Increasing aleurone layer number and pericarp yield for elevated nutrient content in maize.

The bran is a nutritive fraction of the maize (Zea mays L.) kernel containing micronutrients, quality protein, and antioxidants beneficial for human health. Bran consists of two major components: aleurone and pericarp. Increasing this nutritive fraction would therefore have implications on biofortification of maize. Since quantification of these two layers is difficult, the goals of this study were to develop efficient techniques for analyzing these layers and to develop molecular markers for pericarp and aleurone yield. Two populations with various characteristics were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. The first was a yellow corn population with contrasting pericarp thicknesses. The second was a blue corn population segregating for Intensifier1 alleles. Both populations segregated for the multiple aleurone layer (MAL) trait that is known to increase aleurone yield. In this study, it was found that MALs are mostly determined by a locus on chromosome 8, but several minor loci are also involved. The inheritance of MALs was complex and seemingly more additive than dominant. In the blue corn population, anthocyanin content increased 20 to 30% with the addition of MALs demonstrating its effectiveness at increasing aleurone yield. Elemental analysis was performed on MAL lines and indicated a role of MALs in increasing iron content in the grain. Iron content was increased 17.5% in the MAL lines over the single aleurone layer lines and 35.5% over the recurrent parent, Mo17. Zinc content was increased 15.5% in the MAL lines compared to the recurrent parent. QTL analyses are presented in this study on many pericarp, aleurone, and grain quality traits. Molecular markers were also tested for the MAL locus on chromosome 8, and candidate genes are discussed. Results of this study may assist plant breeders enhancing anthocyanin content and other beneficial phytonutrients in maize.

R3-MYB repressor Mybr97 is a candidate gene associated with the Anthocyanin3 locus and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in maize.

KEY MESSAGE: Anthocyanin3 inhibits the anthocyanin and monolignol pathways in maize. Transposon-tagging, RNA-sequencing, and GST-pulldown assays determine Anthocyanin3 may be R3-MYB repressor gene Mybr97. Anthocyanins are colorful molecules receiving recent attention due to their numerous health benefits and applications as natural colorants and nutraceuticals. Purple corn is being investigated as a more economical source of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin3 (A3) is a known recessive intensifier of anthocyanin pigmentation in maize. In this study, anthocyanin content was elevated 100-fold in recessive a3 plants. Two approaches were used to discover candidates involved with the a3 intense purple plant phenotype. First, a large-scale transposon-tagging population was created with a Dissociation (Ds) insertion in the nearby Anthocyanin1 gene. A de novo a3-m1::Ds mutant was generated, and the transposon insertion was found to be located in the promoter of Mybr97, which has homology to R3-MYB repressor CAPRICE in Arabidopsis. Second, a bulked segregant RNA-sequencing population found expression differences between pools of green A3 plants and purple a3 plants. All characterized anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were upregulated in a3 plants along with several genes of the monolignol pathway. Mybr97 was highly downregulated in a3 plants, suggesting its role as a negative regulator of the anthocyanin pathway. Photosynthesis-related gene expression was reduced in a3 plants through an unknown mechanism. Numerous transcription factors and biosynthetic genes were also upregulated and need further investigation. Mybr97 may inhibit anthocyanin synthesis by associating with basic helix-loop helix transcription factors like Booster1. Overall, Mybr97 is the most likely candidate gene for the A3 locus. A3 has a profound effect on the maize plant and has many favorable implications for crop protection, human health, and natural colorant production.

Assessing the diversity of anthocyanin composition in various tissues of purple corn (Zea mays L.).

Anthocyanins are natural pigments used in various foods, beverages, textiles, and nutraceuticals. Anthocyanins in the grain of purple corn (Zea mays L., Poaceae) have been a focus of many studies, but not much is known about anthocyanins in other maize tissues. In this study, purple corn variety Apache Red Cob was crossed to genetic stock 320 N, which is recessive for anthocyanin 3. The result was intense anthocyanin production in portions of the plant not normally pigmented. Anthocyanin extracts from anthers, cob glumes, husks, kernels, leaf sheaths, seedlings, silks, and tassels were assessed using UHPLC. A previously undescribed pigment produced in anthers was determined by NMR to be anthocyanidin 3-6″-phenylacetylglucoside. Multivariate analysis classified maize anthocyanins into 8 major compositional profiles. Results of this study show that maize produces anthocyanins abundantly in non-grain portions of the plant and that maize anthocyanin extracts have numerous applications due to the diversity in pigment profiles and hues.

Linking anthocyanin diversity, hue, and genetics in purple corn.

While maize with anthocyanin-rich pericarp (purple corn) is rising in popularity as a source of natural colorant for foods and beverages, information on color range and stability-factors associated with anthocyanin decorations and compositional profiles-is currently limited. Furthermore, to maximize the scalability and meet growing demands, both anthocyanin concentrations and agronomic performance must improve in purple corn varieties. Using the natural anthocyanin diversity present in a purple corn landrace, Apache Red, we generated a population with variable flavonoid profiles-flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms (0-83%), acylated anthocyanins (2-72%), pelargonidin-derived anthocyanins (5-99%), C-glycosyl flavone co-pigments up to 1904 µg/g, and with anthocyanin content up to 1598 µg/g. Each aspect of the flavonoid profiles was found to play a role in either the resulting extract hue or intensity. With genotyping-by-sequencing of this population, we mapped aspects of the flavonoid profile. Major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for anthocyanin type were found near loci previously identified only in aleurone-pigmented maize varieties [Purple aleurone1 (Pr1) and Anthocyanin acyltransferase1 (Aat1)]. A QTL near P1 (Pericarp color1) was found for both flavone content and flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms. A significant QTL associated with peonidin-derived anthocyanins near a candidate S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase was also identified, warranting further investigation. Mapping total anthocyanin content produced signals near Aat1, the aleurone-associated bHLH R1 (Colored1), the plant color-associated MYB, Pl1 (Purple plant1), the aleurone-associated recessive intensifier, In1 (Intensifier1), and several previously unidentified candidates. This population represents one of the most anthocyanin diverse pericarp-pigmented maize varieties characterized to date. Moreover, the candidates identified here will serve as branching points for future research studying the genetic and molecular processes determining anthocyanin profile in pericarp.

Genome biology of the paleotetraploid perennial biomass crop Miscanthus.

Miscanthus is a perennial wild grass that is of global importance for paper production, roofing, horticultural plantings, and an emerging highly productive temperate biomass crop. We report a chromosome-scale assembly of the paleotetraploid M. sinensis genome, providing a resource for Miscanthus that links its chromosomes to the related diploid Sorghum and complex polyploid sugarcanes. The asymmetric distribution of transposons across the two homoeologous subgenomes proves Miscanthus paleo-allotetraploidy and identifies several balanced reciprocal homoeologous exchanges. Analysis of M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus populations demonstrates extensive interspecific admixture and hybridization, and documents the origin of the highly productive triploid bioenergy crop M. × giganteus. Transcriptional profiling of leaves, stem, and rhizomes over growing seasons provides insight into rhizome development and nutrient recycling, processes critical for sustainable biomass accumulation in a perennial temperate grass. The Miscanthus genome expands the power of comparative genomics to understand traits of importance to Andropogoneae grasses.

An AMA1/MSP119 Adjuvanted Malaria Transplastomic Plant-Based Vaccine Induces Immune Responses in Test Animals.

Malaria is a tropical human disease, caused by protozoan parasites, wherein a significant number of the world's population is at risk. Annually, more than 219 million new cases are reported. Although there are prevention treatments, there are no highly and widely effective licensed anti-malarial vaccines available for use. Opportunities for utilization of plant-based vaccines as novel platforms for developing safe, reliable, and affordable treatments offer promise for developing such a vaccine against malaria. In this study, a Malchloroplast candidate vaccine was designed, composed of segments of AMA1 and MSP1 proteins, two epitopes of Plasmodium falciparum, along with a GK1 peptide from Taenia solium as adjuvant, and this was expressed in tobacco chloroplasts. Transplastomic tobacco lines were generated using biolistic transformation, and these were confirmed to carry the synthetic gene construct. Expression of the synthetic GK1 peptide was confirmed using RT-PCR and Western blots. Furthermore, the GK1 peptide was detected by HPLC at levels of up to 6 µg g-1 dry weight of tobacco leaf tissue. The plant-derived Malchloroplast candidate vaccine was subsequently tested in BALB/c female mice following subcutaneous administration, and was found to elicit specific humoral responses. Furthermore, components of this candidate vaccine were recognized by antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients and were immunogenic in test mice. Thus, this study provided a 'proof of concept' for a promising plant-based candidate subunit vaccine against malaria.

Adhesion and removal of E. coli K12 as affected by leafy green produce epicuticular wax composition, surface roughness, produce and bacterial surface hydrophobicity, and sanitizers.

Contaminated leafy vegetables have been associated with high-profile outbreaks causing severe illnesses. A good understanding of the interactions between human pathogen and produce is important for developing improved food safety control strategies. Currently, the role played by produce surface physiochemical characteristics in such interactions is not well-understood. This work was performed to examine the effects of produce physiochemical characteristics, including surface roughness, epicuticular wax composition, and produce and bacteria surface hydrophobicity on attachment and removal of vegetative bacteria. Escherichia coli K12 was used as a model microorganism to evaluate attachment to and removal from five leafy green vegetables after washing with selected sanitizers. A detailed epicuticular wax component analysis was conducted and the changes of wax composition after sanitation were also evaluated. The results showed that E. coli K12 removal is positively correlated with alkanes, ketones, and total wax content on leaf surfaces. Vegetables with high surface wax content had less rough leaf surfaces and more bacterial removal than the low wax produce. Produce surface roughness positively correlated to E. coli K12 adhesion and negatively correlated to removal. The cells preferentially attached to cut vegetable surfaces, with up to 1.49 times more attachment than on leaf adaxial surfaces.

A natural colorant system from corn: Flavone-anthocyanin copigmentation for altered hues and improved shelf life.

Anthocyanins are a major source of natural red colorants but currently face difficulties matching the hue range, stability, and affordability of synthetic options. Purple corn offers an FDA and EFSA-approved economical source of anthocyanin-based colorants. A C-glycosyl flavone and anthocyanin copigmentation system consisting of a flavone-rich anthocyanin-poor line and two anthocyanin-rich flavone-poor lines containing either pelargonidin or cyanidin-derived anthocyanins is described. This system offers a broad hue range and can improve stability. Cyanidin-rich model beverages had better stability than pelargonidin-rich beverages over time, but the addition of flavone-rich extract to both resulted in significantly longer half-lives (up to 50% longer). Flavone copigments produced hyperchromic and bathochromic shifts in both. A protective effect from flavone copigmentation was observed for glycosides. In contrast acylated forms displayed significantly shorter half-lives. Results suggest that corn C-glycosyl flavone-rich extracts could serve as a color enhancing and stabilizing agent for anthocyanin colorants.

Roles of Vegetable Surface Properties and Sanitizer Type on Annual Disease Burden of Rotavirus Illness by Consumption of Rotavirus-Contaminated Fresh Vegetables: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment.

Enteric viruses are often detected in water used for crop irrigation. One concern is foodborne viral disease via the consumption of fresh produce irrigated with virus-contaminated water. Although the food industry routinely uses chemical sanitizers to disinfect post-harvest fresh produce, it remains unknown how sanitizer and fresh produce properties affect the risk of viral illness through fresh produce consumption. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model was conducted to estimate (i) the health risks associated with consumption of rotavirus (RV)-contaminated fresh produce with different surface properties (endive and kale) and (ii) how risks changed when using peracetic acid (PAA) or a surfactant-based sanitizer. The modeling results showed that the annual disease burden depended on the combination of sanitizer and vegetable type when vegetables were irrigated with RV-contaminated water. Global sensitivity analyses revealed that the most influential factors in the disease burden were RV concentration in irrigation water and postharvest disinfection efficacy. A postharvest disinfection efficacy of higher than 99% (2-log10 ) was needed to decrease the disease burden below the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold, even in scenarios with low RV concentrations in irrigation water (i.e., river water). All scenarios tested here with at least 99.9% (3-log10 ) disinfection efficacy had a disease burden lower than the WHO threshold, except for the endive treated with PAA. The disinfection efficacy for the endive treated with PAA was only about 80%, leading to a disease burden 100 times higher than the WHO threshold. These findings should be considered and incorporated into future models for estimating foodborne viral illness risks.

Prospects for economical natural colorants: insights from maize.

KEY MESSAGE: Anthocyanin pigments from maize offer a natural yet economical alternative to artificial dyes. Breeding for optimal colorant production requires understanding and integrating all facets of anthocyanin chemistry and genetics research. Replacing artificial dyes with natural colorants is becoming increasingly popular in foods and beverages. However, natural colorants are often expensive, have lower stability, and reduced variability in hue. Purple corn is rich in anthocyanins and offers a scalable and affordable alternative to synthetic dyes ranging in color from orange to reddish-purple. This diversity is attributable to differences in anthocyanin composition and concentration. Here we review the chemistry, biosynthesis, and genetics of purple corn and outline key factors associated with the feasibility of producing an economical source of natural colorants. Anthocyanin compositional modifications including acylation, methylation, and polymerization with flavan-3-ols can influence color stability and hue, yet there is more to learn regarding the genetic factors responsible for these modifications. Activators and repressors of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes as well as factors controlling trafficking and storage largely control anthocyanin yield. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will allow breeders to apply molecular strategies that accelerate the production of purple corn hybrids to meet growing demands for natural colorants.

Individual and interactive effects of herbivory on plant fitness: endopolyploidy as a driver of genetic variation in tolerance and resistance.

Previous studies have shown a causal link between mammalian herbivory, tolerance, and chemical defense in Arabidopsis thaliana, driven by the process of endoreduplication (replication of the genome without mitosis). Removal of the apical meristem by mammalian herbivores lowers auxin, which triggers entry into the endocycle. Increasing chromosome number through endoreduplication, and therefore gene copy number, provides a means of increasing gene expression promoting rapid regrowth rates, higher defensive chemistry and enhanced fitness. Here, we assess whether insect leaf-feeding elicits the same compensatory response as the removal of apical dominance. Insect feeding has been shown to downregulate auxin production, which should trigger endoreduplication. Results here support this contention; insect leaf-feeding by Trichoplusia ni elicited a compensatory response similar to that of mammalian herbivores-an ecotype-specific response consistent with the level of endoreduplication. The interactive effects of mammalian and insect herbivory were also assessed to determine whether interactions were additive (pairwise) or non-additive (diffuse) on tolerance (fitness). Specifically, results indicate that herbivory is either diffuse (a significant clipping × T. ni interaction) or pairwise (no significant interaction between clipping and T. ni herbivory), dependent upon plant genotype and compensatory ability. In general, herbivore-induced changes in plant quality appear to be responsible for the observed differences in herbivory and fitness compensation. We discuss the importance of evaluating endoreduplication among plants within a population to avoid masking the association between tolerance and resistance and the fitness consequences of multi-herbivore interactions.

Unique Flavanol-Anthocyanin Condensed Forms in Apache Red Purple Corn.

Anthocyanin pigments from purple corn are being explored as a potential alternative to artificial colorants and for their health-promoting properties. However, all pericarp-pigmented corn varieties examined to date primarily contain cyanidin-derived anthocyanins, which produce bluish-red or pink extracts. Here we describe the first pelargonidin-dominant pericarp-pigmented corn lines from the landrace Apache Red (AR). Anthocyanins were characterized from six AR families using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). From this, we identified two new flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms in corn: catechin-(4,8)-pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside and afzelechin-(4,8)-pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, which were subsequently confirmed with NMR. Additionally, several apigenin-derived C-glycosyl flavones were identified in abundance. With a diverse flavonoid profile containing an array of different anthocyanin species and flavones, Apache Red will be an important line in which to study control of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.

Discovery of Anthocyanin Acyltransferase1 (AAT1) in Maize Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS).

The reduced acylation phenotype describes the inability of certain accessions of maize (Zea mays [L]) to produce significant amounts of acylated anthocyanins, which are typically the most abundant pigments. Acylated anthocyanins are important for their association with stability and are therefore important for the various industries using anthocyanins as natural colorants to replace synthetic dyes. Many anthocyanin acyltransferases have been characterized in other species; however, no anthocyanin acyltransferases have been characterized in maize. Therefore, a mapping population was developed from a cross between mutant stock 707G and wild-type acylation line B73 to identify the locus associated with the reduced acylation trait. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assay the pigment content and composition of 129 F2 lines generated in the mapping population. Recessive alleles of Colorless1, Colored1, and the reduced acylation mutant all decreased anthocyanin content while Intensifier1 increased anthocyanin content in aleurone tissue. The association of increased proportions of acylation with increased anthocyanin content indicates acylation may be important for increasing the stability of anthocyanins in vivo Genotyping-by-sequencing was used to create SNP markers to map the reduced acylation locus. In the QTL analysis, a segment of Chromosome 1 containing transferase family protein GRMZM2G387394 was found to be significant. A UniformMu Mu transposon knockout of GRMZM2G387394 demonstrated this gene has anthocyanidin malonyltransferase activity and will therefore be named Anthocyanin Acyltransferase1 (AAT1). AAT1 is the first anthocyanin acyltransferase characterized in a monocot species and will increase our knowledge of all acyltransferase family members.

Targeted Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of "Red Russian" Kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) Following Methyl Jasmonate Treatment and Larval Infestation by the Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner).

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), synthesized in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, has been found to upregulate glucosinolate (GS) biosynthesis in plant species of the Brassicaceae family. Exogenous application of MeJA has shown to increase tissue GS concentrations and the formation of myrosinase-mediated GS hydrolysis products (GSHPs). In vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated the potential health-promoting effects of certain GSHPs. MeJA is also known to elicit and induce genes associated with defense mechanisms to insect herbivory in Brassica species. To investigate the relationship between MeJA-induced GS biosynthesis and insect defense, three treatments were applied to "Red Russian" kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) seedlings: (1) a 250 µM MeJA leaf spray treatment; (2) leaf infestation with larvae of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)); (3) control treatment (neither larval infestation nor MeJA application). Samples of leaf tissue from the three treatments were then assayed for changes in GS and GSHP concentrations, GS gene biosynthesis expression, and myrosinase activity. Major differences were observed between the three treatments in the levels of GS accumulation and GS gene expression. The insect-damaged samples showed significantly lower aliphatic GS accumulation, while both MeJA and T. ni infestation treatments induced greater accumulation of indolyl GS. The gene expression levels of CYP81F4, MYB34, and MYB122 were significantly upregulated in samples treated with MeJA and insects compared to the control group, which explained the increased indolyl GS concentration. The results suggest that the metabolic changes promoted by MeJA application and the insect herbivory response share common mechanisms of induction. This work provides potentially useful information for kale pest control and nutritional quality.

Comparison of chemical, color stability, and phenolic composition from pericarp of nine colored corn unique varieties in a beverage model.

The objective was to compare the chemical stability and color of nine unique anthocyanin-rich colored corn varieties named/coded as V1, V2, V3… V9. Extracts were added to a beverage model and stored at 4 °C, 22°C, or 32°C for 12weeks. After 12 weeks of storage at 32°C, variety V6 [high condensed form (CF), high cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)] had the longest anthocyanin half-life, based on the quantification by HPLC. V3 [high pelargonidin (Pg), high acylated form (C3-mal)] and V5 (high CF, high C3G, high C3-mal) had the most favorable hue. V5 and V6 had some of the smallest changes in color over time. These findings suggest that an abundance of condensed forms with C3G in corn extracts could contribute to the improved stability. Beverage storage parameters also influenced color parameters; low temperatures and low pH enhanced color and anthocyanin stability. The most promising corn varieties for future experiments are V3, V5, and V6 based on color retention.

Chemopreventive glucosinolate accumulation in various broccoli and collard tissues: Microfluidic-based targeted transcriptomics for by-product valorization.

Floret, leaf, and root tissues were harvested from broccoli and collard cultivars and extracted to determine their glucosinolate and hydrolysis product profiles using high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromotography. Quinone reductase inducing bioactivity, an estimate of anti-cancer chemopreventive potential, of the extracts was measured using a hepa1c1c7 murine cell line. Extracts from root tissues were significantly different from other tissues and contained high levels of gluconasturtiin and glucoerucin. Targeted gene expression analysis on glucosinolate biosynthesis revealed that broccoli root tissue has elevated gene expression of AOP2 and low expression of FMOGS-OX homologs, essentially the opposite of what was observed in broccoli florets, which accumulated high levels of glucoraphanin. Broccoli floret tissue has significantly higher nitrile formation (%) and epithionitrile specifier protein gene expression than other tissues. This study provides basic information of the glucosinolate metabolome and transcriptome for various tissues of Brassica oleracea that maybe utilized as potential byproducts for the nutraceutical market.

Molecular constraints on resistance-tolerance trade-offs.

Plants have numerous mechanisms to cope with the negative effects of herbivory, including plant resistance, structural and chemical traits that reduce damage, and plant tolerance, the ability to compensate for tissues lost. It has been argued that resistance and tolerance represent alternate strategies and thus there should be a trade-off between resistance and tolerance. However, resistance and tolerance are controlled via the same molecular pathway, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and the process of endoreduplication. Endoreduplication is the replication of the genome without mitosis, which leads to an increase in cellular chromosome number. Increasing chromosome number and therefore gene copy number provides a means of increasing gene expression that has been shown to enhance compensation following herbivory. By measuring glucosinolate levels and seed production following the removal of apical dominance in genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana we show that there is a positive association between tolerance and induced chemical defense. Similarly, the direct association between tolerance and resistance is demonstrated by genetically manipulating the endoreduplication pathway. By overexpressing ILP1, a positive regulator of endoreduplication, and thus compensation, we experimentally increased glucosinolate production and tolerance in the Col-0 genotype. We suggest that many herbaceous plants that endoreduplicate (~90%) would show a positive relationship between compensation and chemical defense, given that the molecular pathways are shared in common. We discuss these findings in light of contrasting results on measures of tolerance and resistance, given that the true relationship can be masked by ignoring genetic variation in endoreduplication and the timing of chemical measurement.

Cultivar-Specific Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Pak Choi (Brassica Rapa, Chinensis Group) by Methyl Jasmonate.

Glucosinolates, their hydrolysis products and primary metabolites were analyzed in five pak choi cultivars to determine the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on metabolite flux from primary metabolites to glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. Among detected glucosinolates (total 14 glucosinolates; 9 aliphatic, 4 indole and 1 aromatic glucosinolates), indole glucosinolate concentrations (153-229%) and their hydrolysis products increased with MeJA treatment. Changes in the total isothiocyanates by MeJA were associated with epithiospecifier protein activity estimated as nitrile formation. Goitrin, a goitrogenic compound, significantly decreased by MeJA treatment in all cultivars. Changes in glucosinolates, especially aliphatic, significantly differed among cultivars. Primary metabolites including amino acids, organic acids and sugars also changed with MeJA treatment in a cultivar-specific manner. A decreased sugar level suggests that they might be a carbon source for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in MeJA-treated pak choi. The result of the present study suggests that MeJA can be an effective agent to elevate indole glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products and to reduce a goitrogenic compound in pak choi. The total glucosinolate concentration was the highest in "Chinese cabbage" in the control group (32.5 µmol/g DW), but indole glucosinolates increased the greatest in "Asian" when treated with MeJA.

Proposed Method for Estimating Health-Promoting Glucosinolates and Hydrolysis Products in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) Using Relative Transcript Abundance.

Due to the importance of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in human nutrition and plant defense, optimizing the content of these compounds is a frequent breeding objective for Brassica crops. Toward this goal, we investigated the feasibility of using models built from relative transcript abundance data for the prediction of glucosinolate and hydrolysis product concentrations in broccoli. We report that predictive models explaining at least 50% of the variation for a number of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products can be built for prediction within the same season, but prediction accuracy decreased when using models built from one season's data for prediction of an opposing season. This method of phytochemical profile prediction could potentially allow for lower phytochemical phenotyping costs and larger breeding populations. This, in turn, could improve selection efficiency for phase II induction potential, a type of chemopreventive bioactivity, by allowing for the quick and relatively cheap content estimation of phytochemicals known to influence the trait.

Profiles of Glucosinolates, Their Hydrolysis Products, and Quinone Reductase Inducing Activity from 39 Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) Accessions.

Glucosinolates, their hydrolysis product concentrations, and the quinone reductase (QR) inducing activity of extracts of leaf tissue were assayed from 39 arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) accessions. Arugula accessions from Mediterranean countries (n = 16; Egypt, Greece, Italy, Libya, Spain, and Turkey) and Northern Europe (n = 2; Poland and United Kingdom) were higher in glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products, especially glucoraphanin and sulforaphane, compared to those from Asia (n = 13; China, India, and Pakistan) and Middle East Asia (n = 8; Afghanistan, Iran, and Israel). The QR inducing activity was also the highest in Mediterranean and Northern European arugula accessions, possibly due to a significant positive correlation between sulforaphane and QR inducing activity (r = 0.54). No nitrile hydrolysis products were found, suggesting very low or no epithiospecifier protein activity from these arugula accessions. Broad sense heritability (H(2)) was estimated to be 0.91-0.98 for glucoinolates, 0.55-0.83 for their hydrolysis products, and 0.90 for QR inducing activity.