2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde inhibits cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by targeting the pyruvate kinase M2.

It is reported that 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (HCA), isolated from cinnamon, has anti-tumor effects through the modulation of multi-target molecules. In this study, we identified pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) as a direct target of HCA by use of biochemical methods including affinity chromatography, drug affinity responsive target stability, and cellular thermal shift assay. PKM2 is up-regulated in multiple cancer types and is considered as a potential target for cancer therapy. HCA binds directly to PKM2 and selectively decreases the phosphorylation of PKM2 at Tyr105, indicating a potential anti-proliferative effect on prostate cancer cells. As a PKM2 activator, HCA increases pyruvate kinase activity by promoting the tetrameric state of PKM2. However, HCA suppresses protein kinase activity of PKM2 by decreasing the phosphorylation at Tyr105. Moreover, this leads to a decrease of PKM2-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr705 and a down-regulation of target genes, including MEK5 and cyclin D1. Furthermore, HCA suppresses tumor growth and the release of tumor extracellular vesicles in vivo by inhibiting the phosphorylation of PKM2. Collectively, our results suggest that HCA may be a potential anticancer agent targeting PKM2 in cancer progression.

KRIBB53 binds to OCT4 and enhances its degradation through the proteasome, causing apoptotic cell death of OCT4-positive testicular germ cell tumors.

We hypothesized that octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) inhibition would have therapeutic benefits in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). To identify inhibitors of OCT4, a chemical library was screened using a luciferase reporter system under the control of an OCT4 response element. A compound named KRIBB53 was identified based on its blocking of OCT4-dependent luciferase activation. When NCCIT cells were exposed to KRIBB53, the expression levels of OCT4 target genes, such as NANOG and USP44, were inhibited with an IC50 of 13 and 15 µM, respectively. In addition, the levels of OCT4 were decreased by exposing NCCIT cells to KRIBB53, and pretreating the cells with the proteasomal inhibitor MG132 reversed the KRIBB53-induced OCT4 degradation. Biotinyl-KRIBB53 was synthesized and showed comparable activity to KRIBB53 in OCT4 downregulation. Using affinity chromatography assay, KRIBB53 was shown to associate with OCT4 in vitro. Furthermore, the drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay confirmed unmodified KRIBB53 binding to OCT4. KRIBB53 selectively inhibited proliferation of TGCT cells such as NCCIT and Tera-1 cells but not that of immortalized normal cells. Finally, the administration of KRIBB53 at 30 mg/kg reduced tumor volumes by 77% in the mice xenografted with NCCIT cells relative to their vehicle-treated counterparts. Immunoblotting assays showed that expression of OCT4 was lower in KRIBB53-treated tumor tissues than in control tissues. We provide the first report, to our knowledge, of an OCT4 inhibitor that binds to OCT4 and induces its degradation.

Methyllucidone inhibits STAT3 activity by regulating the expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase MEG2 in DU145 prostate carcinoma cells.

During the search for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitors from natural products, methyllucidone, isolated from Lindera species (Lauraceae), was identified as a STAT3 inhibitor. Methyllucidone inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 in a dose- and time dependent manner in DU145 prostate cancer cells and suppressed IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr-705 in LNCaP cells. Methyllucidone decreased the expression levels of STAT3 target genes, such as cyclin D1, cyclin A, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and survivin. Methyllucidone inhibited DU145 cell growth and induced apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle at G1 phase. Notably, knockdown of the MEG2 gene by small interfering RNA suppressed the ability of methyllucidone to inhibit STAT3 activation. Methyllucidone regulates STAT3 activity by modulating MEG2 expression, and our results suggest that this compound is a novel inhibitor of the STAT3 pathway and may be a useful lead molecule for the development of a therapeutic STAT3 inhibitor.

Ginkgetin induces G2-phase arrest in HCT116 colon cancer cells through the modulation of b­Myb and miRNA34a expression.

Ginkgetin has been reported to display antitumor activity. However, the relevant pathway integrating cell cycle regulation and signaling pathways involved in growth inhibition in CRC cells remains to be identified. In this study, ginkgetin-treated HCT116 CRC cells exhibited significant dose-dependent growth inhibition with a GI50 value of 4.0 µM for 48-h treatment, together with apoptosis, via G2-phase cell cycle arrest. When HCT116 cells were treated with 10 µM ginkgetin for 48 h, the percentage of cells in G2/M phase increased by 2.2-fold (43.25%) versus the untreated control (19.69%). Ginkgetin regulated the expression of genes that are critically involved in G2 phase arrest cells, such as b­Myb, CDC2 and cyclin B1. Furthermore, we found that the suppression of b­Myb expression by ginkgetin was rescued ~5.1-fold by treatment with a miR-34a inhibitor (500 nM) and b­Myb was downregulated by >80% by 100 nM miR­34a mimic. These data suggest that the miRNA34a/b­Myb/cyclin B1 cascade plays a critical role in ginkgetin-induced G2 cell cycle arrest, as well as in the inhibition of HCT116 cell proliferation. Moreover, the administration of ginkgetin (10 mg/kg) reduced tumor volumes by 36.5% and tumor weight by 37.6% in the mice xenografted with HCT116 cells relative to their vehicle-treated counterparts. Therefore, ginkgetin is the first compound shown to regulate b­Myb by modulating miR-34a, and we suggest the use of ginkgetin as an inducer of G2 arrest for the treatment of CRC.

Geranylnaringenin (CG902) inhibits constitutive and inducible STAT3 activation through the activation of SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase.

The roles and significance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in human cancers have been extensively studied and STAT3 is a promising therapeutic target for cancer drug discovery. During the screening of natural products to identify STAT3 inhibitors, we identified geranylnaringenin (CG902), which decreased luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner. CG902 specifically inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr-705 in DU145 prostate cancer cells and decreased the expression levels of STAT3 target genes, such as cyclin D1, cyclin A, and survivin. Notably, the knockdown of the SHP-2 gene by small interfering RNA suppressed the ability of CG902 to inhibit STAT3 activation and CG902 activated the phosphatase activity of SHP-2 through direct interaction with SHP-2 and induced the phosphorylation of SHP-2. The interactions between CG902 and SHP-2 were confirmed by pull-down assay using biotinylated CG902. The interactions were also further validated by the drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). The inhibitory effect of CG902 on cell growth was confirmed using the DU145 mouse xenograft model. We propose that CG902 inhibits STAT3 activity through a mechanism that involves the interactions between CG902 and SHP-2, and the phosphorylation of SHP-2, which leads to SHP-2 activation in DU145 cells. CG902 is the first compound to regulate STAT3 activity via the modulation of SHP-2 activity, and our results suggest that CG902 is a novel inhibitor of the STAT3 pathway and an activator of SHP-2, and may be a useful lead molecule for the development of a therapeutic STAT3 inhibitor.

An in vivo active 1,2,5-oxadiazole Pt(II) complex: A promising anticancer agent endowed with STAT3 inhibitory properties.

New Pt(II) complexes (Pt-1-3) bearing 1,2,5-oxadiazole ligands (1-3) were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their ability to disrupt STAT3 dimerization. Ligand 3·HCl showed cytotoxic effects on HCT-116 cells (IC50 = 95.2 µM) and a selective ability to interact with STAT3 (IC50 = 8.2 µM) versus STAT1 (IC50 > 30 µM). Its corresponding platinum complex Pt-3 exhibited an increased cytotoxicity (IC50 = 18.4 µM) and a stronger interaction with STAT3 (IC50 = 1.4 µM), leading to inhibition of its signaling pathway. Pt-3 was also evaluated in cell-based assays for its action on p53 expression and on STAT3 phosphorylation. In syngeneic murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) implanted in C57BL/6 mice, Pt-3 showed a higher antitumor activity with fewer side effects than cisplatin.