The use of DOSY experiments to determine the solution structures of coinage metal pyrazolates: The case of {[3,5-(CF3 )2 Pz]Ag}3.

A series of DOSY experiments have been carried out to determine the solution stoichiometry of silver(I) 3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl)pyrazolate species. This compound exists as a trimer in the solid state (n = 3) but in solutions of chlorinated solvents, the DOSY data suggest the presence of a mixture of solvent stabilized monomer (n = 1) and dimer (n = 2) in equilibrium. Different approximations have been used including the Stokes-Einstein and the Stokes-Einstein-Gierer-Wirtz equations. Some methodological problems are discussed.

Bifidobacterial ß-Galactosidase-Mediated Production of Galacto-Oligosaccharides: Structural and Preliminary Functional Assessments.

In the current study the ability of four previously characterized bifidobacterial ß-galactosidases (designated here as BgaA, BgaC, BgaD, and BgaE) to produce galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) was optimized. Of these enzymes, BgaA and BgaE were found to be promising candidates for GOS production (and the corresponding GOS mixtures were called GOS-A and GOS-E, respectively) with a GOS concentration of 19.0 and 40.3% (of the initial lactose), respectively. GOS-A and GOS-E were partially purified and structurally characterized. NMR analysis revealed that the predominant (non-lactose) disaccharide was allo-lactose in both purified GOS preparations. The predominant trisaccharide in GOS-A and GOS-E was shown to be 3'-galactosyllactose, with lower levels of 6'-galactosyllactose and 4'-galactosyllactose. These three oligosaccharides have also been reported to occur in human milk. Purified GOS-A and GOS-E were shown to be able to support bifidobacterial growth similar to a commercially available GOS. In addition, GOS-E and the commercially available GOS were shown to be capable of reducing Escherichia coli adhesion to a C2BBe1 cell line. Both in vitro bifidogenic activity and reduced E. coli adhesion support the prebiotic potential of GOS-E and GOS-A.

Enzymatic Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Novel Trehalose-Based Oligosaccharides.

Trehalose, α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1↔1)-α-d-glucopyranoside, is a disaccharide with multiple effects on the human body. Synthesis of new trehalose derivatives was investigated through transgalactosylation reactions using ß-galactosidase from four different species. ß-galactosidases from Bacillus circulans (B. circulans) and Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae) were observed to be the best biocatalysts, using lactose as the donor and trehalose as the acceptor. Galactosyl derivatives of trehalose were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Trisaccharides were the most abundant oligosaccharides obtained followed by the tetrasaccharide fraction (19.5% vs 8.2% carbohydrates). Interestingly, the pentasaccharide [ß-Galp-(1→4)]3-trehalose was characterized for the first time. Greater oligosaccharide production was observed using ß-galactosidase from B. circulans than that obtained from A. oryzae, where the main structures were based on galactose monomers linked by ß-(1→6) and ß-(1→4) bonds with trehalose in the ending. These results indicate the feasibility of commercially available ß-galactosidases for the synthesis of trehalose-derived oligosaccharides, which might have functional properties, excluding the adverse effects of the single trehalose.

Biosynthesis of Nondigestible Galactose-Containing Hetero-oligosaccharides by Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 MelA α-Galactosidase.

This work describes the high capacity of MelA α-galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to transfer galactosyl residues from melibiose to the C6-hydroxyl group of disaccharide-acceptors with ß-linkages (lactulose, lactose, and cellobiose) or α-linkages (isomaltulose and isomaltose) to produce novel galactose-containing hetero-oligosaccharides (HOS). A comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of the transfer products derived from melibiose:lactulose reaction mixtures revealed the biosynthesis of α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-ß-d-fructose as the main component as well as the presence of α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-ß-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-ß-d-fructose and α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-ß-d-fructose. Melibiose-derived α-galactooligosaccharides (α-GOS), manninotriose and verbascotetraose, were also simultaneously synthesized. An in vitro assessment of the intestinal digestibility of the novel biosynthesized HOS revealed a high resistance of α-galactosides derived from lactulose, lactose, cellobiose, and isomaltulose. According to the evidence gathered for conventional α-GOS and certain disaccharides used as acceptors in this work, these novel nondigestible α-galactosides could be potential candidates to selectively modulate the gut microbiota composition, among other applications, such as low-calorie food ingredients.

Hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities of glycosidases from small intestine brush-border membrane vesicles.

In order to know the catalytic activities of the disaccharidases expressed in the mammalian small intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) high concentrated solutions of sucrose, maltose, isomaltulose, trehalose and the mixture sucrose:lactose were incubated with pig small intestine disaccharidases. The hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions generated new di- and trisaccharides, characterized and quantified by GC-MS and NMR, except for trehalose where only hydrolysis was detected. In general, α-glucosyl-glucoses and α-glucosyl-fructoses were the most abundant structures, whereas no fructosyl-fructoses or fructosyl-glucoses were found. The in-depth structural characterization of the obtained carbohydrates represents a new alternative to understand the potential catalytic activities of pig small intestinal disaccharidases. The hypothesis that the oligosaccharides synthesized by glycoside hydrolases could be also hydrolysed by the same enzymes was confirmed. This information could be extremely useful in the design of new non-digestible or partially digestible oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic properties.

Environment-Sensitive Probes for Illuminating Amyloid Aggregation In Vitro and in Zebrafish.

The aberrant aggregation of certain peptides and proteins, forming extracellular plaques of fibrillar material, is one of the hallmarks of amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Herein, we have designed a new family of solvatochromic dyes based on the 9-amino-quinolimide moiety capable of reporting during the early stages of amyloid fibrillization. We have rationally improved the photophysical properties of quinolimides by placing diverse amino groups at the 9-position of the quinolimide core, leading to higher solvatochromic and fluorogenic character and higher lifetime dependence on the hydrophobicity of the environment, which represent excellent properties for the sensitive detection of prefibrillar aggregates. Among the different probes prepared, the 9-azetidinyl-quinolimide derivative showed striking performance in the following ß-amyloid peptide (Aß) aggregation in solution in real time and identifying the formation of different types of early oligomers of Aß, the most important species linked to cytotoxicity, using novel, multidimensional fluorescence microscopy, with one- or two-photon excitation. Interestingly, the new dye allowed the visualization of proteinaceous inclusion bodies in a zebrafish model with neuronal damage induced by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Our results support the potential of the novel fluorophores as powerful tools to follow amyloid aggregation using fluorescence microscopy in vivo, revealing heterogeneous populations of different types of aggregates and, more broadly, to study protein interactions.

Hydrolysis of Lactose and Transglycosylation of Selected Sugar Alcohols by LacA ß-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1.

The production, biochemical characterization, and carbohydrate specificity of LacA ß-galactosidase (locus lp_3469) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 42 from the probiotic organism Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 are addressed. The ß-d-galactosidase activity was maximal in the pH range of 4.0-7.0 and at 30-37 °C. High hydrolysis capacity toward the ß(1 → 4) linkages between galactose and glucose (lactose) or fructose (lactulose) was found. High efficiency toward galactosyl derivative formation was observed when lactose and glycerol, xylitol, or erythritol were used. Galactosyl derivatives of xylitol were characterized for the first time as 3-O-ß-d-galactopyranosyl-xylitol and 1-O-ß-d-galactopyranosyl-xylitol, displaying high preference of LacA ß-galactosidase for the transfer of galactosyl residues from lactose to the C1 or C3 hydroxyl group of xylitol. These results indicate the feasibility of using LacA ß-galactosidase for the synthesis of different galactosyl-polyols, which could be promising candidates for beneficial and appealing functional and technological applications such as novel prebiotics or hypocaloric sweeteners.

Hydrolysis and transgalactosylation catalysed by ß-galactosidase from brush border membrane vesicles isolated from pig small intestine: A study using lactulose and its mixtures with lactose or galactose as substrates.

Enzymatic transgalactosylation, in different concentrated carbohydrate solutions, was investigated using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from the pig small intestine. When lactulose was incubated with BBMV, the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme towards the disaccharide was observed to be very low compared to that towards the lactose, but the linkage specificity ß-(1 â†’ 3), previously observed in lactose solutions, was not significantly affected. As in the case of lactose, lactulose transgalactosylation by BBMV synthesizes the corresponding 3'-galactosyl derivative (ß-Gal-(1 â†’ 3)-ß-Gal-(1 â†’ 4)-ß-Fru). Fructose released during lactulose hydrolysis was found to be good acceptor for the transgalactosylation reaction, giving rise to the synthesis of the disaccharide ß-Gal-(1 â†’ 5)-Fru. When incubating an 80/20 mixture of lactulose/galactose, the presence of galactose did not affect the qualitative composition of the transglycosylated substrate but enhanced the synthesis of ß-Gal-(1 â†’ 5)-Fru and decreased the synthesis of ß-(1 â†’ 3) glycosidic bonds. The marked tendency for synthesizing this linkage indicates that under hydrolytic conditions, ß-Gal-(1 â†’ 3)-Gal- and ß-Gal-(1 â†’ 5)-Fru glycosidic bonds would be preferentially digested.

Exploring Structure-Activity Relationship in Tacrine-Squaramide Derivatives as Potent Cholinesterase Inhibitors.

Tacrine was the first drug to be approved for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, acting as a cholinesterase inhibitor. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are amyloid-rich senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal degeneration. The portfolio of currently approved drugs for AD includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Squaric acid is a versatile structural scaffold capable to be easily transformed into amide-bearing compounds that feature both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups with the possibility to create multiple interactions with complementary sites. Considering the relatively simple synthesis approach and other interesting properties (rigidity, aromatic character, H-bond formation) of squaramide motif, we combined this scaffold with different tacrine-based derivatives. In this study, we developed 21 novel dimers amalgamating squaric acid with either tacrine, 6-chlorotacrine or 7-methoxytacrine representing various AChEIs. All new derivatives were evaluated for their anti-cholinesterase activities, cytotoxicity using HepG2 cell line and screened to predict their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. In this contribution, we also report in silico studies of the most potent AChE and BChE inhibitors in the active site of these enzymes.

Galloyl Carbohydrates with Antiangiogenic Activity Mediated by Capillary Morphogenesis Gene 2 (CMG2) Protein Binding.

We previously showed that a small molecule of natural origin, 1,2,3,4,6-penta- O-galloyl-ß-d-glucopyranose (PGG), binds to capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) with a submicromolar IC50 and also has antiangiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. In this work, we synthetized derivatives of PGG with different sugar cores and phenolic substituents and tested these as angiogenesis inhibitors. In a high-throughput Förster resonant energy transfer-based binding assay, we found that one of our synthetic analogues (1,2,3,4,6-penta- O-galloyl-ß-d-mannopyranose (PGM)), with mannose as central core and galloyl substituents, exhibit higher (up to 10×) affinity for CMG2 than the natural glucose prototype PGG and proved to be a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. These findings demonstrate that biochemical CMG2 binding in vitro predicts inhibition of endothelial cell migration ex vivo and antiangiogenic activity in vivo. The molecules herein described, and in particular PGM, might be useful prototypes for the development of novel agents for angiogenesis-dependent diseases, including blinding eye disease and cancer.

Trans-ß-galactosidase activity of pig enzymes embedded in the small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles.

This work highlights the utility of brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from the pig small intestine as a reliable model for gathering information about the reaction mechanisms involved in the human digestion of dietary carbohydrates. Concretely, the elucidation of the transgalactosylation mechanism of pig BBMV to synthesize prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) is provided, unravelling the catalytic activity of mammalian small intestinal ß-galactosidase towards the hydrolysis of GOS. This study reveals that pig BBMV preferably synthesizes GOS linked by ß-(1 → 3) bonds, since major tri- and disaccharide were produced by the transfer of a galactose unit to the C-3 of the non-reducing moiety of lactose and to the C-3 of glucose, respectively. Therefore, these results point out that dietary GOS having ß-(1 → 3) as predominant glycosidic linkages could be more prone to hydrolysis by mammalian intestinal digestive enzymes as compared to those linked by ß-(1 → 2), ß-(1 → 4), ß-(1 ↔ 1) or ß-(1 → 6). Given that these data are the first evidence on the transglycosylation activity of mammalian small intestinal glycosidases, findings contained in this work could be crucial for future studies investigating the structure-small intestinal digestibility relationship of a great variety of available prebiotics, as well as for designing tailored fully non-digestible GOS.

Enzymatic Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Theanderose through Transfructosylation Reaction Catalyzed by Levansucrase from Bacillus subtilis CECT 39.

This work addresses the high-yield and fast enzymatic production of theanderose, a naturally occurring carbohydrate, also known as isomaltosucrose, whose chemical structure determined by NMR is α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-d-fructofuranose. The ability of isomaltose to act as an acceptor in the Bacillus subtilis CECT 39 levansucrase-catalyzed transfructosylation reaction to efficiently produce theanderose in the presence of sucrose as a donor is described by using four different sucrose:isomaltose concentration ratios. The maximum theanderose concentration ranged from 122.4 to 130.4 g L-1, was obtained after only 1 h and at a moderate temperature (37 °C), leading to high productivity (109.7-130.4 g L-1h-1) and yield (up to 37.3%) values. The enzymatic synthesis was highly regiospecific, since no other detectable acceptor reaction products were formed. The development of efficient and cost-effective procedures for the biosynthesis of unexplored but appealing oligosaccharides as potential sweeteners, such as theanderose, could help to expand its potential applications which are currently limited by their low availability.

Antivascular and antitumor properties of the tubulin-binding chalcone TUB091.

We investigated the microtubule-destabilizing, vascular-targeting, anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activities of a new series of chalcones, whose prototype compound is (E)-3-(3''-amino-4''-methoxyphenyl)-1-(5'-methoxy-3',4'-methylendioxyphenyl)-2-methylprop-2-en-1-one (TUB091). X-ray crystallography showed that these chalcones bind to the colchicine site of tubulin and therefore prevent the curved-to-straight structural transition of tubulin, which is required for microtubule formation. Accordingly, TUB091 inhibited cancer and endothelial cell growth, induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis at 1-10 nM. In addition, TUB091 displayed vascular disrupting effects in vitro and in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay at low nanomolar concentrations. A water-soluble L-Lys-L-Pro derivative of TUB091 (i.e. TUB099) showed potent antitumor activity in melanoma and breast cancer xenograft models by causing rapid intratumoral vascular shutdown and massive tumor necrosis. TUB099 also displayed anti-metastatic activity similar to that of combretastatin A4-phosphate. Our data indicate that this novel class of chalcones represents interesting lead molecules for the design of vascular disrupting agents (VDAs). Moreover, we provide evidence that our prodrug approach may be valuable for the development of anti-cancer drugs.

The Antioxidant Additive Approach for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy: New Ferulic (Lipoic) Acid Plus Melatonin Modified Tacrines as Cholinesterases Inhibitors, Direct Antioxidants, and Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)-Like 2 Activators.

Novel multifunctional tacrines for Alzheimer's disease were obtained by Ugi-reaction between ferulic (or lipoic acid), a melatonin-like isocyanide, formaldehyde, and tacrine derivatives, according to the antioxidant additive approach in order to modulate the oxidative stress as therapeutic strategy. Compound 5c has been identified as a promising permeable agent showing excellent antioxidant properties, strong cholinesterase inhibitory activity, less hepatotoxicity than tacrine, and the best neuroprotective capacity, being able to significantly activate the Nrf2 transcriptional pathway.

The (1) H NMR spectrum of pyrazole in a nematic phase.

The experimental (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of 1H-pyrazole was recorded in thermotropic nematic liquid crystal N-(p-ethoxybenzylidene)-p-butylaniline (EBBA) within the temperature range of 299-308 K. Two of three observable dipolar DHH -couplings appeared to be equal at each temperature because of fast prototropic tautomerism. Analysis of the Saupe orientational order parameters using fixed geometry determined by computations and experimental dipolar couplings results in a situation in which the molecular orientation relative to the magnetic field (and the liquid crystal director) can be described exceptionally by a single parameter. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

New polyhydroxylated sterols from Palythoa tuberculosa and their apoptotic activity in cancer cells.

The chemical study on the total extract of the zoanthid Palythoa tuberculosa, collected from the Red Sea, resulted in the isolation of seven polyhydroxylated sterols (1-7), six of which, palysterols A-F (2-7), are new. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive analysis of their 1-, 2D NMR and MS spectroscopic data. This is the first chemical investigation on the species collected from Red Sea. We studied the cytotoxic effects of the total extract and some of the new polyhydroxylated sterols in three human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa, and HT-29) and one non-cancerous human cell line (KMST-6). Palysterol F (7), in particular, was able to selectively induce high levels of apoptosis (>75%) in breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells but not HeLa, HT-29 and KMST-6 cells.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of unconventional aminopyrimidine, aminopurine, and amino-1,3,5-triazine methyloxynucleosides.

Herein we describe a class of unconventional nucleosides (methyloxynucleosides) that combine unconventional nucleobases such as substituted aminopyrimidines, aminopurines, or aminotriazines with unusual sugars in their structures. The allitollyl or altritollyl derivatives were pursued as ribonucleoside mimics, whereas the tetrahydrofuran analogues were pursued as their dideoxynucleoside analogues. The compounds showed poor, if any, activity against a broad range of RNA and DNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This inactivity may be due to lack of an efficient metabolic conversion into their corresponding 5'-triphosphates and poor affinity for their target enzymes (DNA/RNA polymerases). Several compounds showed cytostatic activity against proliferating human CD4(+) T-lymphocyte CEM cells and against several other tumor cell lines, including murine leukemia L1210 and human prostate PC3, kidney CAKI-1, and cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. A few compounds were inhibitory to Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) in C3H/3T3 cell cultures, with the 2,6-diaminotri-O-benzyl-D-allitolyl- and -D-altritolyl pyrimidine analogues being the most potent among them. This series of unconventional nucleosides may represent a novel family of potential antiproliferative agents.

Novel tacrine-grafted Ugi adducts as multipotent anti-Alzheimer drugs: a synthetic renewal in tacrine-ferulic acid hybrids.

Herein we describe the design, multicomponent synthesis, and biological, molecular modeling and ADMET studies, as well as in vitro PAMPA-blood-brain barrier (BBB) analysis of new tacrine-ferulic acid hybrids (TFAHs). We identified (E)-3-(hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-{8[(7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-yl)amino]octyl}-N-[2-(naphthalen-2-ylamino)2-oxoethyl]acrylamide (TFAH 10 n) as a particularly interesting multipotent compound that shows moderate and completely selective inhibition of human butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 =68.2 nM), strong antioxidant activity (4.29 equiv trolox in an oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay), and good ß-amyloid (Aß) anti-aggregation properties (65.6 % at 1:1 ratio); moreover, it is able to permeate central nervous system (CNS) tissues, as determined by PAMPA-BBB assay. Notably, even when tested at very high concentrations, TFAH 10 n easily surpasses the other TFAHs in hepatotoxicity profiling (59.4 % cell viability at 1000 µM), affording good neuroprotection against toxic insults such as Aß1-40 , Aß1-42 , H2 O2 , and oligomycin A/rotenone on SH-SY5Y cells, at 1 µM. The results reported herein support the development of new multipotent TFAH derivatives as potential drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.