RESUMO
Infections with influenza A viruses (IAV) are highly prevalent in swine populations, and stable cocirculation of at least three lineages has been well documented in European swine - till 2009. However, since the emergence of the human pandemic pdmH1N1 virus in 2009, which has been (re)introduced into individual swine herds worldwide, the situation has been changing. These variations in the respective IAV pools within pig populations are of major interest, and the zoonotic potential of putative emerging viruses needs to be evaluated. As data on recent IAV in swine from southern Germany were relatively sparse, the purpose of this study was to determine the major IAV subtypes actually present in this region. To this aim, from 2010 to 2013, 1417 nasal swabs or lung tissue samples from pigs with respiratory disease were screened for IAV genomes. Overall, in 130 holdings IAV genomes were detected by real-time RT-PCR targeting the matrix protein gene. For further analyses, several PCR protocols were adapted to quickly subtype between H1, pdmH1, H3, N1 and N2 sequences. Taken together, cocirculation of the three stable European lineages of IAV was confirmed for Bavaria. H1N1 sequences were identified in 59, whereas H1N2 genomes were only diagnosed in 14, and H3N2 in 9 of the holdings analysed. However, pdmH1 in combination with N1 was detected in 2010, 2012 and 2013 confirming a presence, albeit in low prevalence, likewise pdmH1N2 reassortant viruses. Interestingly, individual cases of coinfections with more than one subtype were diagnosed. Partial genome sequences were determined and phylogenetic analyses performed. Clearly other than in the human population classically circulating IAV have not been displaced by pdmH1N1 in Bavarian swine. However, some interesting viruses were detected. Further surveillance of these viruses in the Bavarian pig population will be of major importance, to monitor future developments.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Animais , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Genoma Viral , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Hemaglutininas/genética , Hemaglutininas/metabolismo , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Filogenia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
To define avian influenza virus prevalence in wild birds in Bavaria, 12,930 tracheal, cloacal swabs or tissue samples from various waterfowl species were screened between January 2006 and December 2007. In 291 (2.3%) birds, genomes of influenza A viruses were detected by reverse transcription real-time PCR (rRT-PCR) targeting the matrix protein genes. Furthermore, solitary H5 hemagglutinin or N1 neuraminidase encoding genes were identified in 35 (0.3%) apparently healthy birds; whereas highly pathogenic (HPAI) H5N1 virus genomes were only diagnosed in dead wild birds (n = 93; 0.7%) found across this federal state region. In this study, multiple import events for H5N1 viruses were confirmed during 2006 and 2007. In addition, our findings argue against an existing HPAI H5N1 reservoir in aquatic birds in Bavaria. By contrast, phylogenetic analyses of the H5 or N1 sequences of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses revealed a marked diversity and multiple genetic lineages. This diversity of LPAI H5 and N1 subtype components indicates the existence of LPAI HA and NA gene pools which differ from the Bavarian HPAI H5N1. Moreover, the hemagglutinin amino acid differences between LPAI H5 viruses of a western European genotypic lineage observed in wild birds suggest a continuous evolution of LPAI viruses in Bavaria.
Assuntos
Aves/virologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Neuraminidase/genética , Animais , Animais Selvagens/virologia , Reservatórios de Doenças , Genoma Viral , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/classificação , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Influenza Aviária/genética , Filogenia , Prevalência , RNA Viral/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Alinhamento de SequênciaRESUMO
A partogram was made after analysis 383 spontaneous breech deliveries of primiparas and 343 of multiparas. The height of parturients was 160 cm or more, gestational age between 37 and 42 weeks and the newborn birthweight between 2500 and 3900 g. The newborns did not show any signs of fetal damage from the period of pregnancy or delivery. The duration of delivery was counted from the time of the cervical dilatation of 2 cm or more. A partogram was made after the statistical analysis of particular cervical dilatation phases; the duration of delivery in primiparas was up to 13 hours and 15 minutes and in multiparas up to 10 hours and 40 minutes. The second stage of delivery in primiparas was 1 hour and 20 minutes and in multiparas 40 minutes. The distribution of data concerning the duration of delivery demonstrated by the mean value and SD was symmetrical; the mean value of the duration of delivery with 99% of reliability was from 9 hours up to 10 hours and 54 minutes for primiparas and from 8 hours and 19 minutes up to 9 hours, and 18 minutes for multiparas. Breech delivery was accelerated in the earlier dilatation phase if compared to the later phase which was significantly slowed down.
