Multicenter evaluation of BioCode GPP for syndromic molecular detection of gastrointestinal pathogens from stool specimens.

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide across all age groups that disproportionally affects young children in low- and middle-income countries and immunocompromised patients in high-income countries. Regional outbreaks of AGE are typically detected by traditional microbiological detection methods that target limited organisms and are associated with low sensitivity and lengthy time-to-results. Combined, these may result in repeat testing, imprecise or delayed treatment, and delayed recognition of outbreaks. We conducted a multi-site prospective study comparing the BioCode Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel (BioCode GPP) for the detection of 17 common bacterial, viral, and protozoan causes of gastroenteritis with reference methods, including stool culture, enzyme immunoassays, pathogen-specific PCR assays, and sequencing. One thousand five hundred fifty-eight residual, de-identified stool samples (unpreserved stool and stool in Cary-Blair transport medium) were enrolled and tested for 11 bacterial, 3 viral, and 3 protozoan pathogens. BioCode GPP and reference methods were positive for 392 (25.2%) and 283 (18.2%) samples, respectively (P < 0.0001). In this study, the BioCode GPP and reference methods detected 69 and 65 specimens positive for Clostridioides difficile, 51 and 48 for enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, 33 and 27 for enterotoxigenic E. coli, 50 and 47 for norovirus GI/GII, and 30 and 22 for rotavirus A, respectively. The BioCode GPP showed good positive and negative agreements for each pathogen ranging from 89.5% to 100%, with overall sensitivity and specificity of 96.1% and 99.7%, post adjudication. The BioCode GPP detected >1 pathogens in 49 samples, representing 12.5% of the total 392 positive specimens. IMPORTANCE: This study highlights performance of a novel technology for timely and accurate detection and differentiation of 17 common bacterial, viral, and protozoan causes of gastroenteritis. Utilizing molecular tests such as the BioCode Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel may improve the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens and provide actionable results, particularly for patient populations at most risk.

Self-administered versus clinician-performed BinaxNOW COVID rapid test: a comparison of accuracy.

We conducted a single-center study at a free community testing site in Baltimore City to assess the accuracy of self-performed rapid antigen tests (RATs) for COVID-19. Self-administered BinaxNOW RATs were compared with clinician-performed RATs and against a reference lab molecular testing as the gold standard. Of the 953 participants, 14.9% were positive for SARS- CoV-2 as determined by RT-PCR. The sensitivity and specificity were similar for both self- and clinician-performed RATs (sensitivity: 83.9% vs 88.2%, P = 0.40; specificity: 99.8% vs 99.6%, P = 0.6). Subgroup comparisons based on age and race yielded similar results. Notably, 5.2% (95% CI: 1.5% to 9.5%) of positive results were potentially missed due to participant misinterpretation of the self-test card. However, the false-positive rate for RATs was reassuringly comparable in accuracy to clinician-administered tests. These findings hold significant implications for physicians prescribing treatment based on patient-reported, self-administered positive test results. Our study provides robust evidence supporting the reliability and utility of patient-performed RATs, underscoring their comparable accuracy to clinician-performed RATs, and endorsing their continued use in managing COVID-19. Further studies using other rapid antigen test brands are warranted.IMPORTANCEAccurate and accessible COVID-19 testing is crucial for effective disease control and management. A recent single-center study conducted in Baltimore City examined the reliability of self-performed rapid antigen tests (RATs) for COVID-19. The study found that self-administered RATs yielded similar sensitivity and specificity to clinician-performed tests, demonstrating their comparable accuracy. These findings hold significant implications for physicians relying on patient-reported positive test results for treatment decisions. The study provides robust evidence supporting the reliability and utility of patient-performed RATs, endorsing their continued use in managing COVID-19. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for further research using different rapid antigen test brands to enhance generalizability. Ensuring affordable and widespread access to self-tests is crucial, particularly in preparation for future respiratory virus seasons and potential waves of reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Omicron variant.

Factors associated with patient-to-healthcare personnel (HCP) and HCP-to-subsequent patient transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: Transient acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on healthcare personnel (HCP) gloves and gowns following patient care has been examined. However, the potential for transmission to the subsequent patient has not been studied. We explored the frequency of MRSA transmission from patient to HCP, and then in separate encounters from contaminated HCP gloves and gowns to a subsequent simulated patient as well as the factors associated with these 2 transmission pathways. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study with 2 parts. In objective 1, we studied MRSA transmission from random MRSA-positive patients to HCP gloves and gowns after specific routine patient care activities. In objective 2, we simulated subsequent transmission from random HCP gloves and gowns without hand hygiene to the next patient using a manikin proxy. RESULTS: For the first objective, among 98 MRSA-positive patients with 333 randomly selected individual patient-HCP interactions, HCP gloves or gowns were contaminated in 54 interactions (16.2%). In a multivariable analysis, performing endotracheal tube care had the greatest odds of glove or gown contamination (OR, 4.06; 95% CI, 1.3-12.6 relative to physical examination). For the second objective, after 147 simulated HCP-patient interactions, the subsequent transmission of MRSA to the manikin proxy occurred 15 times (10.2%). CONCLUSION: After caring for a patient with MRSA, contamination of HCP gloves and gown and transmission to subsequent patients following HCP-patient interactions occurs frequently if contact precautions are not used. Proper infection control practices, including the use of gloves and gown, can prevent this potential subsequent transmission.

Alcohol-based decontamination of gloved hands: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The gold standard for hand hygiene (HH) while wearing gloves requires removing gloves, performing HH, and donning new gloves between WHO moments. The novel strategy of applying alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) directly to gloved hands might be effective and efficient. DESIGN: A mixed-method, multicenter, 3-arm, randomized trial. SETTING: Adult and pediatric medical-surgical, intermediate, and intensive care units at 4 hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Healthcare personnel (HCP). INTERVENTIONS: HCP were randomized to 3 groups: ABHR applied directly to gloved hands, the current standard, or usual care. METHODS: Gloved hands were sampled via direct imprint. Gold-standard and usual-care arms were compared with the ABHR intervention. RESULTS: Bacteria were identified on gloved hands after 432 (67.4%) of 641 observations in the gold-standard arm versus 548 (82.8%) of 662 observations in the intervention arm (P < .01). HH required a mean of 14 seconds in the intervention and a mean of 28.7 seconds in the gold-standard arm (P < .01). Bacteria were identified on gloved hands after 133 (98.5%) of 135 observations in the usual-care arm versus 173 (76.6%) of 226 observations in the intervention arm (P < .01). Of 331 gloves tested 6 (1.8%) were found to have microperforations; all were identified in the intervention arm [6 (2.9%) of 205]. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with usual care, contamination of gloved hands was significantly reduced by applying ABHR directly to gloved hands but statistically higher than the gold standard. Given time savings and microbiological benefit over usual care and lack of feasibility of adhering to the gold standard, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization should consider advising HCP to decontaminate gloved hands with ABHR when HH moments arise during single-patient encounters.Trial Registration: NCT03445676.

Comparison of Adjuvant Clindamycin vs Linezolid for Severe Invasive Group A Streptococcus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.

Background: Linezolid may be an option for severe group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections based on its potent in vitro activity and antitoxin effects, but clinical data supporting its use over clindamycin are limited. This study evaluated treatment outcomes in patients with severe GAS skin and soft tissue infections who received either linezolid or clindamycin. Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study examined patients with GAS isolated from blood and/or tissue cultures with invasive soft tissue infection or necrotizing fasciitis who underwent surgical debridement and received linezolid or clindamycin for at least 48 hours. The primary outcome was percentage change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score from baseline through 72 hours of hospitalization. Results: After adjustment for time to first surgical intervention among patients with a baseline SOFA score >0 (n = 23 per group), there was no difference in reduction of SOFA score over the first 72 hours in patients receiving clindamycin vs linezolid. In the entire cohort (n = 26, clindamycin; n = 29, linezolid), there was no difference in inpatient mortality (2% vs 1%) or any secondary outcomes, including duration of vasopressor therapy, intensive care unit length of stay, and antibiotic-associated adverse drug events. Conclusions: There was no difference in reduction of critical illness as measured by SOFA score between baseline and 72 hours among patients treated with clindamycin vs linezolid. Given its more favorable side effect profile, linezolid may be a viable option for the treatment of serious GAS infections and should be further studied.

Comparison of carbapenem-susceptible and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales at nine sites in the USA, 2013-2016: a resource for antimicrobial resistance investigators.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are an urgent public health threat. Genomic sequencing is an important tool for investigating CRE. Through the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Sentinel Surveillance system, we collected CRE and carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales (CSE) from nine clinical laboratories in the USA from 2013 to 2016 and analysed both phenotypic and genomic sequencing data for 680 isolates. We describe the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) data of this collection of isolates. We also performed a phenotype-genotype correlation for the carbapenems and evaluated the presence of virulence genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolates. These AST and genomic sequencing data can be used to compare and contrast CRE and CSE at these sites and serve as a resource for the antimicrobial resistance research community.

Prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii and Candida auris in Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation.

Importance: To date, only 1 statewide prevalence survey has been performed for Acinetobacter baumannii (2009) in the US, and no statewide prevalence survey has been performed for Candida auris, making the current burden of these emerging pathogens unknown. Objective: To determine the prevalence of A baumannii and C auris among patients receiving mechanical ventilation in Maryland. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Maryland Multi-Drug Resistant Organism Prevention Collaborative performed a statewide cross-sectional point prevalence of patients receiving mechanical ventilation admitted to acute care hospitals (n = 33) and long-term care facilities (n = 18) between March 7, 2023, and June 8, 2023. Surveillance cultures (sputum, perianal, arm/leg, and axilla/groin) were obtained from all patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Sputum, perianal, and arm/leg cultures were tested for A baumannii and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. Axilla/groin cultures were tested by polymerase chain reaction for C auris. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of A baumannii, carbapenem-resistant A baumannii (CRAB), and C auris. Prevalence was stratified by type of facility. Results: All 51 eligible health care facilities (100%) participated in the survey. A total of 482 patients receiving mechanical ventilation were screened for A baumannii and 470 were screened for C auris. Among the 482 patients who had samples collected, 30.7% (148/482) grew A baumannii, 88 of the 148 (59.5%) of these A baumannii were CRAB, and C auris was identified in 31 of 470 (6.6%). Patients in long-term care facilities were more likely to be colonized with A baumannii (relative risk [RR], 7.66 [95% CI, 5.11-11.50], P < .001), CRAB (RR, 5.48 [95% CI, 3.38-8.91], P < .001), and C auris (RR, 1.97 [95% CI, 0.99-3.92], P = .05) compared with patients in acute care hospitals. Nine patients (29.0%) with cultures positive for C auris were previously unreported to the Maryland Department of Health. Conclusions: A baumannii, carbapenem-resistant A baumannii, and C auris were common among patients receiving mechanical ventilation in both acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities. Both pathogens were significantly more common in long-term care facilities than in acute care hospitals. Patients receiving mechanical ventilation in long-term care facilities are a high-risk population for emerging pathogens, and surveillance and prevention efforts should be targeted to these facilities.

Direct Gloving vs Hand Hygiene Before Donning Gloves in Adherence to Hospital Infection Control Practices: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Current guidelines require hand hygiene before donning nonsterile gloves, but evidence to support this requirement is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a direct-gloving policy on adherence to infection prevention practices in a hospital setting. Design, Setting, and Participants: This mixed-method, multicenter, cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted at 4 academic centers in Baltimore, Maryland, or Iowa City, Iowa, from January 1, 2016, to November 30, 2017. Data analysis was completed April 25, 2019. Participants were 3790 health care personnel (HCP) across 13 hospital units. Intervention: Hospital units were randomly assigned to direct gloving, with hand hygiene not required before donning gloves (intervention), or to usual care (hand hygiene before donning nonsterile gloves). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was adherence to the expected practice at room entry and exit. A random sample of HCPs' gloved hands were imprinted on agar plates at entry to contact precautions rooms. The intention-to-treat approach was followed, and all analyses were conducted at the level of the participating unit. Primary and secondary outcomes between treatment groups were assessed using generalized estimating equations with an unstructured working correlation matrix to adjust for clustering; multivariate analysis using generalized estimating equations was conducted to adjust for covariates, including baseline adherence. Results: In total, 13 hospital units participated in the trial, and 3790 HCP were observed. Adherence to expected practice was greater in the 6 units with the direct-gloving intervention than in the 7 usual care units (1297 of 1491 [87%] vs 954 of 2299 [41%]; P < .001) even when controlling for baseline hand hygiene rates, unit type, and universal gloving policies (risk ratio [RR], 1.76; 95% CI, 1.58-1.97). Glove use on entry to contact precautions rooms was also higher in the direct-gloving units (1297 of 1491 [87%] vs 1530 of 2299 [67%]; P = .008. The intervention had no effect on hand hygiene adherence measured at entry to non-contact precautions rooms (951 of 1315 [72%] for usual care vs 1111 of 1688 [66%] for direct gloving; RR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.91-1.10]) or at room exit (1587 of 1897 [84%] for usual care vs 1525 of 1785 [85%] for direct gloving; RR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.91-1.07]). The intervention was associated with increased total bacteria colony counts (adjusted incidence RR, 7.13; 95% CI, 3.95-12.85) and greater detection of pathogenic bacteria (adjusted incidence RR, 10.18; 95% CI, 2.13-44.94) on gloves in the emergency department and reduced colony counts in pediatrics units (adjusted incidence RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.19-0.63), with no change in either total colony count (RR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.60 to 1.25] for adult intensive care unit; RR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.31-1.10] for hemodialysis unit) or presence of pathogenic bacteria (RR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.40-2.14] for adult intensive care unit; RR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.15-2.04] for hemodialysis unit) in the other units. Conclusions and Relevance: Current guidelines require hand hygiene before donning nonsterile gloves, but evidence to support this requirement is lacking. The findings from this cluster randomized clinical trial indicate that a direct-gloving strategy without prior hand hygiene should be considered by health care facilities. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03119389.

Comparison of 3 diagnostic platforms for identification of bacteria and yeast from positive blood culture bottles.

Managing bloodstream infections requires fast and accurate diagnostics. Culture-based diagnostic methods for identification from positive blood culture require 24-hour subculture, potentially delaying time to appropriate therapy. Positive blood cultures were collected (n = 301) from September 2021 to August 2022 at the University of Maryland Medical Center. Platforms compared were BioFire® BCID2, Sepsityper®, and short-term culture. For monomicrobial cultures, FilmArray® BCID2 identified 88.3% (241/273) of pathogens. Rapid Sepsityper® identified 76.9% (210/273) of pathogens. Sepsityper® extraction identified 82.4% (225/273) of pathogens. Short-term culture identified 83.5% (228/273) of pathogens. For polymicrobial cultures, Sepsityper®, short-term culture, and BioFire® BCID2 had complete identifications at 10.7% (3/28), 0%, and 92.9% (26/28), respectively. Time-to-results for Rapid Sepsityper®, Sepsityper® extraction, BioFire® BCID2, and Short-term culture were 35, 52, 65, and 306 minutes, respectively. Performance of these platforms can reduce time-to-results and may help effectively treat bloodstream infections faster. Accuracy, time-to-result, and hands-on time are important factors when evaluation diagnostic platforms.

Efficacy of a continuously active disinfectant wipe on the environmental bioburden in the intensive care unit: A randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a new continuously active disinfectant (CAD) to decrease bioburden on high-touch environmental surfaces compared to a standard disinfectant in the intensive care unit. DESIGN: A single-blind randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit (MICU) at an urban tertiary-care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients admitted to the MICU and on contact precautions. INTERVENTION: A new CAD wipe used for daily cleaning. METHODS: Samples were collected from 5 high-touch environmental surfaces before cleaning and at 1, 4, and 24 hours after cleaning. The primary outcome was the mean bioburden 24 hours after cleaning. The secondary outcome was the detection of any epidemiologically important pathogen (EIP) 24 hours after cleaning. RESULTS: In total, 843 environmental samples were collected from 43 unique patient rooms. At 24 hours, the mean bioburden recovered from the patient rooms cleaned with the new CAD wipe (intervention) was 52 CFU/mL, and the mean bioburden was 92 CFU/mL in the rooms cleaned the standard disinfectant (control). After log transformation for multivariable analysis, the mean difference in bioburden between the intervention and control arm was -0.59 (95% CI, -1.45 to 0.27). The odds of EIP detection were 14% lower in the rooms cleaned with the CAD wipe (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.31-2.32). CONCLUSIONS: The bacterial bioburden and odds of detection of EIPs were not statistically different in rooms cleaned with the CAD compared to the standard disinfectant after 24 hours. Although CAD technology appears promising in vitro, larger studies may be warranted to evaluate efficacy in clinical settings.

Clinical and Bacterial Characteristics Associated with Glove and Gown Contamination by Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Health Care Setting.

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp) is a pathogen of significant concern to public health, as it has become increasingly associated with difficult-to-treat community-acquired and hospital-associated infections. Transmission of K. pneumoniae between patients through interactions with shared health care personnel (HCP) has been described as a source of infection in health care settings. However, it is not known whether specific lineages or isolates of K. pneumoniae are associated with increased transmission. Thus, we used whole-genome sequencing to analyze the genetic diversity of 166 carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates from five U.S. hospitals in four states as part of a multicenter study examining risk factors for glove and gown contamination by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). The CRKp isolates exhibited considerable genomic diversity with 58 multilocus sequence types (STs), including four newly designated STs. ST258 was the most prevalent ST, representing 31% (52/166) of the CRKp isolates, but was similarly prevalent among patients who had high, intermediate, and low CRKp transmission. Increased transmission was associated with clinical characteristics including a nasogastric (NG) tube or an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy (ETT/Trach). Overall, our findings provide important insight into the diversity of CRKp associated with transmission from patients to the gloves and gowns of HCP. These findings suggest that certain clinical characteristics and the presence of CRKp in the respiratory tract, rather than specific lineages or genetic content, are more often associated with increased transmission of CRKp from patients to HCP. IMPORTANCE Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp) is a significant public health concern that has contributed to the spread of carbapenem resistance and has been linked to high morbidity and mortality. Transmission of K. pneumoniae among patients through interactions with shared health care personnel (HCP) has been described as a source of infection in health care settings; however, it remains unknown whether particular bacterial characteristics are associated with increased CRKp transmission. Using comparative genomics, we demonstrate that CRKp isolates associated with high or intermediate transmission exhibit considerable genomic diversity, and there were no K. pneumoniae lineages or genes that were universally predictive of increased transmission. Our findings suggest that certain clinical characteristics and the presence of CRKp, rather than specific lineages or genetic content of CRKp, are more often associated with increased transmission of CRKp from patients to HCP.

Diagnostic stewardship to support optimal use of multiplex molecular respiratory panels: A survey from the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network.

OBJECTIVES: Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) respiratory panels are rapid, highly sensitive tests for viral and bacterial pathogens that cause respiratory infections. In this study, we (1) described best practices in the implementation of respiratory panels based on expert perspectives and (2) identified tools for diagnostic stewardship to enhance the usefulness of testing. METHODS: We conducted a survey of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network to explore current and future approaches to diagnostic stewardship of multiplex PCR respiratory panels. RESULTS: In total, 41 sites completed the survey (response rate, 50%). Multiplex PCR respiratory panels were perceived as supporting accurate diagnoses at 35 sites (85%), supporting more efficient patient care at 33 sites (80%), and improving patient outcomes at 23 sites (56%). Thirteen sites (32%) reported that testing may support diagnosis or patient care without improving patient outcomes. Furthermore, 24 sites (58%) had implemented diagnostic stewardship, with a median of 3 interventions (interquartile range, 1-4) per site. The interventions most frequently reported as effective were structured order sets to guide test ordering (4 sites), restrictions on test ordering based on clinician or patient characteristics (3 sites), and structured communication of results (2 sites). Education was reported as "helpful" but with limitations (3 sites). CONCLUSIONS: Many hospital epidemiologists and experts in infectious diseases perceive multiplex PCR respiratory panels as useful tests that can improve diagnosis, patient care, and patient outcomes. However, institutions frequently employ diagnostic stewardship to enhance the usefulness of testing, including most commonly clinical decision support to guide test ordering.

Comparison of two swab types for recovery of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida auris from gloves and gowns.

Known concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida auris were applied on gloves and gowns then sampled with E-swabs and BBL liquid Amies swabs. The mean numbers of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) obtained from culture of the 2 swab types were not different, suggesting that either can be used for recovery of these two pathogens from personal protective equipment.

From bottle to bedside: Implementation considerations and antimicrobial stewardship considerations for bloodstream infection rapid diagnostic testing.

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs have been quick to adopt novel molecular rapid diagnostic technologies (mRDTs) for bloodstream infections (BSIs) to improve antimicrobial management. As such, most of the literature demonstrating the clinical and economic benefits of mRDTs for BSI is in the presence of active AMS intervention. Leveraging mRDTs to improve antimicrobial therapy for BSI is increasingly integral to AMS program activities. This narrative review discusses available and future mRDTs, the relationship between the clinical microbiology laboratory and AMS programs, and practical considerations for optimizing the use of these tools within a health system. Antimicrobial stewardship programs must work closely with their clinical microbiology laboratories to ensure that mRDTs are used to their fullest benefit while remaining cognizant of their limitations. As more mRDT instruments and panels become available and AMS programs continue to expand, future efforts must consider the expansion beyond traditional settings of large academic medical centers and how combinations of tools can further improve patient care.

The Impact of Universal Glove and Gown Use on Clostridioides Difficile Acquisition: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile is the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections in the United States. It is unknown whether universal gown and glove use in intensive care units (ICUs) decreases acquisition of C. difficile. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial in 20 medical and surgical ICUs in 20 US hospitals from 4 January 2012 to 4 October 2012. After a baseline period, ICUs were randomized to standard practice for glove and gown use versus the intervention of all healthcare workers being required to wear gloves and gowns for all patient contact and when entering any patient room (contact precautions). The primary outcome was acquisition of toxigenic C. difficile determined by surveillance cultures collected on admission and discharge from the ICU. RESULTS: A total of 21 845 patients had both admission and discharge perianal swabs cultured for toxigenic C. difficile. On admission, 9.43% (2060/21 845) of patients were colonized with toxigenic C. difficile. No significant difference was observed in the rate of toxigenic C. difficile acquisition with universal gown and glove use. Differences in acquisition rates in the study period compared with the baseline period in control ICUs were 1.49 per 100 patient-days versus 1.68 per 100 patient-days in universal gown and glove ICUs (rate difference, -0.28; generalized linear mixed model, P = .091). CONCLUSIONS: Glove and gown use for all patient contact in medical and surgical ICUs did not result in a reduction in the acquisition of C. difficile compared with usual care. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01318213.

Molecular concordance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthcare workers and patients.

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant nosocomial pathogen in the ICU. MRSA contamination of healthcare personnel (HCP) gloves and gowns after providing care to patients with MRSA occurs at a rate of 14%-16% in the ICU setting. Little is known about whether the MRSA isolates identified on HCP gown and gloves following patient care activities are the same as MRSA isolates identified as colonizing or infecting the patient. METHODS: From a multisite cohort of 388 independent patient MRSA isolates and their corresponding HCP gown and glove isolates, we selected 91 isolates pairs using a probability to proportion size (PPS) sampling method. To determine whether the patient and HCP gown or gloves isolates were genetically similar, we used 5 comparative genomic typing methods: phylogenetic analysis, spa typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), large-scale BLAST score ratio (LSBSR), and single-nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis. RESULTS: We identified that 56 (61.5%) of isolate pairs were genetically similar at least by 4 of the methods. Comparably, the spa typing and the LSBSR analyses revealed that >75% of the examined isolate pairs were concordant, with the thresholds established for each analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the patient MRSA isolates were genetically similar to those on the HCP gown or gloves following a patient care activity. This finding indicates that the patient is often the primary source of the MRSA isolates transmitted to the HCP, which can potentially be spread to other patients or hospital settings through HCP vectors. These results have important implications because they provide additional evidence for hospitals considering ending the use of contact precautions (gloves and gowns) for MRSA patients.

Comorbidities associated with 30-day readmission following index coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization: A retrospective cohort study of 331,136 patients in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital readmission is unsettling to patients and caregivers, costly to the healthcare system, and may leave patients at additional risk for hospital-acquired infections and other complications. We evaluated the association between comorbidities present during index coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization and the risk of 30-day readmission. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We used the Premier Healthcare database to perform a retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 hospitalized patients discharged between April 2020 and March 2021 who were followed for 30 days after discharge to capture readmission to the same hospital. RESULTS: Among the 331,136 unique patients in the index cohort, 36,827 (11.1%) had at least 1 all-cause readmission within 30 days. Of the readmitted patients, 11,382 (3.4%) were readmitted with COVID-19 as the primary diagnosis. In the multivariable model adjusted for demographics, hospital characteristics, coexisting comorbidities, and COVID-19 severity, each additional comorbidity category was associated with an 18% increase in the odds of all-cause readmission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-1.19) and a 10% increase in the odds of readmission with COVID-19 as the primary readmission diagnosis (aOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.09-1.11). Lymphoma (aOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.58-2.19), renal failure (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.25-1.40), and chronic lung disease (aOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.24-1.34) were most associated with readmission for COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Readmission within 30 days was common among COVID-19 survivors. A better understanding of comorbidities associated with readmission will aid hospital care teams in improving postdischarge care. Additionally, it will assist hospital epidemiologists and quality administrators in planning resources, allocating staff, and managing bed-flow issues to improve patient care and safety.

A Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Direct-from-Urine-Specimen Diagnostic for Gram-Negative Pathogens.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose a major public health burden. The vast majority of UTIs are caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Current culture-based pathogen identification methods may require up to 24 to 48 h of incubation. In this study, we developed and evaluated a method for Gram-negative pathogen identification direct from urine, without culture, via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in approximately 1 h. Urine samples were collected (n = 137) from the University of Maryland Medical Center clinical microbiology laboratory. To identify bacteria direct from urine, two methods were evaluated. First, 1 µL of urine was directly spotted onto the MALDI target plate, and second, 1 mL of urine was centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 5 min before processing using the fast lipid analysis technique (FLAT). Mass spectra were acquired on the Bruker MALDI Biotyper sirius system in the negative-ion mode. Results were compared to those of standard culture methods. When 1 µL of urine was directly spotted, positive agreement was 81.5% (101/124) and, after centrifugation, 94.4% (117/124) relative to that of standard culture methods. Negative agreement for both methods was 100% (13/13). The time to results for both of the specimen preparation methods using the FLAT extraction protocol was approximately 1 h, with minimal hands-on time required (<5 min). The ability to rapidly identify pathogens directly from urine, without the need for culture, allows for faster turnaround times and, potentially, improved patient outcomes. Overall, the FLAT extraction protocol, in combination with lipid A identification, provides a reproducible and accurate method to rapidly identify urinary pathogens. IMPORTANCE This study describes and evaluates a direct-from-urine extraction method that allows identification of Gram-negative bacteria via MALDI-TOF MS within 1 h. Currently, identification of urinary pathogens requires 24 h of culture prior to identification. While this method may not replace culture, we demonstrate its utility in screening for common urinary pathogens. By providing identifications in under 1 h, clinicians can potentially treat patients sooner with more-targeted antimicrobial therapy. In turn, earlier treatment can improve patient outcome and antimicrobial stewardship. Furthermore, MADLI-TOF MS is a readily available, easy-to-use diagnostic tool in clinical laboratories, making implementation of this method possible.

What's New in Antibiograms? Updating CLSI M39 Guidance with Current Trends.

A vast amount of antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) data is generated from routine testing in diagnostic laboratories for the primary purpose of guiding clinicians in antimicrobial therapy decisions for their patients. However, there is additional value for these data when they are compiled at the local, regional, national, and global levels. Cumulative AST data can be used to prepare antibiograms at the individual health care facility level. These reports can be used to gain insight into appropriate empirical therapy options prior to the availability of AST results on an individual patient's isolate. Different types of cumulative AST data reports can also be compiled at the regional, national, and global levels to estimate susceptibility rates in geographic regions, document trends in evolving microbial populations, and recognize the appearance and spread of emerging antimicrobial resistance threats. The first CLSI M39 Guideline for Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative AST Data was published in 2000. Since that time, there have been changes to AST and reporting recommendations as well as the introduction of advanced informatics technologies to analyze and present data. The 5th edition of M39 has taken into consideration these changes to assist those who analyze, present, and utilize routine antibiograms and other types of cumulative AST data reports as well as those who design information systems for the capturing and analyzing of AST data. Furthermore, antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have expanded considerably, and uses of the antibiogram by ASPs have been addressed. This minireview will remind users of the basic recommendations for analysis and presentation of antibiograms and provide new suggestions to enhance these reports.