Parental migration status moderates the link between parent-child relationship and children's well-being through psychological distress.

The effects of parental migration on the well-being of left-behind children (LBC) are varied. Several studies demonstrated that parental migration reduces children's psychological health but other research showed contradictory results. This study sought to clarify this issue by examining the mediating role of psychological distress and the moderating role of parental migration status in the association between the parent-child relationship and children's psychological distress. A total of 743 LBC and 688 non-LBC self-reported their parent-child relationship, psychological distress, and well-being. Findings showed that psychological distress mediated the association between parent-child relationship and children's well-being. This denotes that greater parent-child relationship results into lowered levels of psychological distress, and in turn, increases children's emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Moreover, the link between parent-child relationship and psychological distress was found to be contingent to parental migration status. Specifically, the negative association between parent-child relationship and psychological distress was especially strong among LBC in contrast to non- LBC. This implies that children with higher quality relationships with their parents tend to exhibit decreased severity of psychological distress symptoms, especially in children whose parents are working overseas. These results underscore the dynamic role of parent-child relationship in the well-being of LBC, and suggest ways to develop intervention programs that include cultivating skills in managing psychological distress and improving the emotional, psychological, and social well-being of LBC.

Effect of a QI Intervention on Nursing Assistants' Pain Knowledge and Reporting Behavior.

BACKGROUND: Pain among long-term care residents is often underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. We examined the effect of a multimodal intervention on certified nursing assistants' pain recognition knowledge and verbal reporting behavior. Secondarily, we examined pain documentation in a newly established pain log compared with pain verbally reported to nurses and documented in the electronic health record (EHR). DESIGN: Quality improvement project using a pretest-posttest design. SETTING: A skilled nursing and rehabilitation facility in Southwestern Pennsylvania including two long-term care units and one transitional rehabilitation unit. PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: Fifty-six nursing assistants. METHODS: The intervention was a face-to-face educational session with a training video and introduction of a new pain log used to document residents' pain. Pain knowledge was measured before and after the educational intervention. Multiple measures were used to examine nursing assistants' pain reporting. RESULTS: Nursing assistants' pain knowledge improved (p < .001). There was no change in verbal pain reporting behaviors. The percent of pain episodes documented in the electronic health record that were reported to nurses varied by unit type (45% on the long-term care units vs. 100% on the rehabilitation unit) but remained unchanged postintervention. Pain logs were used more often on the rehabilitation than the long-term care units; use was low overall. Nursing assistant reports that nurses provided feedback on their reports of resident pain increased from 45% in week 1 to 75% in week 4. CONCLUSIONS: Although the multimodal intervention improved nursing assistants' pain knowledge and their perceptions of the feedback they received from nurses when they reported pain, it had no effect on certified nursing assistants reporting of pain to nurses (per nurse report).

Electronic Donation or Steric Contraction: A Spectroscopic and Structural Analysis of Medium-Sized Constrained Rings for Potential Long-Range Hyperconjugation.

Herein, we report the 1JCH analyses, natural bond orbital analyses, and X-ray crystal structures of a number of C, O, and N constrained tricyclic cycles. These experiments provide access into the nature of the apparent Perlin effect previously reported in constrained tricyclic cycles, as well as evidence suggesting both steric contraction and long-range hyperconjugation account for the observed 1JCH perturbations. We report a true Perlin effect of 10.9 Hz in an azocane and large steric effect resulting in Δ1JC-H = 10.9 Hz in a cyclooctane.