Application of Salvinia sps. in remediation of reactive mixed azo dyes and Cr (VI) - Its pathway elucidation.

The emerging industrialization has resulted in the rapid growth of textile industries across the globe. The presence of xenobiotic pollutants in textile wastewater threatens the ecosystem. Applying different microbes (bacteria, fungi & algae) has paved the way for phytoremediation - the eco-friendly, cost-effective method. The present study focuses on the phytoremediation of reactive dyes - Reactive red, Reactive Brown & Reactive Black and Cr (VI) in synthetic textile wastewater using Salvinia sps. The mixed azo dyes of each 100 mg/L showed decolourization of 75 ± 0.5% and 82 ± 0.5% of removal of 20 mg/L of Cr (VI) after eight days of incubation in a phytoreactor setup. Chlorophyll analysis revealed the gradual decrease in the photosynthetic pigments during the remediation. The degraded metabolites were analyzed using FT-IR and showed the presence of aromatic amines on day zero, which were converted to aliphatic amines on day four. The GC-MS analysis revealed the disruption of -NN- bond, rupture of -CN- bond, scission of -N-N-bond, and loss of -SO3H from the Reactive Black dye leading to the formation of an intermediate p-Hydroxy phenylhydrazinyl. The rupture of Reactive red dye resulted in the formation of p-Hydrazinyl toluene sulphonic acid, Naphthyl amine -3,6-disulphonic acid and 8-Hydroxy Naphthyl amine -3,6-disulphonic acid. Decarboxylation, desulphonation, deoxygenation and deamination of Reactive Brown dye showed the presence of different metabolites and metabolic pathways were proposed for the reactive azo dyes which were phytoremediated.

New analytical strategies amplified with carbon-based nanomaterial for sensing food pollutants.

The most significant topic currently under the moonlight is Nanobiotechnology and engineered nanomaterials. The novel characteristics displayed by engineered Nanomaterials, especially carbon-based nanomaterials, have spurred interest in its potential application in the food industry. It has provided opportunities for finding solutions to the long-standing challenges in the food industry to assess food safety, maintain food quality, extend the shelf life of produce, and efficiently deliver nutrients. Nanomaterials can be incorporated in food sensors facilitating efficient monitoring of crop maturity and detecting biological and chemical contaminants. When integrated into food packages, nanomaterials could aid in assessing the freshness and improving the quality of packaged foods. In addition, more efficient delivery of nutrients could be possible in foods fortified using nano compounds. The initial section of this review gives an overview of the broad application of nanotechnology in the food industry and carbon-based nanomaterials. The latter part focuses on nanotechnology in biosensors for food safety and quality monitoring.