçoado, especialmente no que diz respeito à participação dos interessados diretos e à independência editorial. Este problema fica muito evidente no caso das diretrizes de países da ALC, cuja qualidade precisa melhorar muito em quase todos os aspectos dos critérios AGREE II. É preciso fazer esforços contínuos para desenvolver e atualizar diretrizes de alta qualidade a fim de melhorar a gestão de doenças não transmissíveis cada vez mais prevalentes, como o DMT2.