Spatial and temporal characteristics of microbial communities in the Seine river in the greater Paris area under anthropogenic perturbation.

Microorganisms play an important role in maintaining the proper functioning of river ecosystems and are promising candidates for environmental indicators. They are also highly sensitive to environmental changes. It is necessary to have basic knowledge about them in order to know the ecological status of river ecosystem. To our knowglege, there is very little information on the status of microorganisms in surface water of the Seine River, although the Seine River is one of the rivers that suffers the greatest impact from humain activities in the world due to a weak dilution effect. It is therefore necessary to carry out a microbial analysis to assess the ecological status of the Seine River and to use it as a reference to compare with the future state when, for instance, new disinfection technologies of wastewater are implemented. To this end, the microbial communities of the Seine surface water were analyzed, taking into account the spatial effect, including the tributaries, and from upstream to downstream of the Paris conurbation and the temporal aspect, with a monitoring over 4 seasons. The results showed that the microbiome of the water is highly diverse and involved a variety of functions. The main phyla making up the surface water microbiome were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, while other minor phyla were Deinococcota, Patescibacteria, Gemmatimonadota, Cyanobacteria, Bdellovibrionota, Acidobacteriota, Campilobacterota, Myxococcota, and Desulfobacterota. Overall, the microbial community did not change spatially (with the exception of some minor differences between upstream and downstream), but did vary seasonally. The main factors influencing this microbiome were temperature, nitrate and orthophosphate concentrations. The main predicted functions were related to cell metabolism, in particular carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, energy, vitamins and cofactors, and cell mobility. The microbial compositions showed a strong balance between microbial groups and were involved in the degradation of recalcitrant compounds.

Increased lead availability and enzyme activities in root-adhering soil of Lantana camara during phytoextraction in the presence of earthworms.

Earthworms are known to increase availability of heavy metals in soils and also play an important role in maintaining the structure and quality of soil. The introduction of earthworms into soils contaminated with metals in the presence of a potential hyperaccumulator has been suggested as an aid for phytoremediation processes. The present study was conducted to evaluate: (i) the effects of earthworms on lead availability in artificially contaminated soil at 500 and 1000 mg kg(-1) Pb in the presence of Lantana camara, a hyperaccumulator, (ii) the effects of earthworms and lead on soil properties such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), total and available N, P and K and (iii) soil enzyme activities. Earthworms increased the bioavailable Pb in root-adhering soil by a factor of 2 to 3 in the contaminated soils at concentrations of 500 to 1000 mg Pb kg(-1), respectively. In lead contaminated soils, the presence of earthworms led to a significant decrease in soil pH by about 0.2 but increased CEC by 17% and OM by more than 30%. Earthworm activities also increased the activities of N-acetylglucosamidase, ß-glucosidase, cellulase, xylanase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, urease and fluorescein diacetate assay (FDA). These results indicate that the ecological context for phytoremediation should be broadened by considering plant-soil-earthworm interactions as they influence both plant health and absorption of heavy metals. They also showed that the enzyme activities monitored could serve as useful proxies for phytoremediation capability and, more generally, for soil quality as a whole.

Effect of earthworms on plant Lantana camara Pb-uptake and on bacterial communities in root-adhering soil.

The present study aimed to assess the potential abilities of Lantana camara, an invasive plant species for phytoremediation in the presence of earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus. Effects of earthworm on growth and lead (Pb) uptake by L. camara plant were studied in soil artificially contaminated at 500 or 1000mg of Pb kg(-1) soil. This species has a promising value for phytoremediation because it can uptake as much as 10% of 1000mgkg(-1) of Pb per year. Moreover, the presence of earthworms enhanced plant biomass by about 1.5-2 times and increased the uptake of lead by about 2-3 times. In the presence of earthworm, L. camara was thus able to uptake up 20% of Pb presence in the soil, corresponding to remediation time of 5 years if all organs are removed. As soil microorganisms are known to mediate many interactions between earthworms and plants, we documented the effect of earthworms on the bacterial community of root-adhering soil of L. camara. Cultivable bacterial biomass of root-adhering soil increased in the presence of earthworms. Similar trend was observed on bacterial metabolic activities. The increase of lead concentrations from 500 to 1000mgkg(-1) did not have any significant effect either on plant growth or on bacterial biomass and global activities but affected the structure and functional diversity of the bacterial community. These results showed that we should broaden the ecological context of phytoremediation by considering plant/microbial community/earthworm interactions that influence the absorption of heavy metals.