Unexplored Opportunities of Utilizing Food Waste in Food Product Development for Cardiovascular Health.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Global food production leads to substantial amounts of agricultural and food waste that contribute to climate change and hinder international efforts to end food insecurity and poverty. Food waste is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, fibers, phenolic compounds, lipids, and bioactive peptides. These compounds can be used to create food products that help reduce heart disease risk and promote sustainability. This review examines the potential cardiovascular benefits of nutrients found in different food waste categories (such as fruits and vegetables, cereal, dairy, meat and poultry, and seafood), focusing on animal and clinical evidence, and giving examples of functional food products in each category. RECENT FINDINGS: Current evidence suggests that consuming fruit and vegetable pomace, cereal bran, and whey protein may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly in individuals who are at risk. This is due to improved lipid profile, reduced blood pressure and increased flow-mediated dilation, enhanced glucose and insulin regulation, decreased inflammation, as well as reduced platelet aggregation and improved endothelial function. However, the intervention studies are limited, including a low number of participants and of short duration. Food waste has great potential to be utilized as cardioprotective products. Longer-term intervention studies are necessary to substantiate the health claims of food by-products. Technological advances are needed to improve the stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Implementing safety assessments and regulatory frameworks for functional food derived from food waste is crucial. This is essential for maximizing the potential of food waste, reducing carbon footprint, and improving human health.

Utilizing Supercritical CO2 for Bee Brood Oil Extraction and Analysis of Its Chemical Properties.

To obtain oil from bee brood, which was dried using a tray drying method, this study used the supercritical CO2 extraction method. Extraction occurred at temperatures between 40-60 °C and low pressures of 180-220 bar for 1.5 h, with a high pressure of 600 bar for 1 h. The study investigated both the yield and chemical properties of the extracted bee brood oils. Supercritical CO2 extraction of tray-dried bee brood at 600 bar pressure demonstrated higher oil extraction efficiency compared to lower pressures (180-220 bar). At temperatures of 40-60 °C, total phenolic compounds increased while total flavonoids decreased. The extracted oil exhibited antioxidant activity, primarily due to quercetin. Despite decreased acid, iodine, and saponification values, peroxide value slightly increased but remained below 12 meqO2/kg of oil. The make-up of the fatty acids changed. At 600 bar, palmitic and oleic acids were the most common, while myristic, linoleic, and docosadienoic acids decreased. At 600 bar, eicosadienoic acid was absent. The defatted bee brood retained significant essential and non-essential amino acids, indicating its potential for further development as a protein source.

Upcycling of Defatted Sesame Seed Meal via Protein Amyloid-Based Nanostructures: Preparation, Characterization, and Functional and Antioxidant Attributes.

Herein, the possibility of valorizing defatted sesame seed meal (DSSM) as a viable source for valuable plant proteins and amyloid-based nanostructure was investigated. Sesame seed protein isolate (SSPI) and the major storage protein globulin (SSG) were prepared by alkaline extraction-isoelectric point precipitation as well as fractionation in the case of SSG. The protein samples were characterized for their physicochemical attributes. SSPI and SSG were also evaluated for their ability to form amyloid structures under heating (90 °C) at low pH (2.0). Additionally, the functional attributes, antioxidant activity, and biocompatibility of the proteins and amyloid nanostructures were also examined. SSPI and SSG were both successfully prepared from DSSM. The data showed that the physicochemical attributes of both protein samples were quite similar, except for the fact that SSG was mostly composed of 11S globulin, as evinced by Tricine-SDS-PAGE analysis. TEM micrographs revealed that SSG was able to form curly-shaped fibrillar amyloid structures, whereas those derived from SSPI were mostly amorphous. Thioflavin-T assay and Tricine-SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that acidic heating promoted protein hydrolysis and self-aggregation of the hydrolyzed peptides into a ß-sheet rich amyloid structure. Importantly, the amyloid preparations displayed commendable solubility, superior water and oil holding capacities, and antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS. The protein amyloid nanostructures were found to be non-toxic against RAW264.7 cells, HaCaT cells, and red blood cells. These findings indicate that DSSM could be upcycled into valuable protein amyloid structures with good potentialities as novel food ingredients.

Usual intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients in a young adult population aged 19-30 years: a cross-sectional study.

One-carbon nutrients play an important role in epigenetic mechanisms and cellular methylation reactions. Inadequate intake of these nutrients is linked to metabolic perturbations, yet the current intake levels of these nutrients have rarely been studied in Asia. This cross-sectional study surveyed the usual dietary intake of one-carbon nutrients (folate, choline and vitamins B2, B6 and B12) among Thai university students aged 19-30 years (n 246). Socioeconomic background, health information, anthropometric data and 24-h dietary recall data were collected. The long-term usual intake was estimated using the multiple-source method. The average usual intake levels for men and women were (mean ± sd) 1⋅85 ± 0⋅95 and 2⋅42 ± 8⋅7 mg/d of vitamin B2, 1⋅96 ± 1⋅0 and 2⋅49 ± 8⋅7 mg/d of vitamin B6, 6⋅20 ± 9⋅5 and 6⋅28 ± 12 µg/d of vitamin B12, 195 ± 154 and 155 ± 101 µg dietary folate equivalent/d of folate, 418 ± 191 and 337 ± 164 mg/d of choline, respectively. Effect modification by sex was observed for vitamin B2 (P-interaction = 0⋅002) and choline (P-interaction = 0⋅02), where every 1 mg increase in vitamin B2 and 100 mg increase in choline intake were associated with a 2⋅07 (P = 0⋅01) and 0⋅81 kg/m2 (P = 0⋅04) lower BMI, respectively, in men. The study results suggest that Thai young adults meet the recommended levels for vitamins B2, B6 and B12. The majority of participants had inadequate folate intake and did not achieve recommended intake levels for choline. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University. This trial was registered at www.thaiclinicaltrials.gov (TCTR20210420007).

Influence of physicochemical properties on the production of alternative healthy gummy jelly from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin with added Thai rice powder.

We developed a new healthy gummy jelly from tilapia skin-derived gelatine and four rice cultivar powders. The gelatine from the tilapia fish skin was obtained using acid and alkaline extraction. The extracted gelatine comprised 96.77 ± 0.96 % protein and featured a breaking force of 5.21 ± 0.58 g, which indicates high gel strength. The fish gelatine was combined with the rice varieties to produce a gummy jelly with an enhanced nutritional value, and its flavor profile was determined. Gummy jelly products with added black sticky rice powder exhibited the highest protein and carbohydrate contents. The gummy jelly supplemented with rice berry had the highest score, with 90 % acceptance, on a nine-point hedonic scale. Microbiological analysis showed that no microorganisms were detected in any of the samples. These results indicate that fish gelatine and rice powder may be used as nutritive ingredients in sports food to improve athletic performances.

Associations of choline intake with hypertension and blood pressure among older adults in cross-sectional 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) differ by BMI and comorbidity status.

Blood pressure (BP) is a known cardiovascular risk factor that is hypothesised to be inversely related to choline intake. A previous study suggested that this association may be more apparent in older adults and may differ according to demographic and health characteristics. The primary study objectives are to investigate the cross-sectional associations of total choline intake with BP (n 843) and prevalent hypertension (n 2113) among USA adults aged ≥ 65 years using the sample from the 2011 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic and multiple linear regression models for complex surveys were employed for hypertension status and BP, respectively. Effect modification by sex, race, BMI and comorbidity status were separately investigated using an interaction term. Choline intake interacted with BMI (P-interaction = 0·04) such that choline intake tended to be associated with lower odds of hypertension among people with BMI < 18·5 kg/m2 (OR (95 % CI): 0·64 (0·4, 1·00); P = 0·052). Choline intake was not associated with systolic BP (mean ± sem change per 100 mg of choline: -1·03 ± 0·74 mmHg; P = 0·16). In contrast, its relation to diastolic BP differed by cardiovascular comorbidity (P-interaction = 0·03) with a non-significant (P = 0·13) negative direction of association observed among those who were free of comorbidities and a non-significant (P = 0·26) positive direction observed among those with comorbidities. Collectively, these results suggested that the associations of choline intake with BP levels and hypertension risk among older adults are dependent on other risk factors.

Comparison of the effectiveness of alkaline and enzymatic extraction and the solubility of proteins extracted from carbohydrate-digested rice.

Carbohydrate-digested rice (CDR) residue, the production waste of electrolyte drinks, contains high levels of proteins (approximately 50% of dry matter). Methods for effectively extracting protein from CDR were investigated in this study by comparing alkaline and enzymatic extraction. Alkaline extraction was performed using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Enzymatic extraction was performed with either commercial Alcalase® or Flavourzyme®. Protein recovery and solubility, and total soluble protein obtained via each method were compared to determine extraction effectiveness. In addition, extraction factors affecting protein recovery were adjusted to determine the optimal conditions for each method. Alcalase provided the maximum protein recovery (30.04%), while less protein recovery was achieved with 0.1 N NaOH (55 °C), 1 N NaOH (55 °C), and Flavourzyme. Although the protein recovery achieved by 0.1 N NaOH (27.43%) was close to that of the Alcalase method, protein solubility by extraction with 0.1 N NaOH was much lower (23.46%) than that achieved via the enzymatic method (100%). Hence, the total soluble protein resulting from Alcalase extraction was higher than that obtained using either of the alkaline methods. Consequently, Alcalase extraction was determined to be the most effective method for extracting protein from CDR.

Efficacy of polymer coating of probiotic beads suspended in pressurized and pasteurized longan juices on the exposure to simulated gastrointestinal environment.

Alginate-coated Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 or Lactobacillus casei 01 was recoated with either 0.1-0.5% (w/v) alginate or 0.05-0.15% (w/v) poly-L-lysine (PLL) plus 0.2% (w/v) alginate or 5-15% (w/v) gelatin, after which they were determined for survivability in gastric or bile longan juices. The morphology of encapsulated probiotic cells illustrated that recoated beads with 0.5% alginate showed a more compact surface and a greater protective effect than other recoating materials. The recoated beads with 0.5% alginate and 0.05-0.15% PLL plus 0.2% alginate of both strains showed the highest viability in gastric longan juice. In bile longan juice, only 0.5% alginate showed the best protection for both recoated beads. When considering the storage stability, encapsulated L. acidophilus LA5 exhibited a higher viable count than those of the free cells, whereas L. casei 01 showed equivalent viability of both free and double-coated cells. Based on the impact of pressurization or pasteurization, both processed juices gave rise to equivalent survivability of the probiotic cells during storage.