A Review of the Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Echinopsis Radix.

The main varieties of Echinopsis Radix recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia are the roots of Echinops latifolius Tausch or Echinops grijsii Hance. However, the chemical constituents and biological activities of this herb have not been reviewed. In order to clarify the chemical constituents of the main varieties of this herb and improve the quality of Chinese medicinal material resources, this paper systematically reviewed their chemical constituents and related biological activities. Phytochemical investigations reveal eighty-five compounds including fort y-nine thiophenes (1-49), eight flavonoids (50-57), seven caffeic acids and its derivatives (58-64), eight sesquiterpenoids (65-72), and thirteen triterpenoids and other compounds (73-85) were reported from Echinopsis Radix. The review of biological activities suggests that thiophenes are the main secondary metabolites of the medicinal material which exert antitumor, insecticidal and antifungal activities. In addition, caffeic acid and its derivatives and sesquiterpenes are potential active ingredients worthy of further study. This review provides an important scientific basis for the development of active ingredients and resource quality evaluation of Echinopsis Radix.

Unveiling the Anticancer Mechanism of Echinops davuricus: Isolation and Evaluation of AKR1B10 Inhibitors.

Five compounds (1-5), one long-chain fatty acid (1), two thiophenes (2 and 3), one alkaloid (4), and one phenyl ester (5), were isolated from the aerial part of Echinops davuricus. The structures of the products were established by performing detailed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, and the structure of compound 1 was determined via high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) and NMR. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 were isolated from Echinops davuricus for the first time. Based on network pharmacology methods, AKR1B10 was selected as a key anticancer target. Compounds 1 and 5 exhibited significant AKR1B10 inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 156.0±1.00 and 146.2±1.50 nM, respectively, with epalrestat used as the positive control (81.09±0.61 nM). Additionally, the interactions between the active compounds and AKR1B10 were evaluated via molecular docking. Ultimately, the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the key signaling pathways associated with the active compounds may be related to the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, apoptotic, cellular senescence, and TNF signaling pathways and the human diseases corresponding to the targets are cancer. Our study reveals for the first time the anticancer properties of Echinops davuricus and provides a comprehensive understanding of its application in traditional medicine.

Development of AKR1B10 inhibitors from Ajuga nipponensis based on diseases and targets.

Ten compounds (1-10) including one new neoclerodane diterpenoid (1) and nine known compounds were isolated from the whole plants of Ajuga nipponensis. Their structures were established by performing detailed analysis of NMR, the structure of 1 was determined using HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, UV, and IR. Compounds 1 and 4-10 were isolated from Ajuga nipponensis for the first time. And it was the first time to report compounds 9 and 10 as natural products. Based on network pharmacology methods, 45 key targets were selected, which were compounds mapping to diseases. And compounds 2, 3, 7, and a (ajugacumbin B) exhibited excellent AKR1B10 inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 53.05 ± 0.75, 87.22 ± 0.85, 61.85 ± 0.66, and 85.19±1.02 nM respectively, with Epalrestat used as the positive control (82.09 ± 1.62 nM). Additionally, the interaction between active compounds and AKR1B10 had been discussed according to the molecular docking results. Ultimately, the analysis of GO and KEGG enrichment indicated that the key signaling pathway of the active compounds may be related to prostate cancer. Our study results demonstrate the hypoglycemic and anti-tumor properties of A. nipponensis for the first time, and provide a comprehensive understanding of its application in traditional medicine. Furthermore, this article establishes a reference for further research on the optimized experimental design of novel AKR1B10 inhibitors.

Polyvinyl alcohol films incorporated with clove essential oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate-derived amyloid fibrils: Fabrication, characterization, and its application for active packaging.

This study aimed to prepare a novel emulsion film with high stability, using soy protein-derived amyloid fibrils (SAFs) as an emulsifier incorporating clove essential oil (CEO) as the active component, and the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to stabilize the system. The results demonstrated that SAFs can successfully stabilize CEO. Emulsion prepared by SAFS and CEO (SAC) exhibited a small droplet size and better dispersibility compared with SPI and CEO (SC) emulsion. According to FT-IR results, PVA addition increased the hydrogen bond interactions among emulsion film components, thus further reinforcing the protein matrix, increasing the tensile strength (TS) (41.18 MPa) and elongation at break (E) (121.62 %) of the films. The uniform appearance of SAC-PVA (SACP) emulsion films was confirmed by SEM images. Furthermore, SACP emulsion films show distinctive barrier properties, optical properties, and outstanding antioxidant properties. Finally, emulsion films exhibited excellent preservation of strawberries, resulting in an effective decline of the decay rate.