Evaluación de dispositivos extracorpóreos de soporte pulmonar en adultos con insuficiencia pulmonar aguda severa / Evaluation of extracorporeal lung support devices in adults with severe acute lung failure

Introducción: La injuria pulmonar aguda (IPA) se asocia con altas tasas de mortalidad. El tratamiento se basa principalmente en la ventilación mecánica (VM), con distintas variantes. Los dispositivos de soporte pulmonar extracorpóreo (ECLS) pueden proporcionar suficiente intercambio gaseoso en pacientes con IPA, cuando a pesar de la optimización del tratamiento habitual persiste hipoxemia o hipercapnia con acidosis respiratoria grave. Los dispositivos pueden ser con bomba (ECMO) o sin bomba (pECLA). El uso de ECMO y pECLA están autorizados en Argentina, Reino Unido (RU) y EEUU, y en la mayoría de los países europeos. Objetivo: Evaluar si disminuye la mortalidad con el uso de dispositivos de ECLS asociados a VM contra el uso de VM solamente, en pacientes adultos con IPA aguda grave. Secundariamente, se evaluará en dichos grupos los días libres de VM al día 28, los días de estancia hospitalaria, los días de estancia en UCI, las diferencias a nivel hemodinámico y respiratorio del ECMOvv y los pECLA. Finalmente se evaluarán reportes de costo-efectividad. Método: Se efectuó una revisión sistemática en TripDataBase, Pubmed, buscadores genéricos y sitios específicos. Se buscaron políticas de cobertura. Resultados: Se hallaron 4 ECCA, 8 SC, 4 estudios secundarios, 2 evaluaciones económicas y 1 ETS. Además, se localizaron políticas de cobertura en el RU y EEUU. Conclusiones: Se evidencia reducción de mortalidad en el corto tiempo (30 días o intrahospitalaria) en comparación con VM. No se encontraron diferencias a largo plazo, en días libres de VM-28d, en estancia hospitalaria, ni en UCI. En pECLA la evidencia es de menor calidad y no hay evidencia de reducción de mortalidad. Los parámetros hemodinámicos no son modificados por el ECMOvv, ni por pECLA. ECMOav es útil en casos de inestabilidad hemodinámica. La transferencia de gas pulmonar mejora con el uso de ECLS (reducción de PaCO2 y aumento de PaO2). El mayor beneficio se encuentra en el tratamiento de la hipercapnia, para la cual pECLA parecen ser los más indicados, en relación a su menor complejidad y costo. Muchas publicaciones coinciden en tasas menores de complicaciones con pECLA vs ECMOvv, en particular con respecto a la coagulación y hemólisis. Las indicaciones deben ser estrictamente controladas y monitorizadas. Los sistemas de salud hacen especial hincapié en la derivación a centros de alto volumen y complejidad para su uso. Encontramos costo efectividad para ECMO en los sistemas de salud de EEUU y RU, con valores de USD 7.000-35.000 por año de vida o QALY ganado y de £19.252 (IC95% 7.622-59.200) para pECLA.

Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with high mortality rates. Treatment is based on mechanical ventilation (MV). Extracorporeal lung support (ECLS) devices can provide sufficient gas exchange in patients with ALI when hypoxemia or hypercapnia persists with severe respiratory acidosis despite usual treatment. A pump can be used (ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxigenator - ECMO) or not (pumpless ExtraCorporeal Lung Support - pECLA) towards to move blood stream in these devices. ECMO and pECLA are authorized in Argentina, UK, USA and most European countries. Objective: To evaluate decreasement in mortality with ECLS+MV vs. MV alone in adult patients with severe ALI. To evaluate MV-free-28-days, hospital length of stay (LOS), ICU LOS, differences in hemodynamic and respiratory parameters in vvECMO vs. pECLA. Cost-effectiveness will be evaluated. Methods: A systematic review in Tripdatabase, Pubmed, general search engines and specific sites was made. Coverage policies were sought. Results: 4 randomized controlled trials, 8 case series, 4 secondary studies, 2 economic evaluations and 1 sanitary technology evaluation were found. UK and USA coverage policies were located. Conclusions: ECLS+VM demonstrated reduction in 30-days-mortality compared to VM alone. No other differences (MV-free-28-days, LOS, ICU LOS) were found. Evidence about use of pECLA is low quality. There is no evidence in mortality reduction with pECLA. Hemodynamic parameters are not modified by vvECMO nor pECLA. avECMO is useful in hemodynamic instability. ECLS enhances lung gas transfer (CO2 arterial pressure reduction and O2 arterial pressure increase). More important benefits are achieved in hypercapnia treatment where pECLA seem to be more suitable because of its lower complexity and cost. There is lower complication rates in pECLA vs. vvECMO, particularly respect to coagulation and hemolysis complications. Indications should be strictly controlled and monitored. There is high recommendation on referral to high-volume centers for use of ECLS. ECMO is cost effective in US and UK health systems with USD 7,000-35,000 per life year or QALY gained and £ 19,252 (95% CI 7622-59200) for pECLA.

Ensayo clínico aleatorizado sobre la administración de una solución de mantenimiento intravenosa hipotónica comparada contra una isotónica en pacientes pediátricos críticos / Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluids in critically ill pediatric patients: a randomized control trial

Introducción. Las soluciones hipotónicas se han vinculado a la producción de hiponatremia iatrogénica. Objetivos. Evaluar las variaciones en el sodio sérico (NaS) tras la administración de una solución de mantenimiento intravenosa isotónica (NaCl al 0,9% en dextrosa al 5%) en comparación con una solución de mantenimiento hipotónica (NaCl al 0,45% en dextrosa al 5%). Material y métodos. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado. Se enrolaron pacientes pediátricos con una estadía esperada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos mayor de 24 horas, NaS normal y líquidos intravenosos > 80% de los líquidos totales de mantenimiento. La concentración sérica de Na se midió antes de colocar la solución de mantenimiento y al reducir la administración de ésta a < 80% del total del aporte. Resultados. Se incorporaron 63 pacientes, que fueron asignados en forma aleatoria a recibir una solución de mantenimiento hipotónica (n= 32) o isotónica (n= 31). Las características basales fueron similares en ambos grupos. No hubo diferencias con respecto a la cantidad de solución administrada (grupo hipotónico 865 ± 853 ml; grupo isotónico 778 ± 649 ml, p= 0,654) o el tiempo de infusión (grupo hipotónico: 24 ± 10,8 horas; grupo isotónico: 27,6 ± 12,8 horas, p= 0,231). Se encontró una diferencia en el NaS luego de la administración de las soluciones de mantenimiento (grupo hipotónico: 137,8 ± 4,3 mmol/L; grupo isotónico: 140,0 ± 4,1 mmol/L, p=0,04). Ninguna de las dos soluciones de mantenimiento aumentó el riesgo de hiponatremia (Na < 135 mmol/L) o de hipernatremia (Na > 145 mmol/L). Conclusiones. Ambas soluciones de mantenimiento, en 24 horas de infusión, no aumentaron el riesgo de producir hiponatremia iatrogénica.

Introduction: Hypotonic fluids have been associated with the development of iatrogenic hyponatremia. Objectives. To assess variations in serum sodium (sNa) following the intravenous administration of isotonic maintenance fluids (0.9% NaCl/5% dextrose) compared to hypotonic maintenance fluids (0.45% NaCl/5% dextrose). Material and Methods. Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Pediatric patients with an expected length of stay in the intensive care unit of more than 24 hours were enrolled, with normal serum Na, and IV fluids >80% of total maintenance fluids. Serum Na level was measured before administering maintenance fluids and when reducing the administration to <80% of total fluids. Results. The study included 63 patients who were randomly assigned to receive hypotonic (n= 32) or isotonic (n= 31) maintenance fluids. Baseline characteristics were similar inboth groups. There were no differences in terms of volume of fluid administered (hypotonic group: 865 ± 853 mL; isotonic group: 778 ± 649 mL; p=0.654) or infusion duration (hypotonic group: 24 ± 10.8 hours; isotonic group: 27.6 ± 12.8 hours; p= 0.231). A difference was found in the serum Na following the administration of maintenance fluids (hypotonic group: 137.8 ± 4.3 mmol/L; isotonic group: 140.0 ±4.1 mmol/L, p= 0.04). None of these two maintenance fluids increased the risk of hyponatremia (Na <135 mmol/L) or hypernatremia (Na >145 mmol/L). Conclusions. Neither hypotonic nor isotonic maintenance fluids increased the risk of developing iatrogenic hyponatremia with the 24 hour infusion.

Impact of a quality improvement intervention on the incidence of unplanned extubations in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

INTRODUCTION: An unplanned extubation (UEX) is a frequent and preventable adverse event of mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVES: To fnd out the causes of unplanned extubation and assess the use of a quality improvement intervention to reduce this event rate. POPULATION: Patients with invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours over the period from May 1st 2010 and April 30th 2011 in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). DESIGN: Uncontrolled, before and after study. A quality improvement intervention was used over the period between November 2010 and April 2011, which included training PICU staff, establishing standards to fx the endotracheal tube and control its fxation. RESULTS: There were 395 patients admitted to the PICU, 262 (66%) were on mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. A total of 27 patients had 30 UEX events: 22 during the period between May and October 2010, and 8 during the period between November 2010 and April 2011. The most common causes of UEX were incorrect fxation of the endotracheal tube (n= 11) and the use of a procedure of care (n= 11). Patients with UEX required additional days on mechanical ventilation: 7 (3-15.5) versus 5 (2-8) days; p= 0.077 and hospitalization: 9.5 (5-19) versus 7 (4-10) days; p= 0.049. During the implementation of the quality improvement intervention, the mean incidence of UEX decreased from 2.30 (95% CI: 1.12-3.49) to 0.86 (95% CI: 0.27-1.44) per 100 days of mechanical ventilation (p= 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: The most common causes of UEX were the incorrect fxation of the endotracheal tube and the use of a procedure of care. The implementation of a quality improvement intervention reduced the incidence of UEX.

Impact of a quality improvement intervention on the incidence of unplanned extubations in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit / Impacto de una intervención de mejora de calidad sobre la incidencia de extubaciones no planeadas en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos

Introduction. An unplanned extubation (UEX) is a frequent and preventable adverse event of mechanical ventilation. Objectives. To fnd out the causes of unplanned extubation and assess the use of a quality improvement intervention to reduce this event rate. Population. Patients with invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours over the period from May 1st 2010 and April 30th 2011 in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Design. Uncontrolled, before and after study. A quality improvement intervention was used over the period between November 2010 and April 2011, which included training PICU staff, establishing standards to fx the endotracheal tube and control its fxation. Results. There were 395 patients admitted to the PICU, 262 (66%) were on mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. A total of 27 patients had 30 UEX events: 22 during the period between May and October 2010, and 8 during the period between November 2010 and April 2011. The most common causes of UEX were incorrect fxation of the endotracheal tube (n= 11) and the use of a procedure of care (n= 11). Patients with UEX required additional days on mechanical ventilation: 7 (3-15.5) versus 5 (2-8) days; p= 0.077 and hospitalization: 9.5 (5-19) versus 7 (4-10) days; p= 0.049. During the implementation of the quality improvement intervention, the mean incidence of UEX decreased from 2.30 (95% CI: 1.12-3.49) to 0.86 (95% CI: 0.27-1.44) per 100 days of mechanical ventilation (p= 0.037). Conclusions. The most common causes of UEX were the incorrect fxation of the endotracheal tube and the use of a procedure of care. The implementation of a quality improvement intervention reduced the incidence of UEX.

Introducción. Las extubaciones no planeadas (ENP) son eventos adversos frecuentes y prevenibles de la ventilación mecánica. Objetivos. Conocer las causas de las extubaciones no planeadas y evaluar la utilidad de la aplicación de una intervención de mejora de la calidad para disminuir ese evento. Población. Pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva durante más de 12 horas durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de mayo del 2010 y el 30 de abril del 2011 en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Diseño. Estudio antes-después no controlado. Se aplicó una intervención de mejora de calidad en el período noviembre de 2010-abril de 2011 que incluyó capacitación del personal de la UCIP, estandarización de la fjación del tubo endotraqueal y control de la fjación. Resultados. Ingresaron en la UCIP 395 pacientes, 262 (66%) recibieron ventilación mecánica durante más de 12 horas. Presentaron 30 episodios de ENP 27 pacientes: 22 durante el período mayo a octubre de 2010, y 8 durante el período noviembre de 2010-abril de 2011. Las causas más frecuentes fueron la incorrecta fjación del tubo endotraqueal (n= 11) y la realización de un procedimiento de atención y cuidado (n= 11). Los pacientes que la presentaron requirieron más días de ventilación mecánica: 7 (3 a 15,5) contra 5 (2 a 8) días; p= 0,077 y de internación: 9,5 (5 a 19) contra 7 (4 a 10) días; p= 0,049. Durante la intervención de mejora de la calidad la incidencia media de ENP disminuyó de 2,30 (IC 95% 1,12 a 3,49) a 0,86 (IC 95% 0,27 a 1,44) por 100 días de ventilación mecánica (p= 0,037). Conclusiones. Las causas más frecuentes de ENP fueron la incorrecta fjación del tubo endotraqueal y la realización de procedimientos de atención y cuidado. La implementación de una intervención de mejora de la calidad disminuyó la incidencia de ENP.

Impact of a quality improvement intervention on the incidence of unplanned extubations in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit / Impacto de una intervención de mejora de calidad sobre la incidencia de extubaciones no planeadas en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos

Introduction. An unplanned extubation (UEX) is a frequent and preventable adverse event of mechanical ventilation. Objectives. To fnd out the causes of unplanned extubation and assess the use of a quality improvement intervention to reduce this event rate. Population. Patients with invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours over the period from May 1st 2010 and April 30th 2011 in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Design. Uncontrolled, before and after study. A quality improvement intervention was used over the period between November 2010 and April 2011, which included training PICU staff, establishing standards to fx the endotracheal tube and control its fxation. Results. There were 395 patients admitted to the PICU, 262 (66%) were on mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. A total of 27 patients had 30 UEX events: 22 during the period between May and October 2010, and 8 during the period between November 2010 and April 2011. The most common causes of UEX were incorrect fxation of the endotracheal tube (n= 11) and the use of a procedure of care (n= 11). Patients with UEX required additional days on mechanical ventilation: 7 (3-15.5) versus 5 (2-8) days; p= 0.077 and hospitalization: 9.5 (5-19) versus 7 (4-10) days; p= 0.049. During the implementation of the quality improvement intervention, the mean incidence of UEX decreased from 2.30 (95% CI: 1.12-3.49) to 0.86 (95% CI: 0.27-1.44) per 100 days of mechanical ventilation (p= 0.037). Conclusions. The most common causes of UEX were the incorrect fxation of the endotracheal tube and the use of a procedure of care. The implementation of a quality improvement intervention reduced the incidence of UEX.(AU)

Introducción. Las extubaciones no planeadas (ENP) son eventos adversos frecuentes y prevenibles de la ventilación mecánica. Objetivos. Conocer las causas de las extubaciones no planeadas y evaluar la utilidad de la aplicación de una intervención de mejora de la calidad para disminuir ese evento. Población. Pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva durante más de 12 horas durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de mayo del 2010 y el 30 de abril del 2011 en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Diseño. Estudio antes-después no controlado. Se aplicó una intervención de mejora de calidad en el período noviembre de 2010-abril de 2011 que incluyó capacitación del personal de la UCIP, estandarización de la fjación del tubo endotraqueal y control de la fjación. Resultados. Ingresaron en la UCIP 395 pacientes, 262 (66%) recibieron ventilación mecánica durante más de 12 horas. Presentaron 30 episodios de ENP 27 pacientes: 22 durante el período mayo a octubre de 2010, y 8 durante el período noviembre de 2010-abril de 2011. Las causas más frecuentes fueron la incorrecta fjación del tubo endotraqueal (n= 11) y la realización de un procedimiento de atención y cuidado (n= 11). Los pacientes que la presentaron requirieron más días de ventilación mecánica: 7 (3 a 15,5) contra 5 (2 a 8) días; p= 0,077 y de internación: 9,5 (5 a 19) contra 7 (4 a 10) días; p= 0,049. Durante la intervención de mejora de la calidad la incidencia media de ENP disminuyó de 2,30 (IC 95% 1,12 a 3,49) a 0,86 (IC 95% 0,27 a 1,44) por 100 días de ventilación mecánica (p= 0,037). Conclusiones. Las causas más frecuentes de ENP fueron la incorrecta fjación del tubo endotraqueal y la realización de procedimientos de atención y cuidado. La implementación de una intervención de mejora de la calidad disminuyó la incidencia de ENP.(AU)

Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluids in critically ill pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Hypotonic fluids have been associated with the development of iatrogenic hyponatremia. OBJECTIVES: To assess variations in serum sodium (sNa) following the intravenous administration of isotonic maintenance fluids (0.9% NaCl/5% dextrose) compared to hypotonic maintenance fluids (0.45% NaCl/5% dextrose). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Pediatric patients with an expected length of stay in the intensive care unit of more than 24 hours were enrolled, with normal serum Na, and IV fluids >80% of total maintenance fluids. Serum Na level was measured before administering maintenance fluids and when reducing the administration to <80% of total fluids. RESULTS: The study included 63 patients who were randomly assigned to receive hypotonic (n= 32) or isotonic (n= 31) maintenance fluids. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. There were no differences in terms of volume of fluid administered (hypotonic group: 865 ± 853 mL; isotonic group: 778 ± 649 mL; p= 0.654) or infusion duration (hypotonic group: 24 ± 10.8 hours; isotonic group: 27.6 ± 12.8 hours; p= 0.231). A difference was found in the serum Na following the administration of maintenance fluids (hypotonic group: 137.8 ± 4.3 mmol/L; isotonic group: 140.0 ± 4.1 mmol/L, p= 0.04). None of these two maintenance fluids increased the risk of hyponatremia (Na 145 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS: Neither hypotonic nor isotonic maintenance fluids increased the risk of developing iatrogenic hyponatremia with the 24 hour infusion.

Ensayo clínico aleatorizado sobre la administración de una solución de mantenimiento intravenosa hipotónica comparada contra una isotónica en pacientes pediátricos críticos: a randomized control trial / Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fuids in critically ill pediatric patients

Introducción. Las soluciones hipotónicas se han vinculado a la producción de hiponatremia iatrogénica. Objetivos. Evaluar las variaciones en el sodio sérico (NaS) tras la administración de una solución de mantenimiento intravenosa isotónica (NaCl al 0,9% en dextrosa al 5%) en comparación con una solución de mantenimiento hipotónica (NaCl al 0,45% en dextrosa al 5%). Material y métodos. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado. Se enrolaron pacientes pediátricos con una estadía esperada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos mayor de 24 horas, NaS normal y líquidos intravenosos > 80% de los líquidos totales de mantenimiento. La concentración sérica de Na se midió antes de colocar la solución de mantenimiento y al reducir la administración de ésta a < 80% del total del aporte. Resultados. Se incorporaron 63 pacientes, que fueron asignados en forma aleatoria a recibir una solución de mantenimiento hipotónica (n= 32) o isotónica (n= 31). Las características basales fueron similares en ambos grupos. No hubo diferencias con respecto a la cantidad de solución administrada (grupo hipotónico 865 ± 853 ml; grupo isotónico 778 ± 649 ml, p= 0,654) o el tiempo de infusión (grupo hipotónico: 24 ± 10,8 horas; grupo isotónico: 27,6 ± 12,8 horas, p= 0,231). Se encontró una diferencia en el NaS luego de la administración de las soluciones de mantenimiento (grupo hipotónico: 137,8 ± 4,3 mmol/L; grupo isotónico: 140,0 ± 4,1 mmol/L, p= 0,04). Ninguna de las dos soluciones de mantenimiento aumentó el riesgo de hiponatremia (Na 145 mmol/L). Conclusiones. Ambas soluciones de mantenimiento, en 24 horas de infusión, no aumentaron el riesgo de producir hiponatremia iatrogénica.

Introduction. Hypotonic fluids have been associated with the development of iatrogenic hyponatremia. Objectives. To assess variations in serum sodium (sNa) following the intravenous administration of isotonic maintenance fuids (0.9% NaCl/5% dextrose) compared to hypotonic maintenance fuids (0.45% NaCl/5% dextrose). Material and Methods. Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Pediatric patients with an expected length of stay in the intensive care unit of more than 24 hours were enrolled, with normal serum Na, and IV fuids >80% of total maintenance fuids. Serum Na level was measured before administering maintenance fuids and when reducing the administration to <80% of total fuids. Results. The study included 63 patients who were randomly assigned to receive hypotonic (n= 32) or isotonic (n= 31) maintenance fuids. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. There were no differences in terms of volume of fuid administered (hypotonic group: 865 ± 853 mL; isotonic group: 778 ± 649 mL; p= 0.654) or infusion duration (hypotonic group: 24 ± 10.8 hours; isotonic group: 27.6 ± 12.8 hours; p= 0.231). A difference was found in the serum Na following the administration of maintenance fuids (hypotonic group: 137.8 ± 4.3 mmol/L; isotonic group: 140.0 ± 4.1 mmol/L, p= 0.04). None of these two maintenance fuids increased the risk of hyponatremia (Na 145 mmol/L). Conclusions. Neither hypotonic nor isotonic maintenance fluids increased the risk of developing iatrogenic hyponatremia with the 24 hour infusion.

Ensayo clínico aleatorizado sobre la administración de una solución de mantenimiento intravenosa hipotónica comparada contra una isotónica en pacientes pediátricos críticos: a randomized control trial / Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fuids in critically ill pediatric patients

Introducción. Las soluciones hipotónicas se han vinculado a la producción de hiponatremia iatrogénica. Objetivos. Evaluar las variaciones en el sodio sérico (NaS) tras la administración de una solución de mantenimiento intravenosa isotónica (NaCl al 0,9% en dextrosa al 5%) en comparación con una solución de mantenimiento hipotónica (NaCl al 0,45% en dextrosa al 5%). Material y métodos. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado. Se enrolaron pacientes pediátricos con una estadía esperada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos mayor de 24 horas, NaS normal y líquidos intravenosos > 80% de los líquidos totales de mantenimiento. La concentración sérica de Na se midió antes de colocar la solución de mantenimiento y al reducir la administración de ésta a < 80% del total del aporte. Resultados. Se incorporaron 63 pacientes, que fueron asignados en forma aleatoria a recibir una solución de mantenimiento hipotónica (n= 32) o isotónica (n= 31). Las características basales fueron similares en ambos grupos. No hubo diferencias con respecto a la cantidad de solución administrada (grupo hipotónico 865 ± 853 ml; grupo isotónico 778 ± 649 ml, p= 0,654) o el tiempo de infusión (grupo hipotónico: 24 ± 10,8 horas; grupo isotónico: 27,6 ± 12,8 horas, p= 0,231). Se encontró una diferencia en el NaS luego de la administración de las soluciones de mantenimiento (grupo hipotónico: 137,8 ± 4,3 mmol/L; grupo isotónico: 140,0 ± 4,1 mmol/L, p= 0,04). Ninguna de las dos soluciones de mantenimiento aumentó el riesgo de hiponatremia (Na 145 mmol/L). Conclusiones. Ambas soluciones de mantenimiento, en 24 horas de infusión, no aumentaron el riesgo de producir hiponatremia iatrogénica.(AU)

Introduction. Hypotonic fluids have been associated with the development of iatrogenic hyponatremia. Objectives. To assess variations in serum sodium (sNa) following the intravenous administration of isotonic maintenance fuids (0.9% NaCl/5% dextrose) compared to hypotonic maintenance fuids (0.45% NaCl/5% dextrose). Material and Methods. Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Pediatric patients with an expected length of stay in the intensive care unit of more than 24 hours were enrolled, with normal serum Na, and IV fuids >80% of total maintenance fuids. Serum Na level was measured before administering maintenance fuids and when reducing the administration to <80% of total fuids. Results. The study included 63 patients who were randomly assigned to receive hypotonic (n= 32) or isotonic (n= 31) maintenance fuids. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. There were no differences in terms of volume of fuid administered (hypotonic group: 865 ± 853 mL; isotonic group: 778 ± 649 mL; p= 0.654) or infusion duration (hypotonic group: 24 ± 10.8 hours; isotonic group: 27.6 ± 12.8 hours; p= 0.231). A difference was found in the serum Na following the administration of maintenance fuids (hypotonic group: 137.8 ± 4.3 mmol/L; isotonic group: 140.0 ± 4.1 mmol/L, p= 0.04). None of these two maintenance fuids increased the risk of hyponatremia (Na 145 mmol/L). Conclusions. Neither hypotonic nor isotonic maintenance fluids increased the risk of developing iatrogenic hyponatremia with the 24 hour infusion.(AU)

Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluids in critically ill pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial / Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluids in critically ill pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Hypotonic fluids have been associated with the development of iatrogenic hyponatremia. OBJECTIVES: To assess variations in serum sodium (sNa) following the intravenous administration of isotonic maintenance fluids (0.9

dextrose) compared to hypotonic maintenance fluids (0.45

dextrose). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Pediatric patients with an expected length of stay in the intensive care unit of more than 24 hours were enrolled, with normal serum Na, and IV fluids >80

of total maintenance fluids. Serum Na level was measured before administering maintenance fluids and when reducing the administration to <80

of total fluids. RESULTS: The study included 63 patients who were randomly assigned to receive hypotonic (n= 32) or isotonic (n= 31) maintenance fluids. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. There were no differences in terms of volume of fluid administered (hypotonic group: 865 ± 853 mL; isotonic group: 778 ± 649 mL; p= 0.654) or infusion duration (hypotonic group: 24 ± 10.8 hours; isotonic group: 27.6 ± 12.8 hours; p= 0.231). A difference was found in the serum Na following the administration of maintenance fluids (hypotonic group: 137.8 ± 4.3 mmol/L; isotonic group: 140.0 ± 4.1 mmol/L, p= 0.04). None of these two maintenance fluids increased the risk of hyponatremia (Na 145 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS: Neither hypotonic nor isotonic maintenance fluids increased the risk of developing iatrogenic hyponatremia with the 24 hour infusion.

Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluids in critically ill pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial. / Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluids in critically ill pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Hypotonic fluids have been associated with the development of iatrogenic hyponatremia. OBJECTIVES: To assess variations in serum sodium (sNa) following the intravenous administration of isotonic maintenance fluids (0.9

NaCl/5

dextrose) compared to hypotonic maintenance fluids (0.45

NaCl/5

dextrose). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Pediatric patients with an expected length of stay in the intensive care unit of more than 24 hours were enrolled, with normal serum Na, and IV fluids >80

of total maintenance fluids. Serum Na level was measured before administering maintenance fluids and when reducing the administration to <80

of total fluids. RESULTS: The study included 63 patients who were randomly assigned to receive hypotonic (n= 32) or isotonic (n= 31) maintenance fluids. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. There were no differences in terms of volume of fluid administered (hypotonic group: 865 ± 853 mL; isotonic group: 778 ± 649 mL; p= 0.654) or infusion duration (hypotonic group: 24 ± 10.8 hours; isotonic group: 27.6 ± 12.8 hours; p= 0.231). A difference was found in the serum Na following the administration of maintenance fluids (hypotonic group: 137.8 ± 4.3 mmol/L; isotonic group: 140.0 ± 4.1 mmol/L, p= 0.04). None of these two maintenance fluids increased the risk of hyponatremia (Na 145 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS: Neither hypotonic nor isotonic maintenance fluids increased the risk of developing iatrogenic hyponatremia with the 24 hour infusion.

Impact of a quality improvement intervention on the incidence of unplanned extubations in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. / Impact of a quality improvement intervention on the incidence of unplanned extubations in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

INTRODUCTION: An unplanned extubation (UEX) is a frequent and preventable adverse event of mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVES: To fnd out the causes of unplanned extubation and assess the use of a quality improvement intervention to reduce this event rate. POPULATION: Patients with invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours over the period from May 1st 2010 and April 30th 2011 in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). DESIGN: Uncontrolled, before and after study. A quality improvement intervention was used over the period between November 2010 and April 2011, which included training PICU staff, establishing standards to fx the endotracheal tube and control its fxation. RESULTS: There were 395 patients admitted to the PICU, 262 (66

) were on mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. A total of 27 patients had 30 UEX events: 22 during the period between May and October 2010, and 8 during the period between November 2010 and April 2011. The most common causes of UEX were incorrect fxation of the endotracheal tube (n= 11) and the use of a procedure of care (n= 11). Patients with UEX required additional days on mechanical ventilation: 7 (3-15.5) versus 5 (2-8) days; p= 0.077 and hospitalization: 9.5 (5-19) versus 7 (4-10) days; p= 0.049. During the implementation of the quality improvement intervention, the mean incidence of UEX decreased from 2.30 (95

CI: 1.12-3.49) to 0.86 (95

CI: 0.27-1.44) per 100 days of mechanical ventilation (p= 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: The most common causes of UEX were the incorrect fxation of the endotracheal tube and the use of a procedure of care. The implementation of a quality improvement intervention reduced the incidence of UEX.