Changes in respiratory tract and gut microbiota in AR mice and their relationship with Th1/Th2/Treg.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of allergic rhinitis (AR) is not fully understood. Studies have shown that the maturation of children's immune systems is closely related to microecology. However, few studies have focused simultaneously on changes in respiratory and gut microbiota in AR and their correlation between microecological changes and Th1/Th2/Treg. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to investigate the pathogenesis of AR based on respiratory microecology, gut microecology, and Th1/Th2/Treg levels by applying microbiome techniques and correlation analysis. METHODS: Standardized OVA-induced AR mice were established. Serum OVA-sIgE, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-10 were measured by ELISA, Tregs in lymph nodes were determined by flow cytometry, and the histological characteristics of nasal tissues were evaluated by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E). Nasal symptoms were observed to determine the reliability of the AR mouse model. Nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and fecal samples were collected after the last OVA challenge. The composition of respiratory microbiota in NALF and gut microbial in feces samples via 16S rRNA gene sequencing between the two groups, further explored the relationship between microbiota and Th1/Th2/Treg levels. RESULTS: In the AR group, the incidence of nose rubbing and sneezing in each mouse was significantly increased compared with the control group (all P < 0.001) and the inflammatory cell infiltration of NALF shows a significant increase in eosinophilic and neutrophilic infiltrates upon the AR group; H&E showed that the nasal mucosa of AR mice infiltration of massive eosinophils cells and neutrophils cells. OVA-sIgE and IL-4 in the AR group were increased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) and IFN-γ, IL-10 were significantly decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Tregs showed a downward trend in the AR group, but there was no statistical difference. Compared with the control group, the respiratory microbiota of AR mice did not change significantly, while the gut microbiota changed significantly. In gut microbiota, compared to the control group, Shannon index in the AR group revealed a significant decrease at the genus level (P < 0.01), and Simpson index was significantly increased at all levels (all P < 0.05). PCoA also showed significant differences in beta diversity between the two groups (all P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, Deferribacteres at phylum level, Roseburia, Ruminiclostridium, Anaerotruncus at genus level were significantly decreased in the AR group (all P < 0.05). Spearman's rank correlation showed that OVA-sIgE was positively correlated with Bacteroidetes, Muribaculaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae (all P < 0.05); IL-4 was significantly negatively correlated with Epsilonbacteraeota and Deferribacteres (all P < 0.05). Treg was significantly positively correlated with Patescibacteria, Lachnospiraceae, and Saccharimonadaceae in gut microecology. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the respiratory microbiota of AR mice was not significantly altered, but the gut microbiota varied significantly and there was a correlation between gut microbiota and Th1/Th2/Treg.

Mechanism of mixed probiotics relieves food allergy in infant mice through the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 pathway / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of mixed probiotics on food allergy and the underlying mechanism.Methods:BALB/c mice on the 15 th day of pregnancy were randomly (random number table method) classified into the control group, food allergy model group and mixed probiotics group.Mice in the food allergy model and mixed pro-biotics group were subjected to ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization after birth, and those in the mixed probiotics group were then given probiotic solution by gavage from day 21 to day 35.Mice in control group were similarly given 9 g/L saline.Twenty-four hours after the last OVA sensitization, intestinal histopathological sections were prepared to observe intestinal pathological changes.Blood smears were prepared to detect eosinophil count.In addition, serum samples were collected to measure cytokine levels and OVA specific antibodies.The number of dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mouse mesenteric lymph nodes was calculated.Differences among 3 groups were compared by the One- Way ANOVA or Kruskal- Wallis H test. Results:Compared with those of food allergy model group, diarrhea score, the ratio of eosinophils and serum levels of interleukin(IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, mast cell protease 1 (MCPT-1), and OVA specific antibodies IgE and IgG were significantly lower in mixed probiotics group[(2.00±0.71) points vs.(3.22±0.97) points, (2.28±1.61)% vs.(10.99±2.26)%, (413.68±22.81) ng/L vs.(708.78±27.66) ng/L, (36.64±3.74) ng/L vs.(46.05±4.95) ng/L, (201.37±65.61) ng/L vs.(495.22±96.66) ng/L, (31 924.15±1 177.77) ng/L vs.(36 175.77±618.29) ng/L, (9.10±8.08) ng/L vs.(19.69±0.84) ng/L, (30.50±8.81) ng/L vs.(190.32±6.40) ng/L], while IL-10 level was significantly higher[(164.12±3.88) ng/L vs.(123.90±7.31) ng/L] ( t=3.37, 8.72, 16.07, 3.90, 7.40, 7.95, 3.91, 44.00 and 7.76, respectively, all P<0.01). Compared with those of food allergy model group, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) level on the surface of CD 103+ DCs and CD 103+ CD 80-CD 40-DCs, the proportion of Tregs in CD4 + T cells, and the level of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on the surface of Tregs were significantly higher in mixed probiotics group[(75.59±0.45)% vs.(45.60±4.73)%, (67.56±1.87)% vs.(37.12±6.07)%, (8.24±0.69)% vs.(6.20±0.66)%, (11.25±3.12)% vs.(4.08±2.33)%]( t=7.88, 4.48, 3.63 and 3.71, all P<0.01). Conclusions:Mixed probiotics can alleviate the symptoms of food allergy and inflammatory response of young rats through mediating Tregs via the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.

Bronchoscopic high frequency electrocoagulation combined with balloon dilatation in treating tuberculosis inflammatory airway constriction / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of the bronchoscopic high frequency electrocoagulation combined with balloon dilatation in treating tuberculosis inflammatory airway constriction. Methods According to the different methods of treatment, 55 patients with tuberculosis airway constriction were randomly divided into two groups, the balloon dilatation group (26 cases) and combination group (29 cases). The patients in balloon dilatation group underwent bronchoscopic balloon dilatation and the patients in combination group underwent bronchoscopic balloon dilatation combined with high frequency electrocoagulation. The patients of the two groups accepted endoscopic therapy once a week. Effective rate of recanalization for the narrow airway, frequency of effective treatment and the time of tuberculosis bacterium vanishing was recorded. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were also observed. Three months after the treatment, all patients accepted bronchoscopic to observe and assess the airway restenosis rate. Results After treatment, the effective rate in balloon dilatation group and combination group had no significant difference[69.2%(18/26) vs. 89.7% (26/29 )](P＞ 0.05 ),but frequency of effective treatment and time of tuberculosis bacterium vanishing had significant difference[(3.5 ±1.3) times vs. (1.5 ± 1.1) times, (23.3 ±3.6) d vs.(13.2 ±2.3) d](P<0.01). There was no significant difference on the intraoperative and postoperative complications between two groups (P＞0.05). The airway restenosis rate was 33.3%(6/18) in balloon dilatation group and 7.7%(2/26) in combination group after treatment for 3 months (P ＜0.05). Conclusions Combination of bronchoscopic balloon dilatation and high frequency electrocoagulation is an efficacy and safety way for the tuberculosis inflammatory airway stenosis. It can reduce the frequency of interventional therapy, shorten the time of tuberculosis bacterium vanishing, and may also decrease the airway restenosis rate.

Effects of “living high and training low" on Serum Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in Rowers / 中国运动医学杂志

0.05). In HiLo group, the levels of MDA and SOD did not changed signific antly(P