Incidental Findings from 16,400 Brain MRI Examinations of Research Volunteers.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Incidental findings are discovered in neuroimaging research, ranging from trivial to life-threatening. We describe the prevalence and characteristics of incidental findings from 16,400 research brain MRIs, comparing spontaneous detection by nonradiology scanning staff versus formal neuroradiologist interpretation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively collected 16,400 brain MRIs (7782 males, 8618 females; younger than 1 to 94 years of age; median age, 38 years) under an institutional review board directive intended to identify clinically relevant incidental findings. The study population included 13,150 presumed healthy volunteers and 3250 individuals with known neurologic diagnoses. Scanning staff were asked to flag concerning imaging findings seen during the scan session, and neuroradiologists produced structured reports after reviewing every scan. RESULTS: Neuroradiologists reported 13,593/16,400 (83%) scans as having normal findings, 2193/16,400 (13.3%) with abnormal findings without follow-up recommended, and 614/16,400 (3.7%) with "abnormal findings with follow-up recommended." The most common abnormalities prompting follow-up were vascular (263/614, 43%), neoplastic (130/614, 21%), and congenital (92/614, 15%). Volunteers older than 65 years of age were significantly more likely to have scans with abnormal findings (P < .001); however, among all volunteers with incidental findings, those younger than 65 years of age were more likely to be recommended for follow-up. Nonradiologists flagged <1% of MRIs containing at least 1 abnormality reported by the neuroradiologists to be concerning enough to warrant further evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Four percent of individuals who undergo research brain MRIs have an incidental, potentially clinically significant finding. Routine neuroradiologist review of all scans yields a much higher rate of significant lesion detection than selective referral from nonradiologists who perform the examinations. Workflow and scan review processes need to be carefully considered when designing research protocols.

Erratum: Genomes reveal genetic diversity of Piscine orthoreovirus in farmed and free-ranging salmonids from Canada and USA.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa054.].

Genomes reveal genetic diversity of Piscine orthoreovirus in farmed and free-ranging salmonids from Canada and USA.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) is a segmented RNA virus, which is commonly found in salmonids in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. PRV-1 causes the heart and skeletal muscle inflammation disease in Atlantic salmon and is associated with several other disease conditions. Previous phylogenetic studies of genome segment 1 (S1) identified four main genogroups of PRV-1 (S1 genogroups I-IV). The goal of the present study was to use Bayesian phylogenetic inference to expand our understanding of the spatial, temporal, and host patterns of PRV-1 from the waters of the northeast Pacific. To that end, we determined the coding genome sequences of fourteen PRV-1 samples that were selected to improve our knowledge of genetic diversity across a broader temporal, geographic, and host range, including the first reported genome sequences from the northwest Atlantic (Eastern Canada). Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the concatenated genomes and their individual segments revealed that established sequences from the northeast Pacific were monophyletic in all analyses. Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees of S1 sequences using BEAST and MrBayes also found that sequences from the northeast Pacific grouped separately from sequences from other areas. One PRV-1 sample (WCAN_BC17_AS_2017) from an escaped Atlantic salmon, collected in British Columbia but derived from Icelandic broodstock, grouped with other S1 sequences from Iceland. Our concatenated genome and S1 analysis demonstrated that PRV-1 from the northeast Pacific is genetically distinct but descended from PRV-1 from the North Atlantic. However, the analyses were inconclusive as to the timing and exact source of introduction into the northeast Pacific, either from eastern North America or from European waters of the North Atlantic. There was no evidence that PRV-1 was evolving differently between free-ranging Pacific Salmon and farmed Atlantic Salmon. The northeast Pacific PRV-1 sequences fall within genogroup II based on the classification of Garseth, Ekrem, and Biering (Garseth, A. H., Ekrem, T., and Biering, E. (2013) 'Phylogenetic Evidence of Long Distance Dispersal and Transmission of Piscine Reovirus (PRV) between Farmed and Wild Atlantic Salmon', PLoS One, 8: e82202.), which also includes North Atlantic sequences from Eastern Canada, Iceland, and Norway. The additional full-genome sequences herein strengthen our understanding of phylogeographical patterns related to the northeast Pacific, but a more balanced representation of full PRV-1 genomes from across its range, as well additional sequencing of archived samples, is still needed to better understand global relationships including potential transmission links among regions.

Relationship of amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tau deposition in Neurodegeneration in Aging Down Syndrome (NiAD) study at baseline.

IMPORTANCE: Adults with Down syndrome (DS) are at high-risk of revealing Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, in part due to the triplication of chromosome 21 encoding the amyloid precursor protein. Adults with DS are uniformly affected by AD pathology by their 30's and have a 70% to 80% chance of clinical dementia by their 60's. Our previous studies have assessed longitudinal changes in amyloid beta (Aß) accumulation in DS. OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to assess the presence of brain tau using [18F]AV-1451 positron emission tomography (PET) in DS and to assess the relationship of brain tau pathology to Aß using Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB)-PET. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Multi-center study. PARTICIPANTS: Participants consisted of a sample of individuals with DS and sibling controls recruited from the community; exclusion criteria included contraindications for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or a medical or psychiatric condition that impaired cognitive functioning. EXPOSURES: PET brain scans to assess Aß ([11C]PiB) and tau ([18F]AV-1451) burden. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Multiple linear regression models (adjusted for chronological age, sex and performance site) were used to examine associations between regional [18F]AV-1451 standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) (based on regions associated with Braak stages 1-6) and global [11C]PiB SUVR (as both a continuous and dichotomous variable). RESULTS: A cohort of 156 participants (mean age = 39.05, SD(8.4)) were examined. These results revealed a significant relationship between in vivo Aß and tau pathology in DS. As a dichotomous variable, [18F]AV-1451 retention was higher in each Braak region in PiB(+) participants. We also found, based on our statistical models, starting with the Braak 3 region of interest (ROI), an acceleration of [18F]AV-1451 SUVR deposition with [11C]PiB SUVR increases.

Milestones in the development and implementation of FRET-based sensors of intracellular signals: A biological perspective of the history of FRET.

FÓ§rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been described for more than a century. FRET has become a mainstay for the study of protein localization in living cells and tissues. It has also become widely used in the fields that comprise cellular signaling. FRET-based probes have been developed to monitor second messenger signals, the phosphorylation state of peptides and proteins, and subsequent cellular responses. Here, we discuss the milestones that led to FRET becoming a widely used tool for the study of biological systems: the theoretical description of FRET, the insight to use FRET as a molecular ruler, and the isolation and genetic modification of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Each of these milestones were critical to the development of a myriad of FRET-based probes and reporters in common use today. FRET-probes offer a unique opportunity to interrogate second messenger signals and subsequent protein phosphorylation - and perhaps the most effective approach for study of cAMP/PKA pathways. As such, FRET probes are widely used in the study of intracellular signaling pathways. Yet, somehow, the potential of FRET-based probes to provide windows through which we can visualize complex cellular signaling systems has not been fully reached. Hence we conclude by discussing the technical challenges to be overcome if FRET-based probes are to live up to their potential for the study of complex signaling networks.

Cognitive decline in the middle-aged after surgery and anaesthesia: results from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention cohort.

Surgery and anaesthesia might affect cognition in middle-aged people without existing cognitive dysfunction. We measured memory and executive function in 964 participants, mean age 54 years, and again four years later, by when 312 participants had had surgery and 652 participants had not. Surgery between tests was associated with a decline in immediate memory by one point (out of a maximum of 30), p = 0.013: memory became abnormal in 77 out of 670 participants with initially normal memory, 21 out of 114 (18%) of whom had had surgery compared with 56 out of 556 (10%) of those who had not, p = 0.02. The number of operations was associated with a reduction in immediate memory on retesting, beta coefficient (SE) 0.08 (0.03), p = 0.012. Working memory decline was also associated with longer cumulative operations, beta coefficient (SE) -0.01 (0.00), p = 0.028. A reduction in cognitive speed and flexibility was associated with worse ASA physical status, beta coefficient (SE) 0.55 (0.22) and 0.37 (0.17) for ASA 1 and 2 vs. 3, p = 0.035. However, a decline in working memory was associated with better ASA physical status, beta coefficient (SE) -0.48 (0.21) for ASA 1 vs. 3, p = 0.01.

Myxobolus arcticus and Parvicapsula minibicornis infections in sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka following downstream migration in British Columbia.

Factors influencing the health of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in British Columbia, Canada, are important for fisheries management and conservation. Juvenile salmon originating from the Fraser River were screened for 3 enzootic parasites (Myxobolus arcticus, Parvicapsula minibicornis, Ceratonova shasta) and the bacterium Renibacterium salmoninarum. Fish were collected from the Strait of Georgia in 2010, 2011 and 2012 and genotyped to stock of origin. Trends in infection status were estimated by year, spawning zone and catch area. The annual prevalences of P. minibicornis (n = 1448) were 23.3, 6.5 and 8.1%, and for M. arcticus (n = 1343), annual prevalences were 40.4, 66.3 and 27.4%, respectively. Logistic regression showed that P. minibicornis was most strongly associated with salmon from the lower Fraser River spawning zone and increased with distance caught from the mouth of the Fraser River. In contrast, infection with M. arcticus was most strongly associated with salmon from the middle Fraser River spawning zone, and there was no trend related to distance from the Fraser River. Neither R. salmoninarum nor C. shasta were detected. These observations are discussed in the context of salmon life history and pathogen biology.

Toddlers' Differential Susceptibility to the Effects of Coparenting on Social-Emotional Adjustment.

The present study tested whether infants high in negative affectivity are differentially susceptible to observed coparenting behavior in relation to their subsequent social-emotional development. Data came from a longitudinal study of 182 U.S. dual-earner, primiparous couples and their infant children. At 9-months postpartum, child negative affectivity was reported by mothers and fathers and supportive and undermining coparenting behavior were assessed from mother-father-infant observations. At 27-months mothers reported on toddlers' externalizing behavior and dysregulation using a clinical assessment tool designed to identify competencies and areas of concern in toddlers' social-emotional development. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed partial support for the differential susceptibility hypothesis. Specifically, infants high in negative affectivity had lower levels of dysregulation when embedded in a more supportive coparenting context, and higher levels of dysregulation when embedded in a less supportive coparenting context. In contrast, supportive coparenting behavior was not relevant for the dysregulation of infants initially low in negative affectivity.

Placenta Increta Complicating Persistent Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy following Failed Excision with Subsequent Preterm Cesarean Hysterectomy.

Introduction. Cesarean scar pregnancies (CSPs) are one of the rarest forms of ectopic pregnancy. Given their rarity, there is lack of consensus regarding the management and natural course of CSPs. Case. A 37-year-old G10 P3063 female with a history of two prior cesarean deliveries was diagnosed with her second CSP at 6 weeks and 5 days in her tenth pregnancy. The patient underwent vertical hysterotomy, excision of a gestational sac implanted in the cesarean sac, and bilateral salpingectomy via a laparotomy incision. The histopathology report confirmed immature chorionic villi. The patient returned 10 weeks later and was found to be still pregnant. Obstetric ultrasound confirmed a viable fetus of 19 weeks and 4 days of gestational age with a thin endometrium and an anteroposterior and right lateral placenta with multiple placental lakes. The patient ruptured her membranes at 31 weeks of gestation and pelvic MRI revealed an anterior placenta invading the myometrium and extending to the external serosal surface consistent with placenta increta. Following obstetric interventions, a live female infant was delivered by cesarean hysterectomy (because of placenta increta) at 32 weeks of gestation. Conclusion. Development of standardized guidelines for management of CSPs, as well as heightened vigilance for possible complications, is required for proper care and avoidance of potential morbidity and mortality.

Delayed debridement of severe open fractures is associated with a higher rate of deep infection.

This study explores the relationship between delay to surgical debridement and deep infection in a series of 364 consecutive patients with 459 open fractures treated at an academic level one trauma hospital in North America. The mean delay to debridement for all fractures was 10.6 hours (0.6 to 111.5). There were 46 deep infections (10%). There were no infections among the 55 Gustilo-Anderson grade I open fractures. Among the grade II and III injuries, a statistically significant increase in the rate of deep infection was found for each hour of delay (OR = 1.033: 95% CI 1.01 to 1.057). This relationship shows a linear increase of 3% per hour of delay. No distinct time cut-off points were identified. Deep infection was also associated with tibial fractures (OR = 2.44: 95% CI 1.26 to 4.73), a higher Gustilo-Anderson grade (OR = 1.99: 95% CI 1.004 to 3.954), and contamination of the fracture (OR = 3.12: 95% CI 1.36 to 7.36). These individual effects are additive, which suggests that delayed debridement will have a clinically significant detrimental effect on more severe open fractures. Delayed treatment appeared safe for grade 1 open fractures. However, when the negative prognostic factors of tibial site, high grade of fracture and/or contamination are present we recommend more urgent operative debridement.

Interleukin-8 and interleukin-10, brain volume and microstructure, and the influence of calorie restriction in old rhesus macaques.

Higher systemic levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) were found to be associated with lower gray matter volume and tissue density in old rhesus macaques. This association between IL-6, and these brain indices were attenuated by long-term 30 % calorie restriction (CR). To extend these findings, the current analysis determined if a CR diet in 27 aged rhesus monkeys compared to 17 normally fed controls reduced circulating levels of another proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and raised levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10). Further, these cytokines were regressed onto imaged brain volume and microstructure using voxel-wise regression analyses. CR significantly lowered IL-8 and raised IL-10 levels. Across the two dietary conditions, higher IL-8 predicted smaller gray matter volumes in bilateral hippocampus. Higher IL-10 was associated with more white matter volume in visual areas and tracts. Consuming a CR diet reduced the association between systemic IL-8 and hippocampal volumes. Conversely, CR strengthened associations between IL-10 and microstructural tissue density in the prefrontal cortex and other areas, particularly in a region of dorsal prefrontal cortex, which concurred with our prior findings for IL-6. Consumption of a CR diet lowered proinflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, which lessened the statistical association between systemic inflammation and the age-related alterations in important brain regions, including the hippocampus.

Family history of Alzheimer disease predicts hippocampal atrophy in healthy middle-aged adults.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the longitudinal influence of family history (FH) of Alzheimer disease (AD) and apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4) on brain atrophy and cognitive decline over 4 years among asymptomatic middle-aged individuals. METHODS: Participants were cognitively healthy adults with (FH+) (n = 60) and without (FH-) (n = 48) a FH of AD (mean age at baseline 54 years) enrolled in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. They underwent APOE genotyping, cognitive testing, and an MRI scan at baseline and 4 years later. A covariate-adjusted voxel-based analysis interrogated gray matter (GM) modulated probability maps at the 4-year follow-up visit as a function of FH and APOE4. We also examined the influence of parent of origin on GM atrophy. Parallel analyses investigated the effects of FH and APOE4 on cognitive decline. RESULTS: Neither FH nor APOE4 had an effect on regional GM or cognition at baseline. Longitudinally, a FH × APOE4 interaction was found in the right posterior hippocampus, which was driven by a significant difference between the FH+ and FH- subjects who were APOE4-. In addition, a significant FH main effect was observed in the left posterior hippocampus. No significant APOE4 main effects were detected. Persons with a maternal history of AD were just as likely as those with a paternal history of AD to experience posterior hippocampal atrophy. There was no longitudinal decline in cognition within the cohort. CONCLUSION: Over a 4-year interval, asymptomatic middle-aged adults with FH of AD exhibit significant atrophy in the posterior hippocampi in the absence of measurable cognitive changes. This result provides further evidence that detectable disease-related neuroanatomic changes do occur early in the AD pathologic cascade.

Effects of aging and calorie restriction on white matter in rhesus macaques.

Rhesus macaques on a calorie restricted diet (CR) develop less age-related disease, have virtually no indication of diabetes, are protected against sarcopenia, and potentially live longer. Beneficial effects of caloric restriction likely include reductions in age-related inflammation and oxidative damage. Oligodendrocytes are particularly susceptible to inflammation and oxidative stress, therefore, we hypothesized that CR would have a beneficial effect on brain white matter and would attenuate age-related decline in this tissue. CR monkeys and controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). A beneficial effect of CR indexed by DTI was observed in superior longitudinal fasciculus, fronto-occipital fasciculus, external capsule, and brainstem. Aging effects were observed in several regions, although CR appeared to attenuate age-related alterations in superior longitudinal fasciculus, frontal white matter, external capsule, right parahippocampal white matter, and dorsal occipital bundle. The results, however, were regionally specific and also suggested that CR is not salutary across all white matter. Further evaluation of this unique cohort of elderly primates to mortality will shed light on the ultimate benefits of an adult-onset, moderate CR diet for deferring brain aging.

Age-related changes in neural volume and microstructure associated with interleukin-6 are ameliorated by a calorie-restricted diet in old rhesus monkeys.

Systemic levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) increase in old age and may contribute to neural atrophy in humans. We investigated IL-6 associations with age in T1-weighted segments and microstructural diffusion indices using MRI in aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Further, we determined if long-term 30% calorie restriction (CR) reduced IL-6 and attenuated its association with lower tissue volume and density. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion-weighted voxelwise analyses were conducted. IL-6 was associated with less global gray and white matter (GM and WM), as well as smaller parietal and temporal GM volumes. Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) was associated with higher IL-6 levels along the corpus callosum and various cortical and subcortical tracts. Higher IL-6 concentrations across subjects were also associated with increased mean diffusivity (MD) throughout many brain regions, particularly in corpus callosum, cingulum, and parietal, frontal, and prefrontal areas. CR monkeys had significantly lower IL-6 and less associated atrophy. An IL-6xCR interaction across modalities also indicated that CR mitigated IL-6 related changes in several brain regions compared to controls. Peripheral IL-6 levels were correlated with atrophy in regions sensitive to aging, and this relationship was decreased by CR.

Midlife predictors of Alzheimer's disease.

Factors contributing to increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) include age, sex, genes, and family history of AD. Several risk factors for AD are endogenous; however, accumulating evidence implicates modifiable risk factors in the pathogenesis of AD. Although the continued task of identifying new genes will be critical to learning more about the disease, several research findings suggest that potentially alterable environmental factors influence genetic contributions, providing targets for disease prevention and treatment. Here, we review midlife risk factors for AD, and address the potential for therapeutic intervention in midlife.

Pain on injection from propofol may be avoided by changing its formulation.

BACKGROUND: After using propofol for a decade, pain on injection had been considered routine by patients and medical personnel. When given propofol from a different manufacturer, patients did not complain. Two preparations of propofol were compared. METHODS: A comparative, double-blind, randomized study was conducted in 22 adult patients undergoing pain relief procedures; they received sedation by an intravenous injection of 1.7 mg/kg of propofol and then were treated with paravertebral injections. Pain on injection was assessed by verbal complaint, movement of the extremity, of the whole body and recollection of pain at induction, when discharged. Propofol from Baxter Laboratories, mixed with either 5 ml of 2% lidocaine or 5 ml of NaCl 0.9%, was compared with propofol Laboratorios Gray, which was similarly mixed. Injections were randomly administered four times, blindly, to each of 22 patients. Statistical analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance method. RESULTS: A total of 352 propofol injections were given. Each of the four propofol solutions was administered 88 times; of patients receiving Baxter propofol+saline, 74 (84%) had pain; when mixed with 2% lidocaine 45 (50.2%) complained. After propofol Gray with NaCl 0.9% was given, two patients (2.2%) experienced pain. Propofol Gray with 2% lidocaine produced no pain. None of the latter group remembered having pain, whereas, those given propofol Baxter 54 (61.3%) and 26 (29.5%) remembered experiencing pain at injection. Pain on injection was prevented and statistically reduced (<0.01) with the propofol from Laboratorios Gray. CONCLUSIONS: By changing the formulation (size of molecules and their dispersion) of propofol, pain on injection was avoided.

Human adult bone marrow-derived somatic cell therapy results in functional recovery and axonal plasticity following stroke in the rat.

Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability in the United States. To date there is no satisfactory treatment for stroke once neuronal damage has occurred. Human adult bone marrow-derived somatic cells (hABM-SC) represent a homogenous population of CD49c/CD90 co-positive, non-hematopoietic cells that have been shown to secrete therapeutically relevant trophic factors and to support axonal growth in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. Here we demonstrate that treatment with hABM-SC after ischemic stroke in adult rats results in recovery of forelimb function on a skilled motor test, and that this recovery is positively correlated with increased axonal outgrowth of the intact, uninjured corticorubral tract. While the complete mechanism of repair is still unclear, we conclude that enhancement of structural neuroplasticity from uninjured brain areas is one mechanism by which hABM-SC treatment after stroke leads to functional recovery.

The immune and stress responses of Atlantic cod to long-term increases in water temperature.

Sea-caged cod are limited in their movements in the water column, and thus can be exposed to large seasonal ( approximately 0-20 degrees C) temperature fluctuations. To investigate the physiological response of Atlantic cod to summer-like increases in temperature, we exposed 10 degrees C acclimated juvenile cod to a graded thermal challenge (1 degrees C increase every 5 days) and measured: (1) plasma cortisol and glucose levels; (2) the respiratory burst activity of blood leukocytes; and (3) the expression of specific immune-related genes [MHC Class I, Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), beta2-microglobulin (beta2-M), Immunoglobulin M (IgM)-light (L) and -heavy (H) chains] in the blood using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). The experiment was stopped at 19.1 degrees C, with 26.7% of the fish surviving to this point. Plasma glucose levels increased slightly at 16 and 18 degrees C (by 1.39- and 1.74-fold, respectively), in contrast, cortisol levels were elevated significantly (by 2.9-fold) at 16 degrees C but returned to control levels thereafter. The effect of increasing temperature on the expression of immune related genes in blood cells (leukocytes) was variable and depended on the gene of interest. The expression of IgM-H remained stable for the duration of the experiment. In contrast, IL-1beta expression was increased significantly (by approximately 25-fold) at 19 degrees C as compared to time-matched control fish, and changes in the expression of beta2-M, MHC Class I and IgM-L followed a pattern similar to that seen for cortisol: increasing at 16 degrees C (by 4.2-, 5.3- and 17-fold, respectively), but returning to pre-stress levels by 19 degrees C. Interestingly, increasing temperatures had no effect on respiratory burst activity. This study is the first to examine the effects of a chronic regimen of increasing temperature on the stress physiology and immunology of a marine teleost, and suggests that immune function is influenced by complex interactions between thermal effects and temperature-induced stress (elevated circulating cortisol levels).

Lepeophtheirus salmonis secretory/excretory products and their effects on Atlantic salmon immune gene regulation.

We have previously shown that Lepeophtheirus salmonis produces trypsin and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) that are most likely responsible for the limited inflammatory response of Atlantic salmon to infection. After removal of the dopamine and PGE(2), the immunomodulatory activity of unfractionated and pools of the fractionated secretions was determined by examining the effects of the secretions on Atlantic salmon immune gene expression. Incubation of macrophage-enriched isolates of Atlantic salmon head kidney cells with the unfractionated secretion + PGE(2) revealed a significant inhibition of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and major histocompatibility class I gene expression. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1beta expression in the Atlantic salmon head kidney cell line (SHK-1) was observed when three pools of the secretory/excretory products were tested. Further purification of products within these pools revealed that fraction 1-2 could account fully for the inhibition of IL-1beta expression in SHK-1 cells observed in pooled fraction 1. This study demonstrates that there are other immunomodulatory compounds produced by L. salmonis, in addition to PGE(2) and trypsin, that can inhibit the expression of Atlantic salmon immune-related genes in vitro.

Differential expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta-1, TNFalpha-1 and IL-8 in vaccinated pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon juveniles.

Laboratory-reared pink and chum salmon juveniles (approximately 2g) received an intraperitoneal injection with a commercial, unadjuvanted Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin or sterile saline. Relative to elongation factor-1A, expression levels of genes encoding the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta-1 (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha-1 (TNFalpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in pools of kidney and liver were examined 6- and 24-h after injection. Expression of IL-1beta was significantly elevated in pink and chum salmon by 6-h, and declined in pink salmon but not in chum salmon by 24-h. Similarly, expression of TNFalpha was significantly elevated in both species at 6h and only in chum salmon after 24-h. Expression of IL-8 was significantly elevated in both species at 6- and 24-h after injection. Expression of the three proinflammatory cytokine genes differed between salmon species both in the timing and magnitude of their expression. The significance of these differences with respect to immune function in these fish requires further research.