Nursing support perceived by mothers of preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit in South Korea

Purpose@#The aim of this study was to clarify and define the concept of nursing support as perceived by mothers of preterm infants. @*Methods@#The research was conducted using Schwartz-Barcott and Kim's hybrid model. Sixteen articles were analyzed during the theoretical phase. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 mothers of preterm infants in the fieldwork phase. In the final analytical phase, the attributes of nursing support were defined. @*Results@#There were four themes and 10 attributes of nursing support as perceived by mothers of preterm infants. "Professional care" and "emotional care for the baby" were identified as attributes of baby care support. "Information related to the disease", "inpatient environment", "baby's daily hospital life", and "mother-centered care" were identified as attributes of information delivery support. "Empathy for mothers" and "therapeutic communication with the mother" were identified as attributes for mental care support. Lastly, "providing a chance for the mother to take care of the baby" and "reinforcement of the maternal role" were identified as attributes of maternal role support. @*Conclusion@#The 10 attributes of this study could provide a base for the development of a nursing support instrument and practical guidelines for mothers in neonatal intensive care units.

The Development and Validation of a Perceived Nursing Support Scale for Mothers of Preterm Infants

Purpose@#Many studies have maintained that nursing support is necessary and essential for mothers of preterm infants; however, the perceived nursing support for mothers of preterm infants has not been sufficiently measured. This study aimed to develop a perceived nursing support scale for mothers of preterm infants (PNSS-MP). @*Methods@#The preliminary items of the PNSS-MP were developed through a literature review and in-depth interviews with mothers of preterm infants. Content and face validities were assessed by experts and mothers of preterm infants. A pilot study was conducted to confirm the feasibility and comprehension of the scale. To validate the PNSS-MP, 223 mothers of preterm infants were surveyed. Exploratory factor analyses were performed to confirm construct validity. Convergent and discriminant validities were analyzed using a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix. Reliability was tested by calculating Cronbach’s α and performing split-half testing. @*Results@#The PNSS-MP consisted of 27 items and was categorized into five factors, explaining 65.3% of the total variance. The factors were named: “baby care support” (7 items), “mental care support” (6 items), “maternal role support” (6 items), “introducing resources support” (4 items), and “information delivery support” (4 items). The overall reliability of the scale was .95. @*Conclusion@#The PNSS-MP adequately reflected the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in South Korea. Additionally, the PNSS-MP proved relatively valid and reliable; therefore, it can be used to measure nursing support in the NICU.

Influence of Perceptions of Death, End-of-Life Care Stress, and Emotional Intelligence on Attitudes towards End-of-Life Care among Nurses in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of perceptions of death, end-of-life (EOL) care stress, and emotional intelligence on attitudes toward EOL care among nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: The participants were 111 nurses working in a NICU who had experienced EOL care at least once. Data were analyzed using the t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis in SPSS for Windows. RESULTS: The mean score for perceptions of death was 3.16 out of 5, the mean score for EOL care stress was 3.61 out of 5, the mean emotional intelligence score was 4.66 out of 7, and the average score for EOL care attitudes was 2.77 out of 4. The factors affecting attitudes towards EOL care were academic degree, anxiety regarding death, negativity towards death, experiences of patient death, and emotional intelligence. The explanatory power of these variables for attitudes towards EOL care was 24.7%. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are expected to serve as a basic reference for the development of nursing education programs and EOL care protocols to improve attitudes toward EOL care among NICU nurses.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Families' Importance in Nursing Care-Pediatric Nurses' Attitudes Instrument

PURPOSE: This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Families' Importance in Nursing Care-Nurses' Attitudes (FINC-NA) instrument developed by Saveman et al. METHODS: The 222 pediatric nurses' data were collected from 13 hospitals in South Korea and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Cronbach's α in SPSS software. The AMOS program was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis of construct validity. RESULTS: Of the 26 initial items, 24 were ultimately selected after evaluating content validity, construct validity, and reliability. The following 6 factors were included in the Korean version of the Families' Importance in Nursing Care-Pediatric Nurses' Attitudes (KFINC-PNA): family as a ‘conversational partner’, ‘participant in care’, ‘supporter for the nurse’, ‘burden’, ‘recipient of empowerment’, and ‘its own resource’. CONCLUSION: The KFINC-PNA was partially modified to explain differences in language and culture, but its validity and reliability were verified. Pediatric nurses' attitudes can be assessed using the KFINC-PNA, and adjustments to the care of hospitalized children and their families can be made based on these items. We recommend developing and verifying intervention methods that will improve family-centered care for hospitalized children and their families.

An Integrative Review on Family-Centered Rounds for Hospitalized Children Caring

PURPOSE: Involvement of families in rounds is one strategy to implement patient- and family-centered care to help families get clear information about their child, and be actively involved in decision making. The purpose of this paper was to identify the major concepts of family-centered rounds for hospitalized children. METHODS: We searched five electronic databases for relevant articles and used Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review methods to synthesize the literature. Articles published between June 2003 and January 2016 were reviewed and through full text screening 24 peer-reviewed articles were found that met the selection criteria for this review. RESULTS: Through in-depth discussion and investigation of the relevant literature, four overarching components emerged: (a) cognition of parents and medical staff, (b) effective communication, (c) collaboration of family and medical staff, (d) coaching of medical staff. CONCLUSION: For successful family-centered rounds positive cognition is important. Appropriate communication skills and consideration of multi-cultural family can lead to effective communication. Offering consistent and transparent information is important for collaboration between family and medical staff. Prior education on family-centered rounds is also important. Four major components have been identified as basic standards for implementing family-centered rounds for hospitalized children.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of a Tool to Measure Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: This study aims to develop a Korean version of a tool to measure uncivil behavior in clinical training to examine the experiences of nursing students. METHODS: The “Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education Scale” was developed by Anthony and Yastik in 2011. This study procedure was based on DeVellis' instrument development guidelines. Data were collected from 220 senior-year nursing students from four different universities in four different locations. Two hundreds surveys were analyzed using SPSS software and AMOS. RESULTS: Out of 20 questions, 13 were selected after reviewing the content validity, face validity, construct validity, and reliability. The factors of the Korean version scale were specified as “exclusion”, “contempt”, and “refusal.” The general characteristics of the subjects that showed significant differences in the occurrence of incivility were gender, age, transfer student status, level of satisfaction with clinical training, and level of satisfaction with the clinical training environment. CONCLUSION: The “Korean-Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education Scale” was partially modified to account for differences in language and culture, but its validity and reliability were verified. We suggest that nurse educators and supervisors will be able to better understand the relationship between nurses and nursing students in clinical training.

Professional Identity of Elementary School Health Teachers: A Grounded Theory Approach

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore the professional identity of elementary school health teachers. METHODS: In-depth interviews with fifteen elementary school health teachers were conducted from July 2010 to August 2012. Qualitative data collected by the researcher including transcription and field notes were analyzed through an adapted methodology based on the Grounded Theory of Strauss and Corbin. RESULTS: Fifteen categories, 35 sub-categories and 120 concepts were obtained. The key category that was consistently maintained in identity formation was 'keeping themselves being a teacher providing nursing' which has three styles, 'focusing on health education', 'combining nursing and education' and 'focusing on providing nursing care'. CONCLUSION: Results of this study will provide basic information for preparing manuals regarding the range of activities in school health teachers' jobs, improving promotion and merit payment systems for school health teachers, creating support programs for them, and contributing to the formation and establishment of their professional identity.

Trend Analysis of Research Articles Published in Child Health Nursing Research 2014

PURPOSE: This descriptive study was performed to explore trends in child health nursing research by analyzing the themes, contents and structure of articles published in 2014 in Child Health Nursing Research, the official journal of the Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. METHODS: Thirty-eight articles were reviewed using keywords, author (s), subjects, ethical considerations, designs, statistics involved, funding resources, and others. RESULTS: Ten domains from 160 keywords were identified as follows, child related, psycho-social variable related, parents and family related, nursing and health related, and others. A mean of 2.9 authors per article was identified and 71% of the authors were academic- affiliated. Twenty-eight articles were human-participant related while 21 articles addressed both Institutional Review Board and written consent. Non-experimental design was the most commonly used method followed by experimental design, and qualitative design. The duration for acceptance was a mean of 89.1 days from submission with most articles requiring a second round of article review. Half of the articles were supported by grant organizations such as Korean National Research Foundation. CONCLUSION: The findings of the analysis show an improvement in the scientific quality with a diversity of articles in Child Health Nursing Research.

Educational Programs for the Management of Childhood Atopic Dermatitis: An Integrative Review

PURPOSE: The purpose of this integrative review was to synthesize the available research on educational programs for the management of childhood atopic dermatitis. METHODS: Articles were retrieved from the following databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and SCOPUS. Inclusion criteria were publication in the English or Korean language prior to March 2013, as a peer-reviewed empirical study focused on educational programs for childhood atopic dermatitis. RESULTS: Fifteen papers met the inclusion criteria. Four themes were derived from the data: (a) children of all ages and symptom severity, and their families as learners; (b) well-trained and family-preferred health professionals as educators; (c) long-term follow-up with diverse interventions as educational methods; and (d) quality of life for the child and family as educational goals. CONCLUSIONS: This review indicates the challenges that health professionals face in improving symptoms of atopic dermatitis. The identified strategies can be used in the development of more effective evidencebased programs. Future studies should focus on the development and evaluation of educational programs that include these themes.

Approach to complicated fully edentulous case: from the diagnosis to the definitive denture / 대한치과보철학회지

In fully edentulous cases, which are accompanied by severe residual ridge resorption and impairment of supporting tissues of complete dentures, proper diagnosis and systemic treatment planning are required for the improvement in retention, stability, and support of prosthesis. Provisional restoration, while it is unfamiliar in complete denture restoration, can be used as a valuable tool, which makes possible to evaluate the stability of complete dentures and receive feedback from patients in complex clinical situations. In this case, a provisional denture was used to improve stability of impression, polished, and occlusal surfaces of complete denture, and to consider esthetic requirements before final denture construction. The result was clinically satisfactory in terms of functional and esthetical aspects.

Development of an Instrument to Measure the Quality of Care through Patients' Eyes for Hospitalized Child

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument that evaluated QUality Of care Through patients' Eyes for hospitalized child (QUOTE-Child), and examine the validity and reliability. METHODS: Preliminary items were reviewed through expert content validity and face validity. To test the validity and reliability of the instrument, the data were collected from 221 care givers of hospitalized children. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficient. RESULTS: Factor analysis yielded 19 items in four factors including 1) respect, 2) explanation, 3) kindness, and 4) skillfulness, with a cumulative explanatory variance of 70.68%. For criterion-related validity, a significant positive relationship was found between quality of care and pediatric family satisfaction. For internal consistency reliability, the Cronbach's alpha was .93 (importance) and .95 (performance) for the overall instrument. The half split reliabilities were .86, .95 (importance) and .92, .97 (performance). The Cronbach's alpha of 110 data was .92 (importance) and .94 (performance). CONCLUSION: Researchers and practitioners can use this instrument to systematically assess quality of care for hospitalized children and identify areas of support for hospitalized children and their family.

School Adaptation Program for School-Age Children with Emotional and Behavioral Problems

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a school adaptation program (SAP) for school-age children with emotional and behavioral problems who attended public elementary schools. METHODS: SAP, developed by the authors, addresses school adaptation and academic efficacy and consists of 10 sessions based on five categories (i.e., school life, classroom activity, relationship with friends, relationship with teacher, and school environment). Sixteen children with emotional and behavior problems answered questionnaires before and after participation in the program. RESULTS: The results showed that there was a significant difference between pre and post-test on school adaptation (t=-2.78, p=.015) and academic efficacy (t=-4.62, p<.001) after the 10 sessions of SAP. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that SAP can could serve as a practical program for school nurses and teachers. Further studies based on SAP in various school settings are recommended.

Development of Cinenurducation Based on Kolb's Experiential Learning Model for Understanding Child Growth and Development

PURPOSE: Nurse educators can use film effectively to promote nursing students' motivation and indirect experiences. The purpose of this study was to develop a teaching-learning design using films based on Kolb's experiential learning model for understanding of child growth and development, and to evaluate students' satisfaction with cinenurducation according to learning type and content. METHODS: Participants were seventy-four first year nursing students in the spring semester of 2013 at a private university located in Busan. In each class, participants watched film, participated in peer-to-group discussion and an educator's lecture, and wrote a composition based on Kolb's four learning stages. After class, participants filled out a questionnaire developed by the researchers. RESULTS: Results showed a high satisfaction with cinenurducation regardless of learning type and content concerning child growth and development. Advantages of cinenurducation included it being "fun and interesting," "helpful to understand the characteristics of children," and "develop critical thinking through discussions." Disadvantages included "length of time needed," and "burdensome." CONCLUSION: Films are advantageous in that they provide indirect experience for nursing students. Selection of appropriate films and evaluation of learning goal achievements are important to maximize the effectiveness of cinenurducation.

Brain-based Teaching Strategies for Nurse Educators: An Integrative Review / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: Brain-based learning has become increasingly important in nursing education. The purpose of this study is to (a) synthesize the literature on brain-based learning in nursing education using Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method, and (b) discuss teaching strategies for nursing educators. METHOD: Searches were made through the CINAHL, OVID, PubMED, and SCOPUS databases using the terms nurs* AND (brain based OR neuroscience) AND (educa* OR learn* OR teach*). Included were original articles in the domain of undergraduate nursing education written in English in peer-reviewed journals between January 1984 and December 2013. Twenty-four papers met the criteria. RESULTS: Three themes were retrieved: (a) activate whole-brain functions, (b) establish supportive educational environments, and (c) encourage learners to be more active. CONCLUSION: Brain-based learning enhances the learning capabilities of undergraduate nursing students.

An Evolutionary Concept Analysis of Helicopter Parenting

PURPOSE: Helicopter parenting is an emerging concept as a way of rearing adolescents and adult children. However, helicopter parenting from a nursing perspective has not been elucidated. Therefore, we undertook a concept analysis to understand the attributes, antecedents and consequences of helicopter parenting in the context of nursing. METHODS: Using Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis, we analyzed literature on helicopter parenting to discover critical attributes, antecedents, and consequences of this phenomenon. Data were collected from seven electronic search engines. Twelve studies matching inclusion criteria were reviewed RESULTS: Three core attributes of helicopter parenting were hovering, highly deep involvement, and proxy decision making. The antecedents and consequences were retrieved from three important domains including social, parent, and child aspects. Surrogate terms were black hawk, hummingbird, and hovercraft parenting, and related terms were stealth fighter and Kamikaze parenting. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, helicopter parenting has both positive and negative effects on both children and parents. To enhance the positive effects, measurement tools for helicopter parenting and nursing interventions on parenting need to be developed.

An Integrative Review of the 'QUality Of care Through patient's Eyes'

PURPOSE: The patient's perspective in the assessment of quality of care has become increasingly important. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the concept of 'QUality Of care Through patient's Eyes (QUOTE)', to analyze the papers using QUOTE through an integrative review method, and to present the attributes of the QUOTE evaluation. METHODS: Data were collected from electronic databases. Inclusion criteria were publication in English from 1997 to 2013, as a peer-reviewed research article, with an empirical study focused on QUOTE. Thirty two papers met the criteria and were analyzed. RESULTS: QUOTE had been applied to various groups of patients such as those with various diseases since 1997 in the Netherlands. Four themes were retrieved from synthetic analysis of the thirty-two papers using QUOTE; 1) acceptance of individuation of the patient and family, 2) evaluation of diverse nurses' competencies, 3) evaluation of quality of nursing environments, and 4) participation of patient in the whole process of evaluation. CONCLUSION: The strengths of QUOTE are that it attempts to overcome the conceptual and methodological problems associated with evaluation of quality of care. Our results imply that QUOTE evaluation could be an effective strategy to improve care of patients in clinical setting.

An Integrative Review on Nursing Studies Related to Humor

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper was to describe the attributes of nursing with humor based on an integrative review and to present basic information for developing humor intervention programs for children. METHODS: Using combinations of the terms 'nursing' and 'humor' as key words, the researchers searched four electronic databases to relevant identify studies. Thirteen studies were selected through full text screening of related research published in academic journals from January 1993 to April 2013. RESULTS: Through in-depth discussion and investigation of the relevant literature, three components emerged; 1) using instruments of coping for stress relief, 2) symptoms relief through pleasant feeling, and 3) job satisfaction and work improvement of nurse using humor. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that humor is valuable as a nursing intervention for children and the possibility of bringing about positive results in nursing care if nurses utilize the sense of humor as fully as they can. Therefore, it is critical for nurses to develop a diversity of humor interventions for children as well as measurements to test quality and quantity of humor used in clinical pediatric settings.

Blood Safety Management System in Foreign Countries / 대한수혈학회지

In an effort to improve the blood safety management system, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention visited the national agencies and blood centers of foreign countries. In Japan, the management system for Human T-lymphotropic virus positive donors is operated. In Germany, Red Cross Blood Centers provide 75~80% of national blood consumption, and hospital blood centers provided 15~20%. In addition, the Paul Ehrlich Institut is engaged in blood center management and blood product safety, and the Robert Koch Institut manages transfusion-transmitted infection. The standard temperature of RBC transport is 1~10degrees C. In Austria, haemovigilance is operated by the National Blood Authority and adverse reactions following transfusion are investigated by Blood Centers. In Britain, blood is provided by National Health Service Blood and Transplant, and the Serious Hazards of Transfusion, haemovigilance system is operated. Universal leukoreduction has been performed since 1999 in order to prevent transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Integrative Review on Caring Education Papers for Parents with a Premature Infant

PURPOSE: Parents with a premature infant are usually confronted with difficulties in caring for their babies and need education on appropriate care. The purpose of this paper was to describe the components of caring education for parents with a premature infant based on an integrative literature review and to present strategies for future education. METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched to identify studies. Sixteen articles were selected through full text screening of related research published in domestic journals from January 1990 to October 2012. RESULTS: Through in-depth discussion and investigation of the relevant literature, three components emerged; (a) nurses as educators and parents as learners, (b) education content including caring on admission or discharge, and effects of education, and (c) education environment including timing, place and materials. CONCLUSION: Future education on caring for premature infant should include the nurse as educator and have diverse content including parent's role, interaction with healthcare providers, and special care for premature infants with special problems. Moreover, highly technical teaching materials should be provided, along with continuous support of institution and government to individual caregivers. Results of this study provide comprehensive prospective and basic standards for education on premature infant care.

Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Korean Versions of the Spiritual Perspective Scale and the Self-transcendence Scale in Korean Elders

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to translate the Spiritual Perspective Scale (SPS) and Self-transcendence Scale (STS) into Korean and test the psychometric properties of the instruments with Korean elders. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was used to implement the three stages of the study. Stage I consisted of translating and reviewing the scales by six experts. In Stage II, equivalence was tested by comparing the responses between the Korean and English versions among 71 bilingual adults. Stage III established the psychometric properties of the Korean versions SPS-K and STS-K among 154 Korean elders. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha of the SPS-K and the STS-K .97, and .85 respectively with Korean elders. Factor analysis showed that the SPS-K had one factor; the STS-K had four factors with one factor clearly representing self-transcendence as theorized. Both scales showed good reliability and validity for the translated Korean versions. However, continued study of the construct validity of the STS-K is needed. CONCLUSION: Study findings indicate that the SPS-K and the STS-K could be useful for nurses and geriatric researchers to assess a broadly defined spirituality, and to conduct research on spirituality and health among Korean elders. Use of these scales within a theory-based study may contribute to further knowledge about the role of spirituality in the health and well-being of Korean people facing health crises.