Pathogenicity assessment of a bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1l (BVDV-1l) strain in experimentally infected calves.

Bovine viral diarrhea is a widespread and economically important viral disease for livestock which can cause clinically diverse manifestations. The number of established BVDV subgenotypes has increased, not only the serological relationships of recently described subgenotypes but virulence and pathogenic characteristics have not yet been mostly elaborated. The dominant BVDV subgenotype in Turkiye was elaborated to be BVDV-1l, that involves more than half of field strains and there is no scientific data to identify the pathogenicity of this strain so far. This study investigated the pathogenicity of a selected field strain (TR-72) from subgenotype BVDV-1l. Experimental infection was implemented by intranasal inoculation of the strain TR-72 (10 ×105.5) to four young calves which were previously not vaccinated and were free both for BVDV antibodies and antigens. Clinical changes as well as blood parameters, body temperature, and viremia were monitored for 14 days. Only mild clinical signs associated with respiratory signs of BVDV infection were observed. Detected clinical signs included nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, cough, fatigue, high rectal temperature reaching 40.7 â„ƒ, and white blood cell counts depression started from the 2nd day and 40.4% decreased between the 12th and 14th days post-infection (poi). The presence of viremia was investigated by virus isolation, RT-PCR, and real-time RT-PCR from blood samples. The efficiency of experimental infection was established not only by observed clinical signs but also by virus isolation from blood leukocytes between the 5th and 8th days poi., virus detection was obtained by real-time PCR between the 3rd - 13th days poi. Besides, the recorded mild clinical signs, high fever, long duration of viremia , and high decrease in blood parameters obtained in this study, it was shown that the noncytopathogenic BVDV-1l strain TR-72 has a moderate virulence in naïve cattle.

First isolation and molecular characterization of pseudorabies virus detected in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Pigs are the main host species for the pseudorabies virus. It causes fatal encephalitis in many species, including humans. This article aims to report the first clinical case of pseudorabies as well as isolation and molecular characterization of the virus from a hunting dog in Bursa province, Turkey. METHODS AND RESULTS: The dog shows clinical signs including pruritus and neurological signs such as stumbling and inability to stand up compatible with pseudorabies. The virus isolates were obtained from the supernatant of fresh tissue samples from the cerebellum, cornu ammonis, spleen, salivary gland, conjunctival swab, serum, and PBMC samples. The glycoprotein C region is targeted for viral DNA amplification. Pseudorabies virus genome detected both in fresh tissues and supernatants of third passage on Vero cells. The number of PCR positive samples was dramatically increased after cell culture inoculations. Genome sequencing of strain Bursa-10303, which was isolated from a non-endemic area, identified it to belong to clade A. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the possible presence of pseudorabies infection in the wildlife reservoirs in Turkey. Future studies may clarify the importance of the infection in Turkey region, where there is no prevalent pig production.

Failure in dry period vaccination strategy for bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Bovine viral diarrhea is a common disease of cattle and has significant impact on animal welfare worldwide. There are fundamental approaches i.e. elimination of persistently infected animals, vaccination and biosecurity measures for effective control and eradication of BVD virus (BVDV). By this study, the presence of persistent infection with divergent BVDV subgenotype in the calves in a dairy herd having regular vaccination program was investigated. In the herd, vaccinated with a killed whole virion trivalent vaccine (composed of BVDV-1a) during the dry period of the cows, abortion cases were existed in the late autumn 2019. During herd screening by BVDV antigen-ELISA, 2 out of 300 dams were detected positive. Following, by ear notch-based BVDV antigen-ELISA, 30 calves were detected positive. Confirmation of persistent BVDV infection was performed 3 weeks later by testing with antigen-ELISA, where 8 of 9 selected newborn calves were positive for the second time. The entire antigen-ELISA positive samples were subjected to virus isolation on MDBK cell culture and identified as non-cytopathogenic pestiviruses by indirect immunoperoxidase assay. Presence of pestivirus RNA was detected in the 8 isolates by panpestivirus RT-PCR. Analysis of the 5'UTR regions revealed that BVDV-1 r circulate in the herd. Results of this study lead to questioning the efficiency of dry period vaccination strategy against BVDV. But otherwise, vaccination with BVDV-1a can be inefficient for complete protection against BVDV-1 r. Therefore, serological relationship between mentioned subgenotypes or protection by current vaccines against latest field isolates needs to be investigated before development of new BVDV vaccine candidates.

Evaluation of the effect of intraperitoneal etanercept administration on oxidative stress and inflammation indicators in the kidney and blood of experimental sepsis-induced rats.

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is an important cause of mortality and morbidity, and inflammatory response and oxidative stress play major roles underlying its pathophysiology. Here, we evaluated the effect of intraperitoneal etanercept administration on oxidative stress and inflammation indicators in the kidney and blood of experimental sepsis-induced rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight adult Sprague Dawley rats were classified into Control (Group 1), Sepsis (Group 2), Sepsis+Cefazolin (Group 3), and Sepsis+Cefazolin+Etanercept (Group 4) groups. Kidney tissue and serum samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigations and examined for the C reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. RESULTS: The levels of TNF-α, TREM, and MDA in serum and kidney samples were significantly higher in rats from sepsis group than in rats from control group (p < 0.05). Group 3 showed a significant reduction in serum levels of TNF-α, CRP, and TREM as compared with Group 2 (p < 0.05). Serum TNF-α, CRP, TREM, and MDA levels and kidney TNF-α and TREM levels were significantly lower in Group 4 than in Group 2 (p < 0.05). Serum TNF-α and TREM levels in Group 4 were significantly lower than those in Group 3, and histopathological scores were significantly lower in Group 3 and Group 4 than in Group 2 (p < 0.05). Histopathological scores of Group 4 were significantly lower than those of Group 3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Etanercept, a TNF-α inhibitor, may ameliorate sepsis-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and histopathological damage.

Evaluation of the effect of intraperitoneal etanercept administration on oxidative stress and inflammation indicators in the kidney and blood of experimental sepsis-induced rats

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is an important cause of mortality and morbidity, and inflammatory response and oxidative stress play major roles underlying its pathophysiology. Here, we evaluated the effect of intraperitoneal etanercept administration on oxidative stress and inflammation indicators in the kidney and blood of experimental sepsis-induced rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight adult Sprague Dawley rats were classified into Control (Group 1), Sepsis (Group 2), Sepsis+Cefazolin (Group 3), and Sepsis+Cefazolin+Etanercept (Group 4) groups. Kidney tissue and serum samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigations and examined for the C reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. RESULTS: The levels of TNF-α, TREM, and MDA in serum and kidney samples were significantly higher in rats from sepsis group than in rats from control group (p < 0.05). Group 3 showed a significant reduction in serum levels of TNF-α, CRP, and TREM as compared with Group 2 (p < 0.05). Serum TNF-α, CRP, TREM, and MDA levels and kidney TNF-α and TREM levels were significantly lower in Group 4 than in Group 2 (p < 0.05). Serum TNF-α and TREM levels in Group 4 were significantly lower than those in Group 3, and histopathological scores were significantly lower in Group 3 and Group 4 than in Group 2 (p < 0.05). Histopathological scores of Group 4 were significantly lower than those of Group 3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Etanercept, a TNF-α inhibitor, may ameliorate sepsis-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and histopathological damage.

Presence of bovine hepacivirus in Turkish cattle.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a worldwide distributed human pathogen, causes one of the most important viral infections in human being. HCV is the type species of the genus Hepacivirus (Flaviviridae) in which recently discovered animal viruses i.e. from horses, bats, rodents and cattle are allocated. After preliminary reports in 2015 from German and African cattle, a wide distribution of bovine hepacivirus (BovHepV, Hepacivirus N) was proposed. We investigated the possible presence of BovHepV in serum samples from cattle in different locations of Turkey. Analyzing a total of 120 samples from 98 female (dairy) and 22 male (beef) cattle by real-time RT-PCR resulted in 15 (12.5%) positives. BovHepV infection was detected in 6 out of 10 locations included in the study. There were positive samples both from eastern and western parts of the country indicating possible wide distribution in the Turkish cattle population. Phylogenetic analysis of 9 selected positive samples clearly assigned 8 sequences to a separate cluster on the basis of NS3 gene region, while one of the sequences obtained from an imported animal from north of Italy grouped with sequences obtained from cattle in Germany. The latter finding may indicate possible occurrence of this genetic group of BovHepV not only in Germany but in other European countries. Results of the present study demonstrate the presence of BovHepV infections in Turkey and in The Middle East region.