Different effects of bronchoscopic interventions on children and adults with tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

AIMS: To investigate the efficacy and safety of minimally invasive bronchoscopic interventions for patients with tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). METHODS: Patients with tracheobronchial MEC were included in this retrospective study, and the clinical features, histologic grading, treatments, and cumulative survival rates were calculated. Patients were categorized into child (n = 16) and adult (n = 19) group according to their ages. Histologic grading, treatments, and survival status were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: In pathology, high-grade MEC counts for 6.77% and 42.10% in the child and adult group, respectively. As tumor growth pattern was concerned, 93.33% and 21.05% tumors in the child and adult group present intratracheal type. Multiple bronchoscopic interventions were conducted, including rigid bronchoscopy, argon plasma coagulation (APC), dioxide carbon cryotherapy, and electric loop. Tumors could be removed by multiple bronchoscopic interventions. Bronchoscopy-associated complications were rare, including an oral mucosa injury and a glottis edema. In the child group, one patient underwent left upper lung lobectomy. In the adult group, lobectomy and/or chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were conducted in seven patients. The 5-year survival rate was 100% and 68.90% in the child and the adult group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Almost all children have low-grade and intratracheal MEC; 2/5 adults have invasive high-grade MEC. Multiple bronchoscopic interventions are effective in erasing low-grade intratracheal MEC without severe complications. For high-grade invasive MEC, aggressive and comprehensive therapy should be considered.

The Mechanisms of the Production of Different Isoforms of Nuclear Factor E2-related Factor 1 and Their Role in Diseases / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

During the normal process of biological growth and development, NF-E2-related factor 1 (Nrf1/ Nfe2l1) plays a unique role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis and organ integrity. The deficiency of Nrf1 will lead to severe oxidative stress, genomic instability, and result in liver cancer, neurodegenerative disorder and other diseases. In recent years, it has been found that Nrf1 could yield different activated isoforms or even opposite activity isoforms in a variety of ways to perform distinct functions, and the distribution of these isoforms may play a vital role in the process of tumor development. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the function of Nrf1 isoforms in cells and tissues, we first briefly introduced its discovery process, and demonstrated the multiple mechanisms of distinct isoform production including selective shear processing, internal selective translation initiation, and post-translation shear processing. More importantly, three different post-translational processing models, transmembrane dynamic processing, site-specific processing, ubiquitin-dependent processing, were expounded in detail. Furthermore, the biological function of different isoforms of Nrf1 and its role in diseases were also summarized in the last section. Collectively, we focus on the production mechanism of different isoforms of Nrf1 and their roles in diseases so as to lay a foundation for finding new strategies for tumor treatment.

Inhibitor screening of Spike variants reveals the heterogeneity of neutralizing antibodies to COVID-19 infection and vaccination

Mutations of the coronavirus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could impede drug development and reduce the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we developed a multiplexed Spike-ACE2 Inhibitor Screening (mSAIS) assay that can measure the neutralizing effect of antibodies across numerous variants of the coronaviruss Spike (S) protein simultaneously. By screening purified antibodies and serum from convalescent COVID-19 patients and vaccinees against 72 S variants with the mSAIS assay, we identified new S mutations that are sensitive and resistant to neutralization. Serum from both infected and vaccinated groups with a high titer of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) displayed a broader capacity to neutralize S variants than serum with low titer NAbs. These data were validated using serum from a large vaccinated cohort (n=104) with a tiled S peptide microarray. In addition, similar results were obtained using a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay specific for wild-type S and four prevalent S variants (D614G, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1), thus demonstrating that high antibody diversity is associated with high NAb titers. Our results demonstrate the utility of the mSAIS platform in screening NAbs. Moreover, we show that heterogeneous antibody populations provide a more protective effect against S variants, which may help direct COVID-19 vaccine and drug development. HighlightsO_LIDeveloped a high throughput assay to screen the neutralizing effect of antibodies across multiple SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants simultaneously. C_LIO_LICharacterized the heterogeneity of neutralizing antibodies produced in response to COVID-19 infection and vaccination. C_LIO_LIDemonstrated the capacity of Spike variants neutralization is associated with the diversity of anti-Spike antibodies. C_LI

Comparative study on the academic thought of bloodletting for expelling pathogens between Jin-Yuan Dynasties and Ming-Qing Dynasties / 中国针灸

The relevant provisions of bloodletting for expelling pathogens are collected from the works of the medical representative scholars in Jin-Yuan Dynasties and Ming-Qing Dynasties respectively to construct the databases of bloodletting for expelling pathogens of Jin-Yuan Dynasties and Ming-Qing Dynasties. Using frequency analysis, the bloodletting device, bloodletting location, bloodletting volume, the related pathogens and indications are compared between these two times so that the evidences could be provided for the inheritance and development of the academic thought of bloodletting for expelling pathogens. It is found that the three-edge needle is the most commonly used device for bloodletting in Jin-Yuan Dynasties and Ming-Qing Dynasties and

Moxibustion on plaque psoriasis of blood stasis: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the short-term and long-term effects of moxibustion on plaque psoriasis of blood stasis, and to compare the curative effect between moxibustion and calcipotriol ointment.@*METHODS@#A total of 80 patients with plaque psoriasis of blood stasis were randomly divided into an observation group (40 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (40 cases, 4 cases dropped off). Both groups were given routine medical vaseline topical emollient basic treatment. In the observation group, moxibustion was applied to @*RESULTS@#After treatment, the PASI scores in the both groups were lower than before treatment (@*CONCLUSION@#Both moxibustion and calcipotriol ointment have good short-term effects on plaque psoriasis of blood stasis. Moxibustion has more advantages in reducing the recurrence rate of psoriasis, improving the main clinical symptoms of TCM and quality of life.

β-adrenergic Receptor Activity in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Participates in Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment in Sleep-deprived Rats

Sleep deprivation (SD) leads to cognitive impairment, especially hippocampus-dependent learning and memory (L&M). The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is the key structure involved in spatial L&M while long-term potentiation (LTP) is an important cellular mechanism responsible for L&M. Physiological and behavioral evidences support the hypothesis that norepinephrine (NE) and β-adrenoceptors (β-AR) may play an important role in regulating L&M, including LTP. However, it is enigmatic how β-AR influences the LTP disruption or memory impairment under SD circumstances. In the present study, the rats were subjected to SD for 18 h per day for 21 consecutive days and cognitive capacity was assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. We examined the extracellular concentration of NE in the DG using in vivo brain microdialysis and HPLC analysis. The amplitudes of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) were subsequently measured in the DG during MWM test in freely moving conscious rats. The extracellular concentrations of NE and fEPSP amplitudes in the DG were significantly increased during MWM test, while these responses were suppressed in SD rats. When fEPSP amplitudes in the DG were measured after local injection of isoproterenol (an agonist of β-AR), SD rats significantly alleviated the fEPSP impairment and rescued deficits of spatial L&M. In addition, the reduced expression of N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in SD rats significantly increased by activation of β-AR by isoproterenol in the DG. In conclusion, we propose that β-adrenergic signaling can improve memory impairment in sleep-deficient rats by regulating synaptic efficiency and glutamatergic receptor expression.

β-adrenergic Receptor Activity in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Participates in Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment in Sleep-deprived Rats

Sleep deprivation (SD) leads to cognitive impairment, especially hippocampus-dependent learning and memory (L&M). The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is the key structure involved in spatial L&M while long-term potentiation (LTP) is an important cellular mechanism responsible for L&M. Physiological and behavioral evidences support the hypothesis that norepinephrine (NE) and β-adrenoceptors (β-AR) may play an important role in regulating L&M, including LTP. However, it is enigmatic how β-AR influences the LTP disruption or memory impairment under SD circumstances. In the present study, the rats were subjected to SD for 18 h per day for 21 consecutive days and cognitive capacity was assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. We examined the extracellular concentration of NE in the DG using in vivo brain microdialysis and HPLC analysis. The amplitudes of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) were subsequently measured in the DG during MWM test in freely moving conscious rats. The extracellular concentrations of NE and fEPSP amplitudes in the DG were significantly increased during MWM test, while these responses were suppressed in SD rats. When fEPSP amplitudes in the DG were measured after local injection of isoproterenol (an agonist of β-AR), SD rats significantly alleviated the fEPSP impairment and rescued deficits of spatial L&M. In addition, the reduced expression of N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in SD rats significantly increased by activation of β-AR by isoproterenol in the DG. In conclusion, we propose that β-adrenergic signaling can improve memory impairment in sleep-deficient rats by regulating synaptic efficiency and glutamatergic receptor expression.

Effect of Fei-Liu-Ping ointment combined with cyclophosphamide on lung cancer cell proliferation and acidic microenvironment / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of Fei-Liu-Ping ointment and chemotherapy on mice with lung cancer, and to explore the inherent mechanism of action from the point of acidic microenvironment and apoptosis.@*METHODS@#First of all, the Lewis lung cancer transplanted mouse model was established. Therefore, they were treated by Fei-Liu-Ping ointment, cyclophosphamide, Fei-Liu-Ping ointment + cyclophosphamide and the saline as control. All the groups' tumor size, tumor growth rate and food consumption were recorded. The mice were sacrificed and the tumors were took out after 15 days' interventions. Then lactate relative concentrations were detected with lactate kits and the protein expressions of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), hexokinase 1 (HK1), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX) were detected through immunohistochemical staining. Flow cytometry was adopted to detect the percentage of apoptotic tumor cells and regulatory T cells (Treg), and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, interleukin-2 (IL-2) were tested through western blot.@*RESULTS@#The strongest inhibition effect and the lowest tumor growth rate was found in Fei-Liu-Ping ointment + cyclophosphamide group. There were significant differences between Fei-Liu-Ping ointment + cyclophosphamide group and saline group(P<0.05). And the highest food consumption was found in Fei-Liu-Ping ointment + cyclophosphamide group while there were no significant differences between Fei-Liu-Ping ointment + cyclophosphamide group and saline group (P>0.05). Further molecular biological detections found that the lowest lactate level and regulatory T cells ratio were found in Fei-Liu-Ping ointment + cyclophosphamide group and these expressions of GLUT4, HK1, GRP78, CA-IX were suppressed. There were significant differences between Fei-Liu-Ping ointment+cyclophosphamide group and saline group (P<0.05). In addition, the Fei-Liu-Ping ointment + cyclophosphamide group's cell apoptosis increased significantly compared with saline group and there were significant differences on expressions of HIF-1α, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, IL-2 for this group compared with saline group.@*CONCLUSION@#Chemotherapy and Fei-Liu-Ping ointment had the synergistic effect on inhibiting tumor growth and improving the general conditions of tumor-bearing mice. The effect was partly owed to the improvement on tissue hypoxia, the inhibition of HIF-1α expression and the regulations on its downstream proteins, such as GLUT4, HK1, GRP78, and CA-IX. And then all these alterations led to the modulation tumor acidic microenvironment, the induced tumor cells apoptosis and suppression of T cells to regulatory T cells differentiation.

Effect of American ginseng saponins on enhancing immunity based on zebrafish model organisms / 中草药

Objective: To study the immune enhancing effect of saponins from American ginseng and its mechanism. Methods: The drug dosage of American ginseng saponin extract and the optimal modeling dose of rapamycin were determined by tolerance test and immunodeficiency model establishment experiments. Zebra fish were divided into control group (0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide), model group (4 μg/mL rapamycin), and three origins American ginseng treatment groups with different concentrations (Shandong, Northeast, Canada, 4 μg/mL rapamycin +10, 25 and 50 μg/mL American ginseng saponin extract) 48 h after fertilization (48 hpf). After a certain period of incubation, the number of neutrophils in the tail of zebrafish, macrophage phagocytosis, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) content in the body were used as indexes, and the growth rate of neutrophils was calculated to investigate the immune-enhancing effect of American ginseng saponins. Results: When the dosage of American ginseng saponins was higher than 50 μg/mL, the mortality of Zbra-fish increased with the increase of the concentration and the time of administration; Compared with control group, in model group, the number of neutrophils in the tail of zebrafish was decreased significantly (P < 0.01), and the content of IFN-γ in the body was decreased significantly (P < 0.01); Compared with model group, in 10 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL American ginseng treatment group, the number of neutrophils in the tail of zebrafish was increased significantly (P < 0.01), the number of macrophages engulfing ink particles was increased significantly (P < 0.01), the content of IFN-γ in vivo was increased significantly (P < 0.01), and the growth rate of neutrophils was between 19.73% and 96.49%. Conclusion: The American ginseng saponins have a better effect on enhancing immunity.

Rare Ileal Ewing Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor on 18F-FDG PET/CT.

A 24-year-old woman who had melena, dizziness, and fatigue and looked pale for 2 months was confirmed to have a microcytic hypochromic anemia in the local hospital. It was further revealed that the patient had splenomegaly and a small intestinal lump, and she was then referred to our hospital. The enhanced CT showed an ileal lesion with enhancement, which showed an increased F-FDG activity in further PET/CT scanning. Lymphoma was therefore suspected, and an uncomplicated surgical resection of the ileal lesion was then performed. Nevertheless, the histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination was finally proved to be a rare ileal Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor.

Effect of intensive atorvastatin therapy on B7-H4 in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with unstable angina undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate the intensive atorvastatin therapy on B7-H4 in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with unstable angina PCI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods 80 patients with unstable angina were randomized to pretreatment with intensive dose (80 mg/day ,n = 40) and conventional dose(20 mg/day,n=40)of atorvastatin. Peripheral blood were subsequently obtained prior to PCI,and 18 ~ 24 h after PCI. Peripheral blood serum level of IL-4,IL-10 and IFN-γ were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Fluorescence-based quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure levels of periph-eral blood monocytes B7-H4 mRNA. Results Levels of IL-10 ,sB7-H4 and B7-H4 mRNA increased in patients of both groups after PCI. The increase in intensive dose group is more significant (P < 0.05). IL-4 and IFN-γ decreased in patients of both groups after PCI. The decrease in intensive dose group is more significant (P <0.05). Conclusion Intensive dose atorvastatin treatment improve post-PCI immune inflammation in patients with unstable angina,possibly by promoting the expression of B7-H4 in peripheral blood monocytes.

Effect of sitostero-3-O-glucoside on proliferation, apoptosis and collagen synthesis of keloid fibroblasts / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of sitostero-3-O-glucoside on proliferation, apoptosis and collagen synthesis of keloid fibroblasts ( KF) . Methods Cell viability was measured by MTT assay after cells were cultured with 0 (control), 3. 125, 6. 25, 12. 5, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL sitostero-3-O-glucoside. Cell proliferation was measured by EdU staining. Cell apoptotic rate and cell cycle were measured by flow cytometry. The level of COL I and COL III was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results 3. 125, 6. 25, 12. 5, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL sitostero-3-O-glucoside reduced cell viability ( P< 0. 01 ) , increased inhibitory rate of cell proliferation ( P< 0. 01 ) , IC50 =27. 54 ± 2. 18 μg/mL. Compared with the control group, 12. 5, 25, 50μg/mL sitostero-3-O-glucoside reduced the cell proliferation rate (P< 0. 01), increased the cell early and late apoptotic rates (P< 0. 01), the cell cycle was arrested at G1 phase (P< 0. 01), and the levels of COL I and COL III were down-regulated (P< 0. 01). Conclusions The results show that sitostero-3-O-glucoside can significantly inhibit the proliferation, induce cell apoptosis and inhibit the synthesis of collagen of keloid fibroblasts.

Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) modified curcumin liposomes / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To prepare Curcumin liposome (Cur-L) and poly(2-ethyl-oxazoline)-cholesteryl methyl carbonate (PEOz-CHMC) was used to modified Cur-L and to evaluate their associated properties in vitro.MethodsEncapsulation efficiency and particle size were taken as evaluation indicators to optimize the formulation and preparation conditions of Cur-L by orthogonal test.The EE, particle size and shape of the liposomes were determined by sephadex G-50 mini-column centrifugation method, ZLS dynamic light scattering instrument and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively.The release of the liposome in vitro was detected by The dialysis method.MTT assay was used to determine the cell inhibition of two Cur-L.ResultsThe optimized preparing method of Cur-L is as following: 1.56(w/w) as drug-lipid ratio, 5.1(w/w) as the ratio of mass of phosphatide and cholesterol, 7.4 as the pH of PBS buffer.The EE of Cur-L was (75.05±0.64)%, while the modification of PEOZ hasno influences on EE.Through TEM, PEOZ-Cur-L has aobviouslipid bilayer structure.The average particle diameter of PEOZ-Cur-L was 84.89 nm.In vitro release experiments showed that in 24h, the accumulative release rate of Cur-L is more than 70% with pH 7.4, while that of PEOZ-Cur-L was less than 25%.The cytotoxicity experiment showed that PEOZ-Cur-L can inhibit HCT116 Human colon cancer cells more effectively.ConclusionThe optimized preparing method of Cur-L is reasonable.PEOZ can provide stability to liposomes well and does not hamper its inhibitive effects.

Investigations on the effect of measuring value transfer for human serum samples assigned by the reference laboratory network / 临床检验杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of measuring value transfer for human serum samples assigned by the reference laboratory network on improving the trueness of seven enzyme activities in clinical laboratories,such as ALT,AST,GGT,LDH,CK,AMY and ALP.Methods Depending on the medical imtitutions at all levels contacted by 5 reference laboratories in North China,South China,East China and Southwest China,the corresponding clinical laboratory measuring value transfer/traceability network was established.The frozen human serum samples with good interehangeability and standard material characteristics,including calibrator,sample 1 and sample 2,were provided by Beijing Aerospace General Hospital,and were assigned by 5 reference labotatories in four regiom.These samples were sent to 48 clinical laboratories.These clinical laboratories measured sample 1 and sample 2 according to their standard operating procedures,and then measured.the two samples again after adjusting their measurement system by using the supplied calibrator.The changes of trueness of detection results in these laboratories were evaluated according to the WS/T 403-2012 standard,and the changes of consistency for ALT and AST before and after measuring value tramfer were investigated.Results The results of AMY,ALP,GGT,CK and LDH calibrator,sample 1 and sample 2 assigned by the established network were 138.7 U/L,278.5 U/L and 68.3 U/L,265.3 U/L,94.5 U/L and 134.4 U/L,195.8 U/L,89.0 U/L and 158.9 U/L,393.7 U/L,260.0 U/L and 645.3 U/L,and 302.0 U/L,250.0 U/L and 452.7 U/L,respectively.The percentages of sample 1 and sample 2 which met the bias requirements of the WS/T 403-2012 standard before measuring value transfer for AMY,ALP and GGT were 65.9％ and 61.0％,76.6％ and 78.7％,and 66.7％ and 70.8％,respectively,while after measuring value transfer,they were 89.2％ and 83.8％,86.7％ and 80.0％,and 85.4％ and 91.7％,respectively.The percentages of sample 2 which met the bias requirements of the WS/T 403-2012 standard before measuring value transfer for CK and LDH were 64.6％ and 58.3％,respectively,while after measuring value trander,they were 93.5％ and 84.8％,respectively.The coefficients of variation (consistency) of sample 1 and sample 2 for ALT and AST before measuring value tramfer were 12.9％ and 11.3％,and 10.2％ and 8.9％,respectively,while after measuring value transfer,they were 9.3％ and 8.2％,and 5.6％ and 5.9％,respectively.Conclusion The calibration of routine measurement systems based on the measuring value transfer for human serum samples assigned by the reference laboratory network may improve the comparability of 7 enzyme actvities measurement results in chnical laboratories at all levels obviously,which deserves to be further spread.

Effect of schisantherin A inhibit liver sinusoid endothelial cell function and action against liver fibrosis relating to angiogenesis / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the effect of schisantherin A on liver sinusoid endothelial cell function and angiogenesis. Different dosages (0-40 μmol•L⁻¹) of schisantherin A were incubated 24 h with SK-HEP-1 cells, and the toxicity of SK-HEP-1 cells was assayed by MTT method. The proliferation of SK-HEP-1 cells were induced by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib as the control, at the same time, set up the control group, 2, 20 μmol•L⁻¹ schisantherin A were incubated with SK-HEP-1 cells, cell proliferation was analyzed by EdU DNA cell proliferation kit. Fluorescence probe method was used to assay the intracellular NO levels and NOS activity. Tube formation was observed using cell migration and a matrigel tube formation assay. Rat aortic ring assay was performed to observe the sprouting vessels from aortic ring. The fluorescence vessels, the number of functional blood vessels, and intersegmental vessel changes of transgenic zebrafish were also observed. Compared with control group, the proliferation of SK-HEP-1 cells induced by VEGF increased and and the level of NO and NOS activity induced; compared with model group, 2, 20 μmol•L⁻¹ schisantherin A and sorafenib inhibited the proliferation of SK-Hep-1 cells induced by VEGF, and reduced the level of NO and NOS activity. At the dosage of 20 μmol•L⁻¹, schisantherin A attenuated the migration and tube formation of SK-HEP-1 cells induced by VEGF, and also inhibition the formation of rat aortic rings and intersegmental vessel changes of transgenic zebrafish, and significantly reduce the number of vessels in zebrafish. Schisantherin A has potential effects on function of endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

Pathogens and risk factors of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To investigate the bacterial spectrum and antimicrobial resistance of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis,and provide evidence for rational antimicrobial use.Methods Clinical data of 120 patients with PD-related peritonitis in a hospital from January 2013 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Results 91 cases (75.83%)showed positive result in bacterial culture,93 pathogenic strains were cultured,inclu-ding 73 (78.49%)gram-positive and 13 (13.98%)gram-negative bacterial strains,the most common gram-positive bacteria was Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=38,40.86%),and the main gram-negative bacteria was Escherichia coli (n =3,3.23%).Gram-positive strains had high resistance rates to penicillin,erythromycin,and oxacillin (93.65%,69.57%,and 64.41 % respectively),while resistance rates to vancomycin and linezolid were both low (2.90% and 1 .47% respectively),and were sensitive to teicoplanin,tigecycline,and nitrofurantoin.Gram-negative bacteria had high resistance rates to cefazolin,cefuroxime,and ampicillin(50.00%,37.50%,and 37.50% respec-tively),but were sensitive to imipenem,tobramycin,and piperacillin.Resistance rates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to gentamicin and levofloxacin were both low.Non-standard operation during dialysate exchange was the most common cause of peritonitis (56.67%),most peritonitis were gram-positive bacterial infection (79.41 %);while gram-negative bacteria were the main pathogens of diarrhea-induced peritonitis (52.63%).The cure rates of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria,and negative-cultured peritonitis were 92.96%, 76.92%,and 86.21% respectively,difference was not statistically significant(χ2 =3.39,P =0.18).Conclusion Gram-positive bacteria are major pathogens in PD-related peritonitis,and are usually caused by the bacteria through dialy-sis catheter due to non-standard operation during dialysate exchange.First-generation cephalosporins are not recom-mended as empirical therapy against gram-positive bacteria,while vancomycin is still the best choice.Third-genera-tion cephalosporins and aminoglycosides are recommended as empirical therapy against gram-negative bacteria. Gentamicin and levofloxacin can be used alone as empirical therapy in special circumstances.

The Research on the Construction of Medical Key Discipline Based on Application/Estimation/ Documents of Constructive Task / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To determine key medical disciplines construction elements and specific contents.Methods The information of national and provincial level construction standards in medical key discipline was collected,and the key indexes and specific requirements in the standards were analyzed.Results There were 10 one-class indexes with a frequency of five and plus,including the overall situation,academic leaders,scientific research performance and support conditions which have emerged to 10 times.There are 4 first-class indexes set,4～14 second-class indexes respectively,and the frequencies of the second-class indexes were from 1 ～ 10.Conclusions Research on a number of the construction and evaluation criteria from different levels and regions was the best way to discover and identify priority disciplines and the best way to assess the contents.It is an important guidance for build a scientific,sustainable development key medical disciplines.It had important guiding significance to how to construct and develop the medical key disciplines.

Effect of 5-HT1A receptors in the hippocampal DG on active avoidance learning in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of serotonin (5-HTIA) receptors in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) on active avoidance learning in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 36 SD rats were randomly divided into control group, antagonist group and agonist group(n = 12). Active avoidance learning ability of rats was assessed by the shuttle box. The extracellular concentrations of 5-HT in the DG during active avoidance conditioned reflex were measured by microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. Then the antagonist (WAY-100635) or agonist (8-OH-DPAT) of the 5-HT1A receptors were microinjected into the DG region, and the active avoidance learning was measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) During the active avoidance learning, the concentration of 5-HT in the hippocampal DG was significantly increased in the extinction but not establishment in the conditioned reflex, which reached 164.90% ± 26.07% (P <0.05) of basal level. (2) The microinjection of WAY-100635 (an antagonist of 5-HT1A receptor) into the DG did not significantly affect the active avoidance learning. (3) The microinjection of 8-OH-DPAT(an agonist of 5-HT1A receptor) into the DG significantly facilitated the establishment process and inhibited the extinction process during active avoidance conditioned reflex.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The data suggest that activation of 5-HT1A receptors in hipocampal DG may facilitate active avoidance learning and memory in rats.</p>

Human experiments of metabolism, blood alkalization and oxygen effect on control and regulation of breathing. I: room air exercise test / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Under the guidance of the holistic integrative physiology medicine, we reanalyzed the data during symptom-limited maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in order to investigate control and regulatory mechanism of breathing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study investigated 5 normal volunteers who accepted artery catheter, performed CPET room air. Continuous measured pulmonary ventilation parameters and per minute arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis sample parameters during exercise. All CPET and ABG data changes were standard analyzed and calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With gradually increasing power, minute oxygen uptake(every breath oxygen uptake x respiratory rate = O2 paulse x heart rate) and minute ventilation (tidal volume x respiratory rate) showed nearly linear progressive increase during the CPET(compared with the rest stage, P < 0.05 - 0.001); Minute ventilation increased even more significant after the anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point. PaO2 was increased at recovery 2 minutes (P < 0.05); PaCO2 was decreased after anaerobic threshold 2 minutes (P < 0.05); [H+]a was increased from AT (P < 0.05), and rapidly raised at last 2 minutes, remained high at recovery. Lactate was increased rapidly from AT (compared with resting, P < 0.05); bicarbonate decreased rapidly from AT (compared with resting, P < 0.05) and it's changed direction was contrary to lactic acid.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In order to overcome the resistance of the power during exercise, metabolic rate othe body increased, respiratory change depend upon the change metabolism, and the accumulation of acidic products exacerbated respiratory reactions at high intensity exercise.</p>

Human experiments of metabolism, blood alkalization and oxygen effect on control and regulation of breathing. II: room air exercise test after blood alkalization / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Basis on the dynamic changes of the ventilation and arterial blood gas parameters to symptom-limited maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), we further investigate the effect of alkalized blood by drinking 5% NaHCO3 on ventilation during exercise.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>After drinking 5% NaHCO3 75 ml (3.75 g) every 5 min, total dosage of 0.3 g/Kg, 5 volunteers repeated CPET. All CPET and ABG data changes were analyzed and calculated. At the same time, CPET and ABG parameters after alkalized blood were compared with those before alkalized blood (control) used paired t test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After alkalized blood, CPET response patterns of parameters of ventilation, gas exchange and arterial blood gas were very similar (P > 0.05). All minute ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory rate, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination were gradually increased from resting stage (P < 0.05-0.001), according to the increase of power loading. During CPET after alkalized blood, ABG parameters were compared with those of control: hemoglobin concentrations were lower, CaCO2 and pHa were increased at all stages (P < 0.05). The PaCO2 increased trend was clear, however only significantly at warm-up from 42 to 45 mmHg (P < 0.05). Compared with those of control, only the minute ventilation was decreased from 13 to 11 L/min at resting (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Even with higher mean CaCO2, PaCO2 and pHa, lower Hba and [H+]a, the CPET response patterns of ventilatory parameters after alkalized blood were similar.</p>