Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels predict early recurrence and prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after surgical resection.

Introduction: Dysregulation in lipid metabolism contributes to the occurrence and development of various cancers. The connection between changes in lipid metabolism and the development of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remains uncertain. Our objective was to investigate the significance of blood lipid levels in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma who have undergone surgery. Methods: Ninety-seven ICC patients who underwent surgery were retrospectively enrolled. After 92.2 months of follow-up, the Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard model were used to calculate overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Results: The median age of this cohort was 56 years, and 79 (81.4 %) of them were male. Eighty-eight (90.7 %) patients presented with tumor recurrence and 73 (75.3 %) died. In multivariate analyses, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (<0.91 vs. ≥ 0.91 mmol/L, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.55; 95 % CI: 1.38-4.71), lymph node metastasis (Yes vs. No, HR = 2.58; 95 % CI: 1.28-5.19), etiology factor (chronic HBV infection vs. others, HR = 0.5; 95 % CI: 0.28-0.88) and multiple tumor lesions (Yes vs. No, HR = 1.85; 95 % CI: 1.01-3.39) were independent predictors of overall survival. However, only high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (HR = 1.86; 95 % CI: 1.19-2.92) emerged as the independent factor for recurrence-free survival. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (HR = 2.07; 95 % CI: 1.26-3.41), etiology factor (HR = 0.49; 95 % CI: 0.29-0.84), and multiple tumor lesions (HR = 2.00; 95 % CI: 1.14-3.51) were independent predictors of early recurrence. For patients who did not experience the spread of cancer to the lymph nodes, there was a significant correlation between the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and their overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and early recurrence. For patients with low pre-operation high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, high post-operation high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were associated with better prognosis. Conclusions: Low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level might serve as a sign of poor clinical outcomes (overall survival and recurrence-free survival) and early recurrence among intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients. Strengthening the monitoring and intervention of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients with poor prognosis might be critical for improving the prognosis.

Evaluating spray drift from Uncrewed Aerial Spray Systems: A machine learning and variance-based sensitivity analysis of environmental and spray system parameters.

Uncrewed Aerial Spray Systems (UASS), commonly called drones, have become an important application technique for plant protection products in Asia and worldwide. As such, environmental variables and spray system parameters influencing spray drift deserve detailed investigations. This study presents the data analysis of 114 UASS drift trials conducted between December 2021 and December 2022 in China. Study design was based on the ISO 22866:2005 protocol for spray drift trials and considered different UASS platforms, nozzles, and release heights, and specifically continuously measured weather conditions. The relative importance of the environmental variables and spray system parameters was evaluated by a random forest (RF) feature importance analysis, a Sobol sensitivity analysis and partial dependence plots. This approach was preferred to linear ranking techniques such as ANOVA (analysis of variance) due to the non-linearity of the system. In addition, partial dependence plots are proposed to visualize the relationship between specific input parameters within the system. Drift deposition curves calculated from the 114 trials show good agreement with previous UASS trials reported in the literature. As reported in previous studies, spray drift following UASS applications is lower than for manned aerial vehicles, greater than for ground spray applications, and similar to drift observed from orchard air blast applications. In addition, 9 trials were conducted on corn fields in order to evaluate the potential effect of crop cover on spray drift. Spray drift was observed to be reduced over the cropped soil, suggesting that plant cover might possibly reduce spray drift. These findings could help supporting drift mitigation policies, stewardship advice and product labelling around the world.

Kinetically matched C-N coupling toward efficient urea electrosynthesis enabled on copper single-atom alloy.

Chemical C-N coupling from CO2 and NO3-, driven by renewable electricity, toward urea synthesis is an appealing alternative for Bosch-Meiser urea production. However, the unmatched kinetics in CO2 and NO3- reduction reactions and the complexity of C- and N-species involved in the co-reduction render the challenge of C-N coupling, leading to the low urea yield rate and Faradaic efficiency. Here, we report a single-atom copper-alloyed Pd catalyst (Pd4Cu1) that can achieve highly efficient C-N coupling toward urea electrosynthesis. The reduction kinetics of CO2 and NO3- is regulated and matched by steering Cu doping level and Pd4Cu1/FeNi(OH)2 interface. Charge-polarized Pdδ--Cuδ+ dual-sites stabilize the key *CO and *NH2 intermediates to promote C-N coupling. The synthesized Pd4Cu1-FeNi(OH)2 composite catalyst achieves a urea yield rate of 436.9 mmol gcat.-1 h-1 and Faradaic efficiency of 66.4%, as well as a long cycling stability of 1000 h. In-situ spectroscopic results and theoretical calculation reveal that atomically dispersed Cu in Pd lattice promotes the deep reduction of NO3- to *NH2, and the Pd-Cu dual-sites lower the energy barrier of the pivotal C-N coupling between *NH2 and *CO.

Multi-layer core-shell metal oxide/nitride/carbon and its high-rate electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia.

The electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia is both an alternative strategy to industrial Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis and a prospective idea for changing waste (nitrate pollution of groundwater around the world) into valuable chemicals, but still hindered by its in-process strongly competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), low ammonia conversion efficiency, and the absence of stability and sustainability. Considering the unique electronic structure of anti-perovskite structured Fe4N, a tandem disproportionation reaction and nitridation-carbonation route for building a multi-layer core-shell oxide/nitride/C catalyst, such as MoO2/Fe4N/C, is designed and executed, in which abundant Fe-N active sites and rich phase interfaces are in situ formed for both suppressing HER and fast transport of electrons and reaction intermediates. As a result, the sample's NO3RR conversion displays a very high NH3 yield rate of up to 11.10 molNH3 gcat.-1 h-1 (1.67 mmol cm-2 h-1) with a superior 99.3% faradaic efficiency and the highest half-cell energy efficiency of 30%, surpassing that of most previous reports. In addition, it is proved that the NO3RR assisted by the MoO2/Fe4N/C electrocatalyst can be carried out in 0.50-1.00 M KNO3 electrolyte at a pH value of 6-14 for a long time. These results guide the rational design of highly active, selective, and durable electrocatalysts based on anti-perovskite Fe4N for the NO3RR.

Surface oxygen vacancy engineering on TiO2 (101) via ALD technology for simultaneously enhancing charge separation and transfer.

Titanium oxide molecular layers containing extensive SOV content (11.4-16.2%) have been constructed on (101) TiO2 nanotubes through a precisely controlled atomic layer deposition technique, in which the charge separation efficiency and surface charge transfer efficiency are increased to 28.2% and 89.0%, respectively, about 17 and 2 times those of the initial TiO2 nanotubes.

Perioperative transfusion analysis and blood ordering schedule update for total knee arthroplasty / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the perioperative rate of allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and its risk factors, and to identify its cross-match to transfusion ratio (C∶T ratio). 【Methods】 Anesthetic data of patients who underwent TKA from January 2014 to October 2019 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Perioperative allogeneic RBC transfusion rate was calculated, and binary Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify its risk factors in these patients. The overall C∶T ratio was calculated and divided into subgroups based on surgery type and age group. 【Results】 The study enrolled 2 903 patients. The perioperative rate of allogeneic RBC transfusion in TKA patients was 10.9% (95% CI 9.8%~12.0%) and overall C∶T ratio was 5.6∶1. The independent risk factors leading to perioperative allogeneic RBC transfusion included advanced age(OR=1.025, 95% CI 1.009~1.042, P<0.01), preoperative hemoglobin level(OR=0.966, 95% CI 0.954~0.978, P<0.001), preoperative anemia(OR=3.543, 95% CI 2.052~6.119, P<0.001), hematological diseases(OR=6.462, 95% CI 2.479~16.841, P<0.001), bilateral surgery(OR=7.681, 95% CI 5.759~10.245, P<0.01) and revision surgery(OR=9.584, 95% CI 4.360~21.065, P<0.001). 【Conclusion】 The risk factors for perioperative allogeneic RBC transfusion in TKA patients included advanced age, preoperative low hemoglobin level, preoperative anemia, hematological diseases, bilateral surgery and revision surgery. Only type and screen tests are recommended if patients receiving unilateral primary TKA surgery are less than 75 years old without anemia and hematological diseases, while at least one to four units of blood should be cross-matched if patients are with preoperative anemia and hematological diseases or will receive bilateral and revision arthroplasty.

Efficient interlayer confined nitrate reduction reaction and oxygen generation enabled by interlayer expansion.

Electrochemically converting nitrate ions back to ammonia can not only eliminate water pollution but also obtain valuable ammonia without a serious carbon footprint, and is thus deemed as an efficient supplement to the traditional Haber-Bosch process. Currently reported catalysts can achieve a single electrode reaction in the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction. However, the bifunctionality of a single catalyst for both cathodic and anodic reactions has not yet been reported. Herein, we report Fe-doped layered α-Ni(OH)2 with expanded interlayer spacing as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for the nitrate reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. The expanded interlayer spacing facilitates in situ electrochemical potassium ion intercalation between layers. In situ Raman spectroscopy characterization confirms that both the nitrate reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction are confined between layers and are triggered by the accumulation of potassium ions. The obtained α-Ni0.881Fe0.119(OH)2 nanosheets deliver an ammonia yield rate of 8.1 mol gcat.-1 h-1 with a NO3--to-NH3 faradaic efficiency of 97.5% at the cathode. The overpotential of oxygen generation at 10 mA cm-2 is reduced to 254 mV at the anode. As a bifunctional catalyst in overall electrolysis, the current density of α-Ni0.881Fe0.119(OH)2 reaches 24.8 mA cm-2 at a voltage of 2.0 V and performs continuously for 50 h with a current retention of 80.2%.

Direct Electron Transfer from Upconversion Graphene Quantum Dots to TiO2 Enabling Infrared Light-Driven Overall Water Splitting.

Utilization of infrared light in photocatalytic water splitting is highly important yet challenging given its large proportion in sunlight. Although upconversion material may photogenerate electrons with sufficient energy, the electron transfer between upconversion material and semiconductor is inefficient limiting overall photocatalytic performance. In this work, a TiO2/graphene quantum dot (GQD) hybrid system has been designed with intimate interface, which enables highly efficient transfer of photogenerated electrons from GQDs to TiO2. The designed hybrid material with high photogenerated electron density displays photocatalytic activity under infrared light (20 mW cm-2) for overall water splitting (H2: 60.4 µmol gcat. -1 h-1 and O2: 30.0 µmol gcat. -1 h-1). With infrared light well harnessed, the system offers a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of 0.80% in full solar spectrum. This work provides new insight into harnessing charge transfer between upconversion materials and semiconductor photocatalysts and opens a new avenue for designing photocatalysts toward working under infrared light.

A boronization-induced amorphous-crystalline interface on a Prussian blue analogue for efficient and stable seawater splitting.

A promising electrocatalyst with an amorphous-crystalline structure was designed through a NaBH4 reduction strategy. Such a surface-defective heterophase structure remarkably prevents the catalyst from corroding by hindering the transport of Cl-, resulting in efficient and stable overall seawater splitting.

Hyaluronic acid functionalization improves dermal targeting of polymeric nanoparticles for management of burn wounds: In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations.

Owing to its intricate pathophysiology, impaired wound healing is one of the substantial challenges in the treatment of burn wounds (BWs). Despite the variety of conventional therapies available, morbidities associated with BWs have not subsided. Therefore, aim of the present study was to design an advanced nanotechnology-composited therapy for effectual management of BWs. Hyaluronic acid (HA)-functionalized curcumin (CUR) and quercetin (QUE) co-loaded nanoparticle (HA-CUR-QUE-CSNPs) were fabricated, optimized, characterized and evaluated for successful co-encapsulation of drugs, morphology, stability, drug release, cell proliferation, penetration across the skin, localization in the epidermis and dermis, and in vivo wound healing efficacy. Fabricated HA-functionalized CSNPs exhibited ultra-small size (177 ± 11 nm), good zeta potential (+37.0 ± 3.2 mV), high encapsulation efficiency (EE) (QUE ∼84% and CUR ∼64%) and loading capacity (LC) (QUE ∼38% and CUR ∼43%), and spherical shape with uniformly rough surface. HA-functionalized CSNPs showed a triphasic release pattern with Fickian diffusion kinetics, a time-mannered progression in MC3T3-E1 cells proliferation, improved penetration of CUR (2414 µg/cm2) and QUE (1984 µg/cm2) through stratum corneum, and good localization of drugs in the epidermis and dermis. A superior wound healing efficacy (98% wound closure rate at day 28) with marked histological signs of minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells, re-epithelization, ECM formation, fibroblast infiltration at wound site, granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition were also evidenced. This study concludes that HA-functionalization of polymeric NPs could be a promising approach to maximize skin penetration efficiency, localization of drugs in skin tissues, tissue regeneration and BWs healing.

A strategy of asymmetric local structure based on mesoporous MoO2 toward efficient electrocatalysis.

Combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a substitutional heteroatom-doping approach is employed to design asymmetric local structures based on highly ordered mesoporous MoO2 nanostructures. Such synergistic strategies on increasing both the number and intrinsic activity of active sites jointly lead to a significant water oxidation performance boost.

Built-in electric field for photocatalytic overall water splitting through a TiO2/BiOBr P-N heterojunction.

Photocatalytic overall water splitting to simultaneously obtain abundant hydrogen and oxygen is still the mountain that stands in the way for the practical applications of hydrogen energy, in which composite semiconductor photocatalysts are critical for providing both electrons and holes to promote the following redox reaction. However, the interface between different components forms a deplete layer to hinder the charge transfer to a large extent. In order to enhance the charger transfer from an interface to the surface and promote the spatial separation of electron-hole pairs, a built-in electric field induced by a p-n heterojunction emerges as the best choice. As a touchstone, a p-n heterojunction of TiO2/BiOBr with a strong built-in electric field has been constructed, which presents a wide spectrum response owing to its interleaved band gaps after composition. The built-in electric field greatly enhances the separation and transportation of photogenerated carriers, resulting in fluorescence quenching due to the carrier recombination. The sample also displayed exceptional photoelectron responses: its photocurrent density (43.3 µA cm-2) was over 10 times that of TiO2 (3.5 µA cm-2) or BiOBr (4.2 µA cm-2). In addition, the sample with a molar ratio of 3 : 1 between TiO2 and BiOBr showed the best photocatalytic overall water splitting performance under visible light (λ > 420 nm): the hydrogen and oxygen production rate were 472.7 µmol gcat.-1 h-1 and 95.7 µmol gcat.-1 h-1, respectively, which are the highest values under visible light without other cocatalysts to have been reported in literature for the photocatalyst.

Interference of CD38 monoclonal antibody in blood compatibility testing and its countermeasures: A general consensus among experts / 中国输血杂志

With continuous discovery of tumor immune targets and continuous changes in antibody research and development technology, antibody drugs are becoming more and more widely used in clinical practice. However, some targets are not only expressed on tumor cells, but also on red blood cells. Therefore, the clinical application of antibodies against the corresponding targets may interfere with the detection of blood transfusion compatibility, resulting in difficulty in blood matching or delay of blood transfusion. This consensus summarizes the current solutions for the interference of CD38 monoclonal antibody (CD38 mAb) in transfusion compatibility testing. After analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different methods, polybrene and sulfhydryl reducing agents [dithiothreitol (DTT) or 2-mercaptoethanol (2-Me)], as a solution for CD38 mAb interference in blood compatibility testing, are recommended for Chinese patients, so as to eliminate blood transfusion interference produce by CD38 mAb and further provide a pre-transfusion workflow for clinicians and technicians in Department of Blood Transfusion.

Immune infiltration-associated serum amyloid A1 predicts favorable prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is an acute-phase protein involved in acute or chronic hepatitis. Its function is still controversial. In addition, the effect of the expression of SAA1 and its molecular function on the progression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. AIM: To demonstrate the expression of SAA1 and its effect on the prognosis in HCC and explain further the correlation of SAA1 and immunity pathways. METHODS: SAA1 expression in HCC was conducted with The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) in GEPIA tool, and the survival analysis based on the SAA1 expression level was achieved in the Kaplan-Meier portal. The high or low expression group was then drawn based on the median level of SAA1 expression. The correlation of SAA1 and the clinical features were conducted in the UALCAN web-based portal with TCGA-LIHC, including tumor grade, patient disease stage, and the TP53 mutation. The correlation analysis between SAA1 expression and TP53 mutation was subjected to the TCGA portal. The tumor purity score and the immune score were analyzed with CIBERSORT. The correlation of SAA1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was achieved in TISIDB web-based integrated repository portal for tumor-immune system interactions. GSE125336 dataset was used to test the SAA1 expression in the responsive or resistant group with anti-PD1 therapy. Gene set enrichment analysis was applied to evaluate the gene enrichment signaling pathway in HCC. The similar genes of SAA1 in HCC were identified in GEPIA, and the protein-protein interaction of SAA1 was conducted in the Metascape tool. The expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 23, and complement C5a receptor 1 was studied and overall survival analysis in HCC was conducted in GEPIA and Kaplan-Meier portal, respectively. RESULTS: SAA1 expression was decreased in HCC, and lower SAA1 expression predicted poorer overall survival, progression-free survival, and disease-specific survival. Furthermore, SAA1 expression was further decreased with increased tumor grade and patient disease stage. Also, SAA1 expression was further downregulated in patients with TP53 mutation compared with patients with wild type TP53. SAA1 expression was negatively correlated with the TP53 mutation. Lower SAA1 predicted poorer survival rate, especially in the patients with no hepatitis virus infection, other than those with hepatitis virus infection. Moreover, the SAA1 expression was negatively correlated with tumor purity. In contrast, SAA1 expression was positively correlated with the immune score in HCC, and the correlation analysis between SAA1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes also showed a positive correlation in HCC. Decreased SAA1 was closely associated with the immune tolerance of HCC. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 23 genes were identified as the hub genes associated with SAA1, which could also serve as favorable prognosis markers for HCC. CONCLUSION: SAA1 is downregulated in the liver tumor, and it is closely involved in the progression of HCC. Lower SAA1 expression indicates lower survival rate, especially for those patients without hepatitis virus infection. Lower SAA1 expression also suggests lower immune infiltrating cells, especially for those with immune cells exerting anti-tumor immune function. SAA1 expression is closely associated with the anti-tumor immune pathways.

Modulation of Disordered Coordination Degree Based on Surface Defective Metal-Organic Framework Derivatives toward Boosting Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis.

Seeking potential electrocatalysts with both large-scale application and robust activity for the oxygen evolution reaction allows for no delay. Herein, a squarate-based metal-organic framework (MOF) ([Co3 (C4 O4 )2 (OH)2 ]⋅3H2 O) is reported for electrocatalytic water oxidation. A facile, green, and low-cost strategy is proposed to introduce defects by not only rationally breaking CoO bonds to form defective coordination environment and electronic reconfiguration, but also systematically modulates defect concentration to optimize electrochemical performance. As a result, the post-treated surface defective MOF derivative (Co-MOF-3h) achieves a current density of 50 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 380 mV, owing to larger active surface area, more opened active sites, and favorable conducting channels. Finally, density functional theory calculations have further validated the effect of defective coordination in regard to electronic structure for electrocatalysts. This study delivers inspirations in defect engineering and is in favor of developing high-efficiency electrocatalysts.

Rising horizon in circumventing multidrug resistance in chemotherapy with nanotechnology.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the key barriers in chemotherapy, leading to the generation of insensitive cancer cells towards administered therapy. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of the cells are the consequences of MDR, resulted in drug resistivity, which reflects in impaired delivery of cytotoxic agents to the cancer site. Nanotechnology-based nanocarriers have shown immense shreds of evidence in overcoming these problems, where these promising tools handle desired dosage load of hydrophobic chemotherapeutics to facilitate designing of safe, controlled and effective delivery to specifically at tumor microenvironment. Therefore, encapsulating drugs within the nano-architecture have shown to enhance solubility, bioavailability, drug targeting, where co-administered P-gp inhibitors have additionally combat against developed MDR. Moreover, recent advancement in the stimuli-sensitive delivery of nanocarriers facilitates a tumor-targeted release of the chemotherapeutics to reduce the associated toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents in normal cells. The present article is focused on MDR development strategies in the cancer cell and different nanocarrier-based approaches in circumventing this hurdle to establish an effective therapy against deadliest cancer disease.

Interfacial Engineering of Hierarchical Transition Metal Oxide Heterostructures for Highly Sensitive Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is a major messenger molecule in cellular signal transduction. Direct detection of H2 O2 in complex environments provides the capability to illuminate its various biological functions. With this in mind, a novel electrochemical approach is here proposed by integrating a series of CoO nanostructures on CuO backbone at electrode interfaces. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrate successful formation of core-shell CuO-CoO hetero-nanostructures. Theoretical calculations further confirm energy-favorable adsorption of H2 O2 on surface sites of CuO-CoO heterostructures. Contributing to the efficient electron transfer path and enhanced capture of H2 O2 in the unique leaf-like CuO-CoO hierarchical 3D interface, an optimal biosensor-based CuO-CoO-2.5 h electrode exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity (6349 µA m m-1 cm-2 ), excellent selectivity, and a wide detection range for H2 O2 , and is capable of monitoring endogenous H2 O2 derived from human lung carcinoma cells A549. The synergistic effects for enhanced H2 O2 adsorption in integrated CuO-CoO nanostructures and performance of the sensor suggest a potential for exploring pathological and physiological roles of reactive oxygen species like H2 O2 in biological systems.

Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Architectures Derived from Surface-Mounted Metal-Organic Framework Membranes for Enhanced Electrocatalysis.

Inspired by the rapid development of metal-organic-framework-derived materials in various applications, a facile synthetic strategy was developed for fabrication of 3D hierarchical nanoarchitectures. A surface-mounted metal-organic framework membrane was pyrolyzed at a range of temperatures to produce catalysts with excellent trifunctional electrocatalytic efficiencies for the oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution, and oxygen evolution reactions.

Identification and Characterization of the Lysine-Rich Matrix Protein Family in Pinctada fucata: Indicative of Roles in Shell Formation.

Mantle can secret matrix proteins playing key roles in regulating the process of shell formation. The genes encoding lysine-rich matrix proteins (KRMPs) are one of the most highly expressed matrix genes in pearl oysters. However, the expression pattern of KRMPs is limited and the functions of them still remain unknown. In this study, we isolated and identified six new members of lysine-rich matrix proteins, rich in lysine, glycine and tyrosine, and all of them are basic matrix proteins. Combined with four members of the KRMPs previously reported, all these proteins can be divided into three subclasses according to the results of phylogenetic analyses: KRMP1-3 belong to subclass KPI, KRMP4-5 belong to KPII, and KRMP6-10 belong to KPIII. Three subcategories of lysine-rich matrix proteins are highly expressed in the D-phase, the larvae and adult mantle. Lysine-rich matrix proteins are involved in the shell repairing process and associated with the formation of the shell and pearl. What's more, they can cause abnormal shell growth after RNA interference. In detail, KPI subgroup was critical for the beginning formation of the prismatic layer; both KPII and KPIII subgroups participated in the formation of prismatic layer and nacreous layer. Compared with different temperatures and salinity stimulation treatments, the influence of changes in pH on KRMPs gene expression was the greatest. Recombinant KRMP7 significantly inhibited CaCO3 precipitation, changed the morphology of calcite, and inhibited the growth of aragonite in vitro. Our results are beneficial to understand the functions of the KRMP genes during shell formation.