Morphology and microscopic identification of Anoectochilus lylei / 药学实践杂志

Objective To perform the pharmacognostic identification of Anoectochilus lylei and establish the foundation for its accurate identification and further development. Methods The macroscopic identification and microscopic identification methods were used to identify A. lylei. Results A. lylei has ovate leaf shape, possessing red reticulated veins. Inverted flowers have Y-shaped and white lip. The anterior part of lip is two-lobed, and the lobes are linear-oblong. There are 1 to 3 shorts serrations on each side of the middle part of lip. Microscopic characteristics mainly show as follows: the cortex is broad in the transverse section of roots and stems; 1-5 and 1-7 vascular bundles in the xylem of transverse section of roots and stem, respectively. Collateral vascular bundle in the main veins of transverse section of leaves. There are multitudinous types of stomas in the leaf abaxial epidermis, most of which are anomocytic. Conclusion These characteristics could provide reference for the correct identification of A. lylei.

Clinical effect of Huangqi Chifeng Decoction combined with modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction in the treatment of ischemic stroke during recovery / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To evaluate the clinical curative effect of Huangqi Chifeng Decoction combined with modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction on patients with ischemic stroke (IS) during recovery.Methods:Prospective cohort study. A total of 220 patients with IS during recovery who met inclusion criteria in the First People's Hospital of Dongcheng District in Beijing, were enrolled and divided into control group ( n=110) and observation group ( n=110) by random number table method between January 2015 and July 2020. The control group was given basic treatment, while observation group was given Huangqi Chifeng Decoction combined with modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction. All were treated for 1 month. Before and after treatment, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndromes were scored. The activities of daily living were evaluated by Barthel index. The quality of life was evaluated by stroke specific quality of life scale (SS-QOL). The severity of neurological impairment was evaluated by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The functional recovery of stroke was evaluated by modified Rankin scale (mRS). The adverse reactions during treatment were observed and recorded. Results:After treatment, scores of TCM syndromes, mRS and NIHSS in observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=21.87, 4.66, 12.06, P<0.01), while scores of Barthel index and SS-QOL were significantly higher than those in the control group ( t=14.13, 5.80, P<0.01). During treatment, there were no obvious adverse reactions in either group. Conclusion:Huangqi Chifeng Decoction combined with modified Duhuo Jisheng Decoction can improve clinical symptoms and nerve function in patients with IS during recovery, which is beneficial to improve outcomes and quality of life.

Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Omicron diverse spike gene mutations identifies multiple inter-variant recombination events

The current pandemic of COVID-19 is fueled by more infectious emergent Omicron variants. Ongoing concerns of emergent variants include possible recombinants, as genome recombination is an important evolutionary mechanism for the emergence and re-emergence of human viral pathogens. Although recombination events among SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV were well-documented, it has been difficult to detect the recombination signatures in SARS-CoV-2 variants due to their high degree of sequence similarity. In this study, we identified diverse recombination events between two Omicron major subvariants (BA.1 and BA.2) and other variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs), suggesting that co-infection and subsequent genome recombination play important roles in the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Through scanning high-quality completed Omicron spike gene sequences, eighteen core mutations of BA.1 variants (frequency >99%) were identified (eight in NTD, five near the S1/S2 cleavage site, and five in S2). BA.2 variants share three additional amino acid deletions with the Alpha variants. BA.1 subvariants share nine common amino acid mutations (three more than BA.2) in the spike protein with most VOCs, suggesting a possible recombination origin of Omicron from these VOCs. There are three more Alpha-related mutations (del69-70, del144) in BA.1 than BA.2, and therefore BA.1 may be phylogenetically closer to the Alpha variant. Revertant mutations are found in some dominant mutations (frequency >95%) in the BA.1 subvariant. Most notably, multiple additional amino acid mutations in the Delta spike protein were also identified in the recently emerged Omicron isolates, which implied possible recombination events occurred between the Omicron and Delta variants during the on-going pandemic. Monitoring the evolving SARS-CoV-2 genomes especially for recombination is critically important for recognition of abrupt changes to viral attributes including its epitopes which may call for vaccine modifications.

Epigallocatechin Gallate from Green Tea Effectively Blocks Infection of SARS-CoV-2 and New Variants by Inhibiting Spike Binding to ACE2 Receptor

As the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, the new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged in the different regions of the world. These newly emerged variants have mutations in their spike (S) protein that may confer resistance to vaccine-elicited immunity and existing neutralizing antibody therapeutics. Therefore, there is still an urgent need of safe, effective, and affordable agents for prevention/treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and its variant infection. Here, we demonstrated that green tea beverage (GTB) or its major ingredient, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were highly effective in inhibiting infection of live SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus (HCoV OC43). In addition, infection of the pseudoviruses with spikes of the new variants (UK-B.1.1.7, SA-B.1.351, and CA-B.1.429) was efficiently blocked by GTB or EGCG. Among the 4 active green tea catechins at noncytotoxic doses, EGCG was the most potent in the action against the viruses. The highest inhibitory activity was observed when the viruses or the cells were pre-incubated with EGCG prior to the infection. Mechanistic studies revealed that EGCG blocked infection at the entry step through interfering with the engagement of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spikes to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of the host cells. These data support further clinical evaluation and development of EGCG as a novel, safe, and cost-effective natural product for prevention/treatment of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection.

Plant pharmacognostic and microscopic identification of Anoectochilus burmannicus / 药学实践杂志

Objective To identify the crude drugs of Anoectochilus burmannicus, and clarify its original plant pharmacognostical and microscopic characteristics. Methods The pharmacognostical identification method was used to observe the original plant, tissue structure and microscopic characteristics of A. burmannicus. Results Leaves were ovate or ovate elliptic with golden-red veins. Non-inverted yellow flowers had Y-shaped and yellow labellum, which were anteriorly enlarged and 2-lobed. The lobes were narrowly oblong or narrowly oblanceolate. The middle part of labellum was narrow to form a 10 mm long structure with margin narrowly winged. In the microscopic structure, the cortex is obvious in the cross sections of root and stem, together with needle crystals of calcium oxalate and mucous cells. The upper epidermal cells on the cross section of the leaves were papilloid in shape, whereas diverse stomas existed among the lower epidermal cells, with anomocytic stomas as the major type. Needle crystals of calcium oxalate and conduits can be found in the powder. Conclusion These data provide a reference for the identification and resource development and utilization of A. burmannicus.

A follow-up study of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 from Western China

BackgroundTo clarify the characteristic and the duration of positive nucleic acid in children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including asymptomatic children. MethodsA total of 32 children confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 24 and February 12, 2020 from four provinces in Western China were enrolled in this study and followed up until discharge and quarantine 14 days later. ResultsEleven children (34%) were asymptomatic, among whom six children had normal computed tomographic (CT) scan images. Age and gender were not associated with clinical symptoms or the results of CT scan in children infected with SARS-CoV-2. The concentrations of white blood cells and neutrophils were higher in children with asymptomatic infection than in children with clinical symptoms or CT abnormalities. Patients who presented with CT abnormalities had lower D-dimer or lower total bilirubin than those who had normal CT scan but clinical symptoms. All children recovered and no one died or was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The mean duration of positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was 15.4 (SD=7.2) days and similar for both asymptomatic children and children with symptoms or CT abnormalities. We found a significant negative correlation between the lymphocyte count and the duration of positive nucleic acid test. ConclusionsChildren with asymptomatic infection should be quarantined for the same duration as symptomatic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The clinical significance and mechanism behind the negative correlation between the number of lymphocytes and the duration of positive SARS-CoV-2 needs further study.

RBD mutations from circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains enhance the structure stability and infectivity of the spike protein

The current global pandemic of COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) is the critical determinant of viral tropism and infectivity. To investigate whether naturally occurring mutations in the RBD during the early transmission phase have altered the receptor binding affinity and infectivity, firstly we analyzed in silico the binding dynamics between mutated SARS-CoV-2 RBDs and the human ACE2 receptor. Among 32,123 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 isolates (January through March, 2020), 302 non-synonymous RBD mutants were identified and clustered into 96 mutant types. The six dominant mutations were analyzed applying molecular dynamics simulations. The mutant type V367F continuously circulating worldwide displayed higher binding affinity to human ACE2 due to the enhanced structural stabilization of the RBD beta-sheet scaffold. The increased infectivity of V367 mutants was further validated by performing receptor-ligand binding ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, and pseudotyped virus assays. Genome phylogenetic analysis of V367F mutants showed that during the early transmission phase, most V367F mutants clustered more closely with the SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain than the dual-mutation variants (V367F + D614G) which emerged later and formed a distinct sub-cluster. The analysis of critical RBD mutations provides further insights into the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 under negative selection pressure and supports the continuing surveillance of spike mutations to aid in the development of new COVID-19 drugs and vaccines. ImportanceA novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused the pandemic of COVID-19. The origin of SARS-CoV-2 was associated with zoonotic infections. The spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) is identified as the critical determinant of viral tropism and infectivity. Thus, whether the mutations in the RBD of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 isolates have altered the receptor binding affinity and caused them more infectious, should be paid more attentions to. Given that SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, the significance of our research is in identifying and validating the RBD mutant types emerging during the early transmission phase that have increased human ACE2 receptor binding affinity and infectivity. The RBD mutation analysis provides insights into SARS-CoV-2 evolution. The continuous surveillance of RBD mutations with increased human ACE2 affinity in human or other animals is important and necessary, particularly when the direct correlation between the virus variations and vaccine effectiveness is underdetermined during the sustained COVID-19 pandemic.

Follow-up testing of viral nucleic acid in discharged patients with moderate type of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical outcome of patients with moderate type of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after discharge by retesting viral nucleic acid.@*METHODS@#Seven patients with moderate COVID-19 met the discharge criteria enacted by National Health Commission were quarantine in hospital for 7 days, then continuously quarantined at home for 4 weeks after discharged. During the three weeks of quarantined period, the symptoms and signs were documented; and sputum or nasal swab and feces samples were collected to test SARS-COV-2 nucleic acid by RT-PCR method.@*RESULTS@#There were no symptoms and signs during the quarantine period in all 7 patients. However, respiratory swabs from 3 patients were confirmed positive of SARS-COV-2 nucleic acid at 5 to 7 days after they met the discharge criteria.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The study indicates that there is a relatively high incidence of positive viral nucleic acid in patients met the discharge criteria, and it is suggested that patients met the current discharge criteria should be quarantined in hospital for another 7 days and the follow-up viral testing is necessary.

Follow-up testing of viral nucleic acid in discharged patients with moderate type of COVID-19 / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical outcome of patients with moderate type of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after discharge by retesting viral nucleic acid.@*METHODS@#Seven patients with moderate COVID-19 met the discharge criteria enacted by National Health Commission were quarantined in hospital for 7 days, then continuously quarantined at home for 4 weeks after discharged. During the quarantined period, the symptoms and signs were documented, and sputum or nasal swab and feces samples were collected to test SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid by RT-PCR method.@*RESULTS@#There was no symptoms and signs during the quarantine period in all 7 patients. However, respiratory swabs from 3 patients were confirmed positive of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid at 5 to 7 days after they met the discharge criteria.@*CONCLUSIONS@#There is a relatively high incidence of positive viral nucleic acid in patients met the discharge criteria, and it is suggested that patients met the current discharge criteria should be quarantined in hospital for another 7 days and the follow-up viral testing is necessary.

Combined effect of noise and hydrogen cyanide on noise-induced hearing loss in a metal electroplating enterprise / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To study the combined effect of noise and hydrogen cyanide on noise-induced hearing loss( NIHL)in a metal electroplating enterprise. METHODS: The judgment sampling method was used to select 663 workers in a largescale metal electroplating enterprise as the study subjects. Among them,186 workers exposed to noise alone were designated as noise group; 138 workers exposed to hydrogen cyanide alone were designated as hydrogen cyanide group; and161 workers exposed to noise and hydrogen cyanide were designated as combined effect group,and 178 workers without exposure from occupational disease risk factors were designated as control group. Questionnaires survey and pure tone audiometry were used for analyzing the effects of combined noise and hydrogen cyanide exposure on NIHL. RESULTS: The hearing loss detection rate of the study subjects was 40. 4%. The hearing loss detection rates in the control group,noise group,hydrogen cyanide group,and combined effect group were 17. 4%,47. 8%,32. 6% and 64. 0%,respectively. The detection rate of hearing loss in the control group was lower than that in the other three groups( P < 0. 008). The NIHL detection rates in the combined effect group and the noise group were higher than that in the hydrogen cyanide group( P <0. 008). The hearing loss detection rate of the combined effect group was higher than that of the noise group and the hydrogen cyanide group( P < 0. 008). Ordinal multi-categorical logistic regression model results showed that after adjusting confounding factors such as age,length of service,gender,marital status,smoking,alcohol drinking,we found hydrogen cyanide exposure,noise exposure,and combined exposure to hydrogen cyanide and noise had effects on workers' hearing(P < 0. 05). The risk of hearing loss in workers exposed to noise and hydrogen cyanide was higher than that of workers exposed to noise alone or hydrogen cyanide alone. CONCLUSION: There is a combined effect of noise and hydrogen cyanide in this metal electroplating enterprise,which can increase the risk of NIHL in workers.

Effect of dexamethasone intravenous administration on airway complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To observe the effect of intravenous administration of dexamethasone on airway complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods 66 patients who were treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Wenling hospital of traditional Chinese medicine were divided into the control group and the observation group, 33 cases in each group. The control group were injected with saline 2 mL and the observation group were received dexamethasone 10mg by intravenous infusion. The incidence of complications and complications were observed in the two groups at different times after treatment. Results At 1 hours, 4 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after extubation, the differencesof the incidence of sore throat and throat pain degree between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion Dexamethasone intravenous administration has no obvious effect on reducing airway complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Observation on the effect of small dose dexamethasone on the prevention of throat pain at perioperative period of thyroid tumor resection / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To study and analyze the effect of small dose dexamethasone on the prevention of throat pain at perioperative period of thyroid tumor resection. Methods 112 cases with thyroid cancer treated by resection in Wenling hospital of traditional Chinese medicine from July 2014 to July 2016 were selected as the study subjects which were divided into the study and the control group. The control group were given saline by intravenous injection, The study group were given small dose of dexamethasone intravenous injection. The preventive effect of postoperative throat pain and postoperative blood glucose level were compared between the two groups. Results Statistical analysis showed that the postoperative VAS score in the study group was better than that in the control group. The blood glucose level in the study group was better than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Perioperative treatment with small doses of dexamethasone is excellent for patients with thyroid tumors treated with resection. It can help patients prevent postoperative sore throat and has excellent application value and is worthy of clinical promotion.

Anti-scarring effects of triamcinolone acetonide/polylactic acid caprolactone drug-loaded electrospinning film with trabeculectomy in rabbits / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Scarring of filter bleb is a main cause of failure after trabeculectomy.Administration of anti-proliferation dugs during filtering surgery can maintain the opening of filtering pathway,but some serious complications occure after the drug use.Researches showed that polylactic acid caprolactone (PLCA) drug-loaded electrospinning film can release drug slowly,but its application in glaucoma is seldom.Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-scarring effects of non-penetrating trabeculectomy combined with sclera interlayer implantation of triamcinolone acetonide (TA)/PLCA drug-loaded electrospinning film in rabbit.Methods TA/PLCA drug-loaded electospinning film was prepared by electrospinning and its surface ultrastructure was observed under the scanning electron microscope.The drug release properties were detected by high performance liquid chromatograph.Ocular hypertensive models were established in New Zealand white rabbits by injecting carbomer into the anterior chamber of the right eyes,and the 40 models were randomized into 5 groups,8 eyes for each group.TA/PLCA drugloaded electrospun membrane,PLCA electrospun membrane or amniotic membrane was implanted beneath the scleral flap during trabeculectomy respectively in the TA/PLCA group,PLCA group or amniotic group,and 40 mg/ml TA was subconjunctivally injected in the TA group.Only trabeculectomy was performed in the simple trabeculectomy group.Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured,and the shape of filtering bleb was examined under the slit lamp 1 week,2,4,8 and 12 weeks after surgery.The section of filtering bleb was prepared 12 weeks after surgery for the histopathological examination.The use and management of experimental animals was in line with animal ethics.Results The similar three-dimensional reticular structure was seen between TA/PLCA and electrospun membrane with the fiber diameter 0.5-1.5 μm.TA was released stably for 14 days.All the filtering blebs were disappeared in the simple trabeculectomy group during 8-week duration after operation.At 12 weeks after operation,the functional bleb was found in all the 8 eyes of the TA/PLCA group,5 eyes of PLCA group,4 eyes of the amniotic group and 4 eyes of the TA group.The IOP was significantly different among the groups,with the lowest IOP in the TA/PLCA group and the highest IOP in the simple trabeculectomy group (all at P =0.000).Histopathological examination showed that the filtering pathway remained opening in all 8 eyes with the epithelization of bleb surface in the TA/PLCA group,and interspaces of the filtering pathway was explayed in the PLCA group,amniotic group and TA group,while fibrosis of filtering pathway was seen in the simple trabeculectomy group at 12 weeks after surgery.Conclusions TA/PLCA drugloading electrospun membranes presents with nanoscale microstructure and good drug-release properties in vitro.Implantaion of TA/PLCA beneath the scleral flap during trabeculectomy can inhibit the fibrosis of filtering pathway.

Detection of disinfectant-resistant gene inStaphylococcus aureus / 中国感染与化疗杂志

Objective To detect the disinfectant-resistant geneqacA/B in the strains ofStaphylococcous aureus isolated from January 2014 to December 2014.Methods Fifty-one isolates were collected. PCR assay was used to detectmecA gene andqacA/B gene in the isolates followed byStaphylococcus protein A (spa) typing. Antimicrobial-resistant phenotypic typing was conducted to analyze the homology of theseqacA/B positive strains. The clinical information of the patients from whom the strains were isolated was collected to further understand the clinical background ofqacA/B-carryingS. aureus.Results The prevalence ofmecA and qacA/B genes was 21.6% (11/51) and 13.7% (7/51), respectively in the strains. The prevalence ofqacA/B gene in the methicillin-resistantS. aureus strains (54.5%, 6/11) was signiifcantly higher than that in the methicillin-sensitiveS. aureus strains (2.50%, 1/40). The prevalence ofmecA gene inqacA/B gene positive strains (6/7) was signiifcantly higher than that inqacA/B gene negative strains (1/7). TheseqacA/B positive strains were classiifed into 4 spa types (t037, t091, t932 and t895). The main type was t037 (4/7), which was from the pediatric ward.Conclusions The prevalence ofqacA/B gene is low in theS. aureus strains. However, the prevalence of this gene in methicillin-resistantS. aureus strains is far higher than that in methicillin-sensitiveS. aureus. spa type t037 may be a prevalent clone in pediatric ward.

MicroRNAs are potential prognostic and therapeutic targets in diabetic osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis is an aging-related degenerative disease that severely influences the elders' life quality. However, there have been few clinical approaches available until now. Currently, more knowledge of the pathology of osteoarthritis has been illustrated. Especially, diabetes can be the only predictor of osteoarthritis. Due to its outstanding characteristics, MicroRNA has been considered as an efficient target in treating diseases. In this review, we will discuss a new insight focusing on the roles of microRNA in the progression of osteoarthritis-induced by diabetes, especially type II diabetes mellitus.

Correction of intraocular pressure measured by Schi(o)tz、 Perkins and Rebound tonometers in rabbits by multiple regression equation / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Rabbits are commonly used as animal models for the evaluation of drugs and surgery to lower intraocular pressure (IOP).The accuracy of IOP measurement is therefore critical in the analysis of data and subsequent extrapolation to humans.An accurate method to measure rabbit IOP is intracameral manometry,but it is an invasive way.Schi(o)tz,Perkins and Rebound were often used in clinic.However,their accuracy in measuring rabbit IOP in experimental study is unclear.Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of IOP measured by Schi(o)tz tonometer,Perkins tonometer and Rebound tonometer relative to intracameral manometry in New Zealand white rabbits.Methods The central corneal thickness (CCT),corneal curvature (CC),axial length (AL),anterior chamber depth (ACD),lens thickness (LT) and scleral thickness (ST) were respectively measured in 8 eyes of 8 healthy New Zealand white rabbits with lenstar900 and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).The actual IOP was measured with a 24G needle inserted the anterior chamber and connected to a pressure transducer under the general anesthesia,the IOP gradient was set with a 24G needle inserting the vitreous cavity and connecting to a container with balanced salt solution(BSS).Then,comparative measurements at the same pressures were performed with three types of tonometers.The IOP values from Schi(o)tz tonometer,Perkins tonometer and Rebound tonometer were calibrated based on actual IOP from intracameral manometry and eyeball physiological parameters by multiple regression equation.Results The mean of CCT,CC,AL,ACD,LT and ST was (338.96 ±21.52) μm,(51.68±1.66) D,(14.63±0.19) mm,(2.22±0.04) mm,(6.15±0.10) mm and (339.80±47.41) μm.Compared with the intracameral manometry value (IMV),the error range was (17.08± 11.22) mmHg in the Schi(o)tz tonometer value (STV),(25.81±12.43) mmHg in the Perkins tonometer value (PTV) and (22.50±11.47) mmHg in the Rebound tonometer value (RTV),with significant differences between them (t =10.54,14.39,13.59,all at P＜ 0.05).Compared with IMV,the 95％ limits of agreement of three portable tonometer values is larger,and three portable tonometer values had the greater measurement error with elevated IOP gradient.The regression equations was IOP =141.015 + 1.570 × STV + 0.122 × CCT-3.480 × CC between actual IOP and STV (R =0.92,P =0.00),IOP =-33.323+1.914×PTV+0.133×CCT between actual IOP and PTV(R =0.88,P=0.00),IOP=160.395+1.866×RTV+ 0.201×CCT+34.554×LT-2.649×CC+0.063×ST between actual IOP and RTV (R=0.95,P=0.00).Conclusions The physiological parameters of rabbit eyeball are obviously different from human.The STV,PTV and RTV have a great measuring error in comparson with actual IOP,and therefore it is necessary to correct STV,PTV and RTV based on the ocular physiology parameters in experimental study.

Study on Purification Technology of Total Flavonoids from Nelumbinis receptaculum by Macroporous Resin / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the purification technology of total flavonoids from Nelumbinis receptaculum by macropo-rous resin. METHODS:Using adsorption rate and desorption rate of total flavonoids from Nelumbinis receptaculum as index,the type of macroporous resin was selected by static adsorption-desorption tests;With adsorption rate of total flavonoids as index,sin-gle factor test was used to investigate the effects of the concentration of total flavonoids,adsorption time,adsorption speed, drug-loading amount,water amount,volume fraction and amount of eluant and other factors on the purification technology. The op-timal technology was validated. RESULTS:Among 10 kinds of resin,HPD-400 macroporous resin was found to have the best ad-sorption and desorption effects. The optimal purification conditions was as follows as the concentration of total flavonoids 7.00 mg/ml, adsorption time of 3 h,flow rate for sampling of 3 column volume (BV)/h,drug-loading amount of 8 BV,water amount of 6 BV,50% ethanol elution amount of 4 BV. In validation test,mass fraction of total flavonoids from purified Nelumbinis receptacu-lum were 63.88%,62.50% and 63.44%(RSD=1.11%,n=3). CONCLUSIONS:HPD-400 macroporous resin could purify total flavonoids from purified Nelumbinis receptaculum,and established purification technology is stable and practical.

Analysis of epidemiology characteristics of norovirus among diarrheal outpatients in 27 provinces in China, 2009-2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the epidemiology characteristics of norovirus among diarrheal outpatients in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Diarrhea cases were monitored at emergency/outpatient departments at 173 hospitals in 27 provinces of China, with clinical and epidemiological data, and fecal specimens collected and sent to 58 network-laboratories to detect norovirus by RT-PCR method, and to analyze the positive rate of norovirus in various regions, population and time during 2009-2013.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>11.6% of the 34 031 diarrheal cases under surveillance were found with norovirus. Age group of 6-23 month-old children and that of people over 45 years old were found with the highest positive percentage, 13.7% and 12.4% respectively. Positive percentage of norovirus peaks in autumn and winter in a year; it peaks in mid-temperate zones (10.7%) and warm-temperate zones (11.6%) in winter. It peaks in sub-tropical zones in autumn (14.3%). The most prevalent genogroups detected were norovirus G II, accounting for 89.9% of identified strains.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Norovirus affects all ages and was most prevalent in children and the elderly among diarrhea outpatients. Norovirus' positive percentage showed strong seasonal pattern, and peaks at different times of a year in different climate zones of China. Since no effective preventive measures existed, further study on norovirus epidemiology and intervention strategies should be conducted in future.</p>

Selection of two types of rat strains for easily diabetic retinopathy / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic model is an acceptable model and is often used to the study of diabetic retinopathy (DR).However,the model is often established using retinal digest preparation in vitro in albino rats,and therefore it is difficult to evaluate the change of retinal vessels by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) in vivo.Recently,pigmented rats are being used as the DR model.But the study on the comparison between albino rat model and pigmented rat model is seldom.Objective This study was to observe and compare the manifestations of FFA and retinal digest preparation in early diabetic pigmented diabetic rat and albino diabetic rat,and to select the right model of DR using FFA.Methods Type 1 diabetic models were induced in 15 six-week-old health male BN rats and 15 six-week-old health male SD rats by the injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) via tail vein.The models were thought to be successful in the rats with the blood glucose level ≥ 16.7 mmol/L.The right eyes of the rats were extracted 6 weeks after injection of STZ.Lens were examined by slit lamp microscope.Retinal vascular changes were examined by fundus photography,FFA and periodic acid Schiff staining of retinal digest preparation.The manifestations of FFA and retinal digest preparation were contrasted between BN rats and SD rats.The number of eyes with lens opacification was compared by Chi-square test and the ratio of vascular endothelial cells and perithelial cells (E/P) was compared between BN rats and SD rats.The use and care of experimental animals complied the Statement of Ethic Committee of Tianjin Medicine University.Results Six weeks after injection of STZ,11 BN rats and 10SD rats were included in this study.The blood levels were (24.73±2.98) mmol/L and (22.36±3.65) mmol/L in BN rats and SD rats,respectively,without significant difference between the 2 types of rats (t =7.873,P＞0.05).Lens opacification occurred in 6 BN rats and in 5 SD rats (P=0.717).FFA showed the clear retinal vascular under the brown background.Evident vessel disorder and fluorescence leakage like background stage of DR were seen in 9 eyes.However,in the SD rats,retinal vessel abnormality could not exhibited owing to the interference of choroid fluorescent light from choroidal vessels and vortex vein.Retinal digest preparation exhibited that unevenness of vessel diameter,decrease of perithelial cells and increase of endothelial cells in both types of rats.The E/P values were 11.50±3.68in the BN rats and 12.86±3.94 in the SD rats,without significant difference between them (t=9.785,P＞0.05).Conclusions The abnormality of fundus vascular morphology can be better displayed in pigmented diabetic rats than albino rats by FFA in vivo.

Effect of Addition of Flupentixol and Melitracen Tablets on Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Depression and Anxiety / 胃肠病学

Background:Psychological factor plays an important role in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Depression,anxiety may share the pathogenesis with irritable bowel syndrome( IBS),therefore,more and more attention has been paid to anti-depression and anti-anxiety in the treatment of IBS. Aims:To evaluate the effect of addition of flupentixol and melitracen tablets on IBS with depression and anxiety. Methods:Sixty IBS patients with depression and anxiety were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. Patients in control group were given live combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium enteric-coated capsules and trimebutine maleate,while paitents in treatment group were received flupentixol and melitracen tablets in addition to the above-mentioned medicine. Treatment course was 8 weeks. Hamilton depression scale,Hamilton anxiety scale and symptom score were evaluated before and after treatment. Results:Compared with control group,depression and anxiety in treatment group were obviously improved(P<0. 05);the relief rates of abdominal pain and diarrhea were significantly increased( P <0. 05 );and the total symptom score were significantly decreased(P<0. 05);the total effective rate was significantly increased(93. 3% vs. 76. 7%,P<0. 05). However,no significant difference in incidence of adverse reaction was found between the two groups. Conclusions:Additon of flupentixol and melitracen tablets can significantly improve the curative effect on IBS with depression and anxiety.