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Objective:To survey the training requirements for doctoral candidates in general practice.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the requirements for general practice doctorate training; the items included the training target, training objectives and training contents. A total of 130 stakeholders of general practice participated in the survey, including administrators in health committees, general practice educators of medical schools, general practitioners in hospital and community health service centers and students in general medicine. The participants were divided into training unit group ( n=42), employer group ( n=42) and doctor and student group ( n=46). Results:Among all training objectives, the training "general medicine scientific research ability" ranked the first (121, 93.1%); while 114 (87.7%) respondents believed that the training target should be the leading talents in general medicine. Regarding the content of clinical competence training, 86 (66.1%) respondents believed that there was a lack of medical care training for whole life-cycle and whole population currently. The training requirement for acute disease management and referral competence in employer group was significantly higher than the training unit group (χ2=25.73, P<0.01) and the doctor and student group (χ2=24.37, P<0.01). Most survey respondents believed that the doctorate candidates in general medicine should focus on scientific research training in community clinical medicine ( n=110, 84.6%), community preventive medicine and epidemiology ( n=114, 87.7%); 117 (90.0%) respondents believed that clinical research design and methodology training should be strengthened, and 125 (96.2%) respondents believed that clinical teaching thinking training should be strengthened; 108 (83.1%) survey respondents believed that it is necessary for their units to recruit personnel with doctoral degree in general medicine. Conclusion:The training of doctorate candidates in general medicine should aim at cultivating leading talents in general medicine, strengthen the training of clinical scientific research capabilities, and focus on cultivating their comprehensive abilities of "being able to research, be good at teaching, and understand management", so that they can truly become the leaders in this discipline.
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In the trends of large-scale brain research projects around the world, the China Brain Project aims to promote the understanding of the basic principles of the brain, and use the basic research of neuroscience to serve some urgent social and economic needs at the same time.As we approach the launch of this effort aimed at revolutionizing our understanding of cognitive principles of the brain, early diagnoses of brain diseases and brain-like intelligence technologies, it is timely to review the new progress in recent international brain research projects, and the deployment and future trajectory of neuroscience research in China.
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We aimed to summarize reliable medical evidence by the meta-analysis of all published clinical trials that investigated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of vaccine candidates against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and medRxiv databases were used to select the studies. 7094 articles were identified initially and 43 were retrieved for more detailed evaluation. 5 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were selected. A total of 1604 subjects with either vaccines or placebo infections were included in the meta-analysis within the scope of these articles. According to the results, there is an increase in total adverse events for subjects with either low (95% CI: 1.90-4.29) or high (CI: 2.65-5.63) dose vaccination. The adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccine are mainly local ones including pain, itching, and redness, and no significant difference was identified in the systemic reactions. All adverse effects were transient and resolved within a few days. Moreover, the neutralizing and IgG antibody levels post different dose vaccinations were all significantly increased at day 14/21 (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0003, respectively) and day 28/35 (P < 0.00001) in vaccine groups compared to placebo controls. Besides, the levels of neutralizing and IgG antibodies were also elevated significantly at from day 14 to 35, versus day 0 (All P < 0.001). In conclusion, our analysis suggests that the current COVID-19 vaccine candidates are safe, tolerated, and immunogenic, which provides important information for further development, evaluation, and clinical application of COVID-19 vaccine.
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Objective To compare the protective effects of pharmacological batch RC28-E1 and pilot batch RC28-E2 on retinal vascular endothelial cells (RF/6A) under the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF).Methods RF/6A cells were divided into normal control group,VEGF + FGF group and RC28-E1 groups with different concentrations.The optimal concentration of RC28-E1 was determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method.Cells were divided into normal control group,VEGF+FGF group,RC28-E1 group,RC28-E2 group,conbercept group and FGF trap group,and cultured with serum-free culture medium,serum-free culture medium containing VEGF+FGF,serum-free culture medium containing VEGF+FGF+RC28-E1,serum-free culture medium containing VEGF+FGF+RC28-E2,and serum-free culture medium containing VEGF+FGF+ conbercept,serum-free medium containing VEGF+FGF+FGF trap,respectively.Cell proliferation rate was measured by CCK-8 method,cell migration ability was detected by Transwell test,and tube formation ability was detected by Matrigel assay.Results The cell proliferation rate of 0.080 mg/ml RC28-E1 group was significantly lower than that of VEGF+FGF group (P＜0.05).The cell proliferation rate of RC28-E1 group,RC28-E2 group and FGF trap group were significantly lower than that of VEGF+FGF group (P＜0.05).The number of migrated cells in RC28-E1 group,RC28-E2 group,conbercept group and FGF trap group were significantly lower than that in VEGF+FGF group (P=0.000).The numbers of meshes formed by retinal vascular endothelial cells in RC28-E1 group,RC28-E2 group,conbercept group and FGF trap group were significantly lower than that in VEGF+FGF group (P =0.003,0.001,0.009,0.018).The number of tube formation in FGF trap group was significantly higher than those in RC28-E1 group,RC28-E2 group,conbercept group and normal control group (P =0.014,0.000,0.008,0.014).Conclusions Under the stimulation of VEGF + FGF,the inhibitory effect of RC28-E on the proliferation of retinal vascular endothelial cells is greater than that of conbercept,and its inhibitory effect on the tube formation is superior to that of FGF trap.There is no significant difference in the effects of different batches of recombinant decoy receptor innovative drugs on retinal vascular endothelial cells.
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Objective To compare the protective effects of pharmacological batch RC28.E1 and pilot batch RC28.E2 on retinal vascular endothelial cells ( RF/6A) under the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Methods RF/6A cells were divided into normal control group, VEGF + FGF group and RC28.E1 groups with different concentrations. The optimal concentration of RC28.E1 was determined by cell counting kit.8 (CCK.8) method. Cells were divided into normal control group,VEGF+FGF group, RC28.E1 group,RC28.E2 group,conbercept group and FGF trap group,and cultured with serum.free culture medium, serum.free culture medium containing VEGF+FGF,serum.free culture medium containing VEGF+FGF+RC28.E1, serum.free culture medium containing VEGF+FGF+RC28.E2,and serum.free culture medium containing VEGF+FGF+conbercept,serum.free medium containing VEGF+FGF+FGF trap,respectively. Cell proliferation rate was measured by CCK.8 method, cell migration ability was detected by Transwell test, and tube formation ability was detected by Matrigel assay. Results The cell proliferation rate of 0. 080 mg/ml RC28.E1 group was significantly lower than that of VEGF+FGF group (P<0. 05). The cell proliferation rate of RC28.E1 group,RC28.E2 group and FGF trap group were significantly lower than that of VEGF+FGF group (P<0. 05). The number of migrated cells in RC28.E1 group,RC28.E2 group,conbercept group and FGF trap group were significantly lower than that in VEGF+FGF group (P=0. 000). The numbers of meshes formed by retinal vascular endothelial cells in RC28.E1 group,RC28.E2 group, conbercept group and FGF trap group were significantly lower than that in VEGF+FGF group ( P=0. 003,0. 001, 0. 009,0. 018). The number of tube formation in FGF trap group was significantly higher than those in RC28.E1 group,RC28.E2 group, conbercept group and normal control group ( P = 0. 014, 0. 000, 0. 008, 0. 014 ). Conclusions Under the stimulation of VEGF+FGF,the inhibitory effect of RC28.E on the proliferation of retinal vascular endothelial cells is greater than that of conbercept,and its inhibitory effect on the tube formation is superior to that of FGF trap. There is no significant difference in the effects of different batches of recombinant decoy receptor innovative drugs on retinal vascular endothelial cells.
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Objective To investigate the influencing factors and their weights of professional choice among medical school graduates in Shanghai.Methods Base on literature review and interviews with medicine students in a university of Shanghai,a questionnaire of"employment intention for general practice in medical graduates"was developed.A questionnaire survey on influencing factors of general practice among five year medical students was conducted in the medical college of a university in Shanghai during May to June 2016.The weights of each factor were calculated with analytic hierarchy process(AHP). Results The valid questionnaires were retrieved from 14 male and 26 female students.The results showed that 53.8%(21/40)preferred Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other economically developed cities as future working place,and 38.5%(15/40)chose to go home town; for general practice 22.5%(9/40) chose"very like",70%(28/40)chose"like"and 7.5%(3/40)chose"not like"; only 10%(4/40) were willing to be a general practitioner, 55.0%(22/40)were depended on the working conditions of community health center,and 35%(14/40)were not ready to be a GP.AHP analysis showed that the weights of influencing factors were: the salary(0.380 2), the doctor-patient relationship(0.262 3),professional interest and occupation development prospects(0.220 4),social status and family contribution (0.137 1).Weight analysis for the affecting factors on professional interest and occupation development showed that the guidance of mentors in theoretical study and clinical practice were the major factors (comprehensive weight was 0.067 3 and 0.062 1,respectively),and the attitude GPs to general practice in community learning was more important(comprehensive weight was 0.042 5 and 0.019 6).Conclusion The willingness to be a general practitioner is not strong in the medical school graduates in Shanghai.It is important to improve the status and working conditions of general practitioners, and to strengthen education and guidance of the general practice in theoretical study and clinical practice for medical students.
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As a core element of the Confucianism,mind-nature theory is full of the essence of Confucian mor-al education and has a profound influence on the Chinese national morality education.Confucianism mind-nature theory which takes Confucius and Mencius as representatives,after the continuous development of the future genera-tions,has been formed a complete ideological system.Confucianism mind-nature theory highly affirms the values of moral and unifies the values of life and moral.This article,by exploring the moral resources of Confucianism mind-nature theory,rethinks the ideas of contemporary ethics education and expounds how to enhance the effect of medical ethics education.
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Objective To investigate about establishment the animal model of atrial fibrillation(AF) by high thyroxine and electrophysiological study of left atrium.Methods 49 rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, control group (10, injection of saline), withdrawal group (20, injection of levo-thyroxine 50μg/kg, change to inject isodose saline after two months), continuous dosing group (19, injection of levo-thyroxine 50μg/kg everyday).the data of left atrium effective refractory period(AERP), conduction velocity(CV), wavelength(WL) and AF induced ratio were collected after four months.Results The withdrawal group and continuous dosing group AERP200, AERP150 were more shorter than the control group after two months(P<0.05), The continuous dosing group AERP200, AERP150 was shorter significantly than withdrawal group and control group after four months ( P<0.01 ).The withdrawal group and continuous dosing group CV were slower than control group after two months ( P<0.05 ).The continuous dosing group CV was slower significantly than withdrawal group and control group after four months ( P<0.01 ).The withdrawal group and continuous dosing group WL were shorter than control group after two months(P<0.05), The continuous dosing group WL was shorter significantly than withdrawal group and control group after four months (P<0.01).The AF induced ratio in the continuous dosing group increased significantly(P<0.01). After four months, but the withdrawal group decreased, the control group did not induce AF.Conclusion It's feasible to establish the rabbit model of AF by high thyroxine, with left atrium electrophysiological changes, which provides animal model for further to study the pathogenesis of AF cause of hyperthyroidism.
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Objective To evaluate the clinical value of 64-slice spiral computed tomography combined with hs-CRP and MMP-9 to detect the vulnerable plaque of acute coronary syndrome.Methods Seventy-two patients with coronary heart disease were included and among them,43 patients were diagnosed as ACS and the other 29 patients diagnosed as stable angina group(SAP).All patients underwent 64-slice spiral computed tomography coronary artery imaging and examination of plasma hs-CRP and MMP-9 concentration.All patients underwent selective coronary angiography.Another 25 cases who underwent coronary angiography were included in the control group.Results The incidence of soft plaque was higher in the ACS group than in the SAP group(24 cases vs 4 cases,P=0.001).Compared with the control group,levels of hs-CRP and MMP-9 in the ACS group and the SAP group were both significantly higher(all P
