Strain Elastography of Breast and Prostata Cancer: Similarities and Differences.

UNLABELLED: Typically both breast and prostate cancer present as tissue with decreased elasticity. Palpation is the oldest technique of tumor detection in both organs and is based on this principle. Thus an operator can grade a palpable mass as suspicious for cancer. Strain elastography as modern ultrasound technique allows the visualization of tissue elasticity in a color coded elastogram and can be understood as technical finger. The following article shows similarities and differences of ultrasound strain elastography in the diagnosis of breast and prostate cancer. KEY POINTS: • In prostata cancer elastography, in breast cancer B-mode is the primary sonographic search modality. • The diagnostic value of the search modalities change with increasing age.• A cut-off value for a strain ratio is hard to obtain in the elastography of the prostata, because there is no stabile reference tissue in the prostata.

Applications of technical fusion in uroradiology.

Technical fusion is defined as the ultrasound-guided navigation through a previously generated 3 D imaging dataset such as a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This technique allows for moving the fused CT/MRI datasets synchroneously with the real-time ultrasound in the same plane. Established and furthermore not yet described applications, the technical principles and the limitations of this promising technique will be introduced.

Cerebral large vessel vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is defined by involvement of the central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with a wide range of both neurological and psychiatric manifestations. Although its aetiopathogenesis is not fully elucidated, NPSLE seems to be a consequence of cerebral vascular pathology including thromboembolism, small-vessel vasculopathy and, in rare cases, true vasculitis. Cerebral vasculitis is rare, and cerebral large-vessel vasculitis in SLE is even more unusual. We report the case of a female patient with the diagnosis of SLE. She presented with stroke-like symptoms, headache and vertigo, and palpable purpura on her legs. Further investigations revealed that she suffered from both vasculitis of the cerebral large vessels and coexisting cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis.

Real-time elastography of the prostate.

Palpation of organs is one of the oldest clinical examination techniques, for instance, if you think of the palpation of the breast or the digital rectal examination of the prostate, where hard palpable regions are suspicious for cancer. This is the basic principle of real-time elastography, an ultrasound technique, which is able to visualise tissue elasticity. Since prostate cancer features an increased stiffness due to the higher cell and vessel density than the normal surrounding tissue, real-time elastography has been used for several years for prostate cancer detection. This review introduces the different techniques of ultrasound elastography and furthermore summarises its limitations and potentials.

Limited effect of recombinant porcine interleukin-12 on porcine lymphocytes due to a low level of IL-12 beta2 receptor.

The cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key molecule in the regulation of CD4 + T cell development and specifically potentiates T helper 1 responses in mouse and man. However, biological effects mediated by IL-12 have not been well defined in pigs. Herein, recombinant porcine IL-12 (rPoIL-12) was expressed in a swine poxvirus system as a biologically active heterodimer and used to stimulate bovine or swine lymphoblast cells. After 3 days of incubation, only bovine blasts were responsive to the rPoIL-12 treatment as monitored by cell proliferation in several independent trials. Similarly, i.m. administration of rPoIL-12 in the hind leg of 3-week-old pigs indicated a reduction in the number of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) producing lymphocytes isolated from inguinal lymph nodes. The porcine IL-12R beta2 (IL-12Rbeta2) sequence was cloned and results generated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated that the expression of IL-12R on porcine blasts as measured by the relative levels of IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA was less than that in bovine blasts and are in agreement with the reduced proliferation response of swine blast cells to rPoIL-12 treatment. Real time PCR analysis demonstrated that after PBMC stimulation, bovine blasts had an 11-fold increase in IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA levels while porcine blasts had almost no change. These data support a mechanism for IL-12 stimulation in swine inconsistent with that observed in conventional models.

Embryo vaccination of turkeys against Newcastle disease infection with recombinant fowlpox virus constructs containing interferons as adjuvants.

Recombinant fowlpox viruses (rFPV) expressing the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as well as chicken type I interferon (IFN) or type II IFN were used to vaccinate specific pathogen-free (SPF) turkeys in ovo. No significant changes in the hatchability, survival rate, performance and weight gain were observed after vaccination with the rFPV vaccines in comparison to diluent-inoculated embryos. The rFPV-NDV-IFN-II construct induced the onset of anti-NDV antibody production in SPF birds at one week post hatch, one week earlier than other vaccine constructs. Three to five weeks post hatch, the turkeys were challenged with the neurotropic velogenic NDV strain Texas GB (NDV-GB-Tx). The rFPV-NDV-IFN-II construct was the most protective vaccine against NDV. rFPV vaccines significantly (p<0.05) suppressed the mitogenic response of peripheral blood leukocytes in vaccinated turkeys in comparison to placebo inoculated controls at 25 days post vaccination. Birds vaccinated with rFPV-NDV-IFN-I construct did not have an inhibition in the mitogenic response.

Suppression of acquired immunity against Listeria monocytogenes by amphotericin B-mediated inhibition of CD8 T cell function.

Amphotericin B is frequently used for the treatment of fungal infections of immunocompromised individuals. Whereas immunomodulatory side effects of this agent are known, the influence of amphotericin B was studied in the model of murine Listeria monocytogenes infection. Treatment of L. monocytogenes-immune mice with a nontoxic dose of amphotericin B (0.75 mg/kg) reduced antilisterial protection by 4-5 orders of magnitude, while it had no significant effect on natural immunity against L. monocytogenes in naive mice. Treatment of mice with amphotericin B also abolished the protection mediated by transfer of an L. monocytogenes-specific CD8 T cell line. Furthermore, in vitro analysis showed that amphotericin B impaired target cell lysis and interferon-gamma production by peptide-specific CD8 T cell lines and antigen presentation by L. monocytogenes-infected macrophagelike cells. These data indicate that amphotericin B has a strong suppressive effect on the function of CD8 T cells in vitro and in vivo.

In vitro effects of recombinant chicken interferon-gamma on immune cells.

We used the recombinant chicken interferon-gamma (ChIFN-gamma) to determine its in vitro effects on chicken immune cells. We found that ChIFN-gamma induced nitric oxide (NO) production, upregulated Ia expression on the cell surface, and inhibited the replication of Newcastle disease virus in NCSU and HD11 cells (chicken macrophage cell lines). In addition, ChIFN-gamma had an antiproliferative effect on RP9 cells, a chicken B cell line. Finally, ChIFN-gamma inhibited mitogenic proliferation of normal chicken spleen cells and induced the cells to generate NO. Inhibition of viral replication and mitogenic proliferation of normal cells were correlated with NO production. We conclude that recombinant chicken ChIFN-gamma modulates chicken immune cells.

Recombinant fowlpox viruses coexpressing chicken type I IFN and Newcastle disease virus HN and F genes: influence of IFN on protective efficacy and humoral responses of chickens following in ovo or post-hatch administration of recombinant viruses.

We have constructed recombinant (r) fowl pox viruses (FPVs) coexpressing chicken type I interferon (IFN) and/or hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). We administered rFPVs and FPV into embryonated chicken eggs at 17 days of embryonation or in chickens after hatch. Administration of FPV or rFPVs did not influence hatchability and survival of hatched chicks. In ovo or after hatch vaccination of chickens with the recombinant viruses resulted in protection against challenge with virulent FPV and NDV. Chickens vaccinated with FPV or FPV-NDV recombinant had significantly lower body weight 2 weeks following vaccination. This loss in body weight was not detected in chickens receiving FPV-IFN and FPV-NDV-IFN recombinants. Chickens vaccinated with FPV coexpressing IFN and NDV genes produced less antibodies against NDV in comparison with chickens vaccinated with FPV expressing NDV genes.

Evolutionary implications of genetic variations in the S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus.

The large number of phenotypically distinct strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) provide a broad genetic background for examining naturally occurring coronavirus variation. Comparisons of the published nucleotide sequence of S1 genes of strains isolated in Europe, Japan and the USA and four additional American strains described in this report identified 4 genetically distinct groups. The Dutch group was the most divergent sharing only about 60% identity with the American, Mass and European groups which were about 80% homologous with each other. Whereas the strains within the Mass, European and Dutch strains were at least 95% homologous, the strains within the American group were most variable, sharing about 80% identity. The hypervariable region (HVR) which tended to correlate with serotype extended from amino acid residue 53 to 148. In addition to the previously described putative recombination events in the S1 gene of PP14 and SE17, we have now described similar shifts in homology in the corresponding gene of the Gray, Holte, 6/82 (European strain), and Iowa strains. Although minor cross-over sites were identified in the more conserved 3' end at approximately nt 1000 and 1400, a frequently used hot-spot for recombination extended from nt 25 to a region immediately upstream of, but not including, the hypervariable region (HVR). In addition to point mutations, deletions, and insertions, recombination often involving Mass-like and Ark-like sequences, is a commonly used mechanism responsible for the evolution of IBV.

[Psychoses in encephalitis of uncertain etiology. Atypical course of multiple sclerosis?]. / Psychosen bei Enzephalitiden unklarer Atiologie. Atypische Verlaufsformen einer Multiplen Sklerose?

We report on 6 patients (4 female, 2 male, age 17-40 yrs.), admitted to hospital because of psychotic illness. In 2 patients paranoid-hallucinatory symptomatology was prominent, while a manic, a schizo-affective, a catatonic and a mixed organic brain syndrome were found in one case each. Neurological signs could be detected in 4 and EEG-abnormalities in 5 patients. On the basis of CSF findings typical of chronic encephalitis, together with evidence of demyelinating lesions on MRT we confirmed the presence of inflammatory brain disease in all six patients. As a specific etiology could not be established in any of the cases, we suggest the encephalitic variant of multiple sclerosis as the probable diagnosis. In view of our clinical observations, we assume that by using modern investigational techniques--especially sophisticated CSF analysis and MRT--an encephalitic etiology of schizophrenic and affective syndromes may be proven in higher frequency than in the past.

The safe and effective use of fowlpox virus as a vector for poultry vaccines.

The safety and efficacy of a fowlpox-Newcastle disease vaccine were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods. Genetic and phenotypic stability following cell culture and chick passage were demonstrated. The safety characteristics of the recombinant virus equalled or exceeded those of the parent fowlpox virus, as determined by lack of shed and spread to contacts, failure to revert to virulence following passage in chicks and innocuity in other avian species. The fowlpox-Newcastle Disease virus effectively immunized against virulent fowlpox challenge and virulent Newcastle disease challenge (intramuscular or intra-ocular administration). These results indicate that the recombinant FPV/NDV virus is a safe and effective vaccine for poultry.

Evidence of natural recombination within the S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus.

During an outbreak of severe respiratory disease, a field strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), PP14, was isolated from a bird in a Texas flock that had been previously vaccinated with an attenuated Mass serotype virus. After cloning and sequencing the S1 gene from several IBV strains, it was found that the 5' end of the cDNA was 96% identical to the published sequences of Mass41 and 77% identical with Ark99. The following 402 bases which included the hypervariable regions (HVR) of the S1 gene were 94% homologous with Ark99 and only 69% with Mass41. In addition, the HVR in the 3' noncoding region of the genome, which is totally absent in Mass41, was 99% homologous with the Ark99 strain. This abrupt shift in identity of PP14 in the S1 strongly indicated that a recombination event had occurred about 98 bases from the beginning of the S1 gene between an Ark-like and a Mass-like virus. Downstream, 33 bases from the PP14 recombination junction, a second putative "cross-over" site was identified in the S1 of the SE17 strain where the 5'131 bases of the S1 gene of the Ark99 and SE17 were found to be 95% identical and the following 368 base sequence was only 78% homologous. In addition, a second shift in homology in the S1 of SE17 was identified between nucleotide 1112 and 1460 which shared 95% identity with Mass41. The putative recombination junctions which were downstream of the signal sequence and upstream of the S1 HVR may represent a "hot spot," but not an exclusive region, for exchanging genetic material between IBV strains. Genetic shifts are apparently not only common mechanisms for variation in nature, but vaccine strains may actually play a critical role in these events in the evolution of virulent strains of IBV.

[Nuclear medicine--personnel exposure and release of radioactivity]. / Nuklearmedizin--Personalbelastung und Aktivitätsabgaben.

The Nuclear Medicine Division and 30 other groups at the University of Hannover School of Medicine are taken as examples to describe the diagnostic, therapeutic and research uses of radioactivity and the effectiveness of the associated radiation protection. The evolution of radiation exposures of 520 employees followed over the last six years and the methods used for the disposal of radioactive waste are explained. The adaptation of protective measures to individual and, in particular, specific working conditions has led to approximately 90% of all exposures remaining under the detection limit of the personal dosimeters during the entire observation period. Only a few people contributed to the collective radiation dose. In 1990, the average annual dose equivalent among personnel in the Nuclear Medicine Division was 0.12 mSv/person. By the installation of facilities for the storage of isotopes with short half-lives and of filters in the air circulation system, environmental contamination could be held much below the legal limits. Combustible and liquid waste containing radionuclides with long half-lives such as tritium and 14C had to be disposed of separately. However, they were a small fraction of the total radioactivity used.

[Results of percutaneous transluminal irradiation of biliary tract carcinoma with 192Iridium]. / Ergebnisse der perkutan transluminalen Bestrahlung von Gallenwegskarzinomen mit 192Iridium.

In 22 patients with bile duct carcinoma's intratumoral irradiation was performed through a percutaneous biliary drainage. 17 of them had been found to be inoperable at laparotomy, 5 others had recurrent carcinoma at the site of a biliodigestive anastomosis. The applied dose ranged from 60 to 80 Gy at 6 mm distance of the centre of the Iridium source. In 12/22 patients a clear reduction in the degree of tumor stenosis could be established. Regarding the survival of the patients (8.6 months) results were relatively poor, due to extensive metastases. Patients with a documented dilatation of tumor stenosis showed a low significant longer survival period (12.3 months) than those without detectable response (4.2 months).

[Scintigraphic studies of gonadal burden in radiosynoviortheses of the knee joint with yttrium 90]. / Szintigraphische Untersuchungen zur Gonadenbelastung bei Radiosynoviorthesen des Kniegelenkes mit Yttrium-90.

Yttrium-90 radiosynoviorthesis of the knee joint in rheumatic inflammatory diseases shows favourable results. Because of the supposed exposure of the patients gonads, Yttrium synoviorthesis has rarely been performed in patients below the age of 40. Scintigraphic studies in 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed no significant leakage of the radionuclide from the knee joint. Gamma camera measurements both phantom and in vivo in the regions of ovary and testes revealed a local dose of 1.05 microGy/MBq (3.9 mrd/mCi) or 1.1 microGy/MBq (4.1 mrd/mCi) of the injected radioactivity. Calculation of the maximum possible load of the gonads, supposing even total leakage of the injected 90-Yttrium from the knee joint, yielded a maximum possible dose of 6 mGy (600 mrd). We conclude from these studies and calculations that Yttrium-90 synoviorthesis of the knee joint can safely be carried out in patients below the age of 40.

Six hundred years: Heidelberg University--crisis and achievements.

Throughout its 600 years, Heidelberg University has endured the social and political upheavals of history, repeatedly rising like a phoenix from the ashes of a series of disasters to fulfill its mission as a center of learning and research. Founded in 1386, and buffeted by wars, plaques, and diverse political and social systems ever since, the university has developed along lines determined as much by regional, European, and world politics as by the dynamics inherent in its disciplines. Its history may be divided into the following six historical phases: (1) the scholastic university of the late Middle Ages (1386-1556); (2) the Protestant university (1556-1685); (3) the Catholic university (1685-1807); (4) the university in the age of liberalism and nationalism (1803-1933); (5) the university during National Socialism (1933-1945); and (6) the contemporary university and its efforts to cope with the explosion of knowledge, steadily growing student numbers, and other problems related to growth, expansion, and diversification in all disciplines (1945 to the present).

[Dosimetry of the hematopoietic system in radioiodine therapy of thyroid cancer]. / Dosimetrie des hämatopoetischen Systems bei der Radiojodtherapie des Schilddrüsenkarzinoms.

Twenty patients were submitted to thyroidectomy and treated with iodine-131. Ten out of them received 100 mCi, the other ten 200 mCi. The activity of the total body and of the blood was determined by experimental proceeding. The doses absorbed by blood and bone marrow were calculated on the basis of the experimentally determined values. For the exposure of the blood, a medium value of 0.44 rd/mCi was found after 100 mCi and a medium value of 0.47 rd/mCi after 200 mCi. The corresponding values for the bone marrow are 0.24 and 0.3 rd/mCi, respectively. The total exposure is thus not so high as has been indicated hitherto in literature.