Cabazitaxel's ototoxicity: An animal study and histopathologic research.

Introduction: Chemotherapeutic agents can have both serious side effects and ototoxicity, which can be caused by direct toxic effects or by metabolic derangement by the agents. Cabazitaxel (CBZ) is a next-generation semi-synthetic taxane derivative that is effective in both preclinical models of human tumors that are sensitive or resistant to chemotherapy and in patients suffering from progressive prostate cancer despite docetaxel treatment. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the ototoxicity of CBZ in a rat model. Materials and Methods: : A total of 24 adult male Wistar-Albino rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups. CBZ (Jevtana, Sanofi-Aventis USA) was intraperitoneally administered to Groups 2, 3, and 4 at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg/week, respectively, for 4 consecutive weeks; Group 1 received only i.p. saline at the same time. At the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed and their cochlea removed for histopathological examination. Results: : Intraperitoneal administration of CBZ exerted an ototoxic effect on rats, and the histopathological results became worse in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusion: : Our findings suggest that CBZ may be an ototoxic agent and can damage the cochlea. More clinical studies should be conducted to understand its ototoxicity.

Is the combined use of ultrasonography (USG) and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) safe in parotis masses? Retrospective comprehensive comparison of 123 cases.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to compare final pathology results with ultrasonography (USI) and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) results in parotis masses. METHODS: A total of 123 patients with primary parotis mass who applied to our center between 2010 and 2020 were selected for the study. Among these, 100 patients with preoperative USI, preoperative FNAB, and postoperative final pathology were included in the study. USI, FNAB, pathology results, surgery types, and demographic characteristics of the patients were analyzed. RESULTS: According to the postoperative final pathology, preoperative USI sensitivity was found to be 100%, specificity was 55, positive predictive value was 84.31%, negative predictive value was 100%, and accuracy was 86.89%. Preoperative FNAB had a sensitivity of 85.7%, a specificity of 92.1%, a positive predictive value of 82.1%, a negative predictive value of 90.2%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 89.3%, according to the postoperative final pathology. CONCLUSION: Preoperative USI and preoperative FNAB are very valuable diagnostic tools in the evaluation of parotis lesions. When used together, they provide highly accurate and important data for the surgeon.

Comparison of the Healing Effect of Nasal Saline Irrigation with Triamcinolone Acetonide Versus Nasal Saline Irrigation alone in COVID-19 Related Olfactory Dysfunction: A Randomized Controlled Study.

There is no routinely determined treatment for olfactory dysfunction because of COVID-19. Saline irrigation and nasal corticosteroid treatments are safe and inexpensive methods, and have low side effects. In our study, we argue that saline nasal irrigation and topical corticosteroid treatment can be used in the treatment of patients with olfactory loss in all areas of rhinology. A total of 150 patients who admitted to our clinic with other symptoms or with only acute odor loss, diagnosed with COVID-19 with RT-PCR were divided into 3 equal groups.Fifty patients in Group 1 were not given any extra treatments. The other 50 patients in Group 2 were given saline irrigation for treatment; and the 50 people in Group 3 were given both saline irrigation and nasal steroid spray for treatment. The "Subjective Olfactory Capability (SOC)" was used for olfactory function evaluation of patients. Self-Rating Olfactory Score (SROS), and Olfactory Dysfunction Duration (ODD) were recorded on the 1st, 15th and 30th days. SROS of the group receiving Nasal Saline + Triamcinolone Acetonide treatment on the 30th day was significantly higher than in other groups ( p -1-3 = 0.018,  p 2-3  = 0.033). Also, the ODD was significantly reduced in this group compared to other groups ( p -1-3  = 0.022,  p 2-3  = 0.028,). Topical triamcinolone treatment was found to be successful in the treatment of olfactory dysfunction due to COVID-19. Nasal steroids, which are both inexpensive and have low side effect profiles, can be used safely in the treatment of patients with olfactory losses.

Vestibular involvement of PFAPA syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: PFAPA syndrome is derived from the initials of the English words of the findings that make up the syndrome ("Periodic Fever", "Aphthous Stomatitis", "Pharyngitis", "Adenitis"). This study aims to evaluate the vestibular system in patients with PFAPA syndrome by the cVEMP test and to give a general review of PFAPA syndrome in light of current literature. METHODS: In this prospective study, 30 patients aged 4-6 who were diagnosed with PFAPA in a tertiary pediatrics clinic, between January 2016 and February 2020 and 30 children of the same age group who applied to a tertiary otorhinolaryngology clinic for other reasons and proven to have no hearing or vestibular problems were included and in addition to routine physical examination, electromyographic activity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle surface was measured. RESULTS: We found that the amplitude difference between cVEMP p1-n1 in patients with PFAPA syndrome in both ears decreased compared to the healthy control group. CONCLUSION: Our study proves there is a vestibular system involvement of PFAPA syndrome. This study is the first in the literature to search the relationship between PFAPA and the vestibular system.

The Effect of Nasal Steroid and Antihistamine Use on Total Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to determine the post-treatment levels of total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS), that are increased due to pathophysiology, and to compare those with pre-treatment levels in allergic rhinitis patients.Material-Methods: Among 84 patients clinically diagnosed with allergic rhinitis, 31 patients were started only on nasal steroid treatment (mometasone furoate), and 53 patients were started on nasal steroid and oral antihistamine treatment (mometasone furoate + rupatadine fumarate 10 mg). Blood samples were taken from the patients at the first examination and at post-treatment month 1.TAS and TOS were measured from the blood samples. RESULTS: While no significant change was determined in mean TAS levels with treatment, a statistically significant decrease was determined in TOS values in post-treatment period (P < .01). There was no significant change in TAS and TOS values of patients only using nasal steroids, while a significant decrease was determined in post-treatment TOS values of patients using both nasal steroids and oral antihistamines (P < .001). It was determined that TOS values of women were significantly lower compared to men, and it was also reduced in seasonal allergic rhinitis compared to perennial allergic rhinitis (P < .05 for both). CONCLUSION: In allergic rhinitis patients, concomitant use of nasal steroids and antihistamines significantly decreases total oxidative stress. It may be stated that the addition of antihistamines to allergic rhinitis treatment positively affects treatment.

Rhinoliths: Analysis of 24 Interesting Forgotten Foreign Body Cases.

Rhinoliths are petrified masses formed by accumulation of endogenous or exogenous salts around a nidus. Although rarely formed by the body, the most common cause is foreign bodies forgotten in the nose at childhood. Rhinoliths are rare and have been reported as a single case report in the literature. In this study, 24 different and different cases will be analyzed. Twenty-four interesting patients who were operated for rhinolith in the otorhinolaryngology clinic between 2014 and 2019 and were not seen in the literature before were analyzed retrospectively. The characteristics of these patients such as age, sex, additional pathology, foreign body coexistence, type of anesthesia used, and previous surgical status were analyzed. Fourteen patients were male and 10 were female (58.3% male, 41.7% female). The mean age was 30.4 (minimum 2, maximum 62). Twelve of the foreign bodies were on the right and 12 on the left (50%). Foreign body localization was 13 (54.1%) between the inferior turbinate (IT) and septum and 11 (45.9%) between the middle turbinate and septum. Tissue destruction was seen in 12 (50%; 7 septum, 5 IT) patients. Fifteen patients had additional pathology (mostly septum deviation). General anesthesia was used in 14 patients and local anesthesia was used in 10 (58.3%-41.7%) patients. Two patients (n = 2) had rhinoliths due to forgotten nasal packing after surgery and forgotten silicone nasolacrimal tube after dacryocystorhinostomy surgery. Rhinoliths should be considered with unilateral malodorous runny nose and resistant sinusitis attacks. The diagnosis is rigid endoscope and computed tomography imaging. It usually occurs as a result of forgotten foreign bodies. Rhinoliths may also form as a result of forgotten tampon after previous nose or eye surgery.

Long-term management of patients with PFAPA syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term treatment results of patients with PFAPA syndrome and to determine their need for tonsillectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical characteristics, treatments and long-term results of 16 patients admitted to the Pediatric and Otorhinolaryngology Clinic between 2015 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Twelve male and four female patients were examined between 1.5 and 8 years (mean age 4.8 ± 1.1) (75% male, 25% female). The mean duration of attacks was 4.4 ± 1.4 weeks. Twelve patients recovered completely with single-dose steroid therapy. In the 4-year follow-up of 12 patients who were given a single dose of steroid therapy, there were no relapses. Surgical decisions were made for four patients whose attacks did not pass with steroid treatment. Two patients (75%) underwent adenotonsillectomy, and one patient underwent tonsillectomy While three of these patients did not have an attack again, one patient continued to have an attack every 8 weeks. At the age of 9, his attacks were completely resolved spontaneously. All patients had fever. The most common concomitant symptoms were pharyngitis (94%), cervical adenitis (82%) and aphthous stomatitis (77%). Exudative tonsillitis was present in 25% of the patients. CONCLUSION: Medical treatment should be the first treatment option in patients with PFAPA syndrome. Although single-dose steroid treatment is effective in these patients, tonsillectomy is an important treatment option in refractory cases.

Laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy in nasolacrimal duct obstruction: 5-year follow-up.

AIM: To evaluate the long-term sucess rate of laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy (L-DCR) in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NDO). METHODS: Forty-one eyes of forty patients aged between 21-85y (mean 56.7y) who underwent L-DCR for the treatment of NDO were included in this retrospective, non-randomized study. The follow-up time was 72mo. Functional sucess was defined as the disappearance of epiphora under normal conditions and the presence of a patent ostium on lacrimal irrigation. Anatomical success was defined as a patent lacrimal passage on syringing besides continuing epiphora. Surgical failure was defined as persistent epiphora and closed ostium. RESULTS: Twenty-seven of 40 patients (67.5%) were female and 13 of 40 patients (32.5%) were male. The NDO was right-sided in 17 (42.5%) patients and left-sided in 22 (55%) patients whereas 1 (2.5%) patient had undergone bilateral surgery. In 11 (27.5%) patients there were additional nasal abnormalities requiring simultaneous surgical approach. The average time for L-DCR was 26.50±4.9min (16-39min) and the average total amount of laser energy used was 287±27.9 J (239-367 J). At the 5y follow-up, anatomical sucess rate was 75.0% (30 patients) and functional success rate was 65.0% (26 patients), whereas surgical failure was seen in 25% (10 patients). Revision of surgery was performed in 10 cases (25.0%); failure of revision surgery was seen in 2 cases (5.0%). CONCLUSION: Transcanalicular L-DCR is a reliable and fast procedure in the treatment of NDO. It can be alternative to external DCR which is accepted as the gold standard currently. The functional and anatomical success rate is higher in the first months and years, but still satisfactory at fifth year.

Reduced Pain and Anxiety with Music and Noise-Canceling Headphones During Shockwave Lithotripsy.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effects of music and noise-canceling headphones (NCHs) on perceived patient pain and anxiety from extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with renal calculi scheduled for SWL were prospectively enrolled. All 89 patients between the ages of 19 and 80 years were informed about this study and then randomized into three groups: Group 1 (controls), no headphones and music; Group 2, music with NCHs (patients listened to Turkish classical music with NCHs during SWL); and Group 3, music with non-NCHs (patients listened to Turkish classical music with non-NCHs during SWL). Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were recorded before and just after the SWL session. All patient visual analog scale (VAS) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores were recorded just after the SWL procedure. RESULTS: There were significant differences in VAS scores among the groups (5.1, 3.6, and 4.5, respectively, p < 0.001), including between Groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.018). There were also significant differences in STAI-State anxiety scores among the groups (43.1, 33.5, and 38.9, respectively, p = 0.001), including between Groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Music therapy during SWL reduced pain and anxiety. Music therapy with NCHs was more effective for pain and anxiety reduction. To reduce pain and anxiety, nonpharmacologic therapies such as music therapy with NCHs during SWL should be investigated further and used routinely.

Ear protrusion after tympanoplasty and the use of mastoid dressing.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess possible wound complications of tympanoplasty and tympanomastoidectomy with or without postoperative mastoid dressing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 37 patients (22 females, 15 males; mean age: 23.88 years; range 9 to 64 years) who underwent middle ear or mastoid operations via postauricular incision were included in this prospective, randomized, controlled study. The patients were divided into two groups as having mastoid dressing (n=17) and nonmastoid dressing (n=20). Through a close follow-up, postoperative complications were noted and distance from mastoid scalp and auricular rim was measured. RESULTS: The mean mastoid-helix distance of non-mastoid dressing group was found 17.2 mm in operated and 16.9 mm in non-operated ears. The mean mastoid-helix distance of mastoid dressing group was 15.53 mm in operated ears and 16.47 mm in non-operated ears. Skin erythema was seen in a patient. There was no statistically significant increase in mastoid-helix distance (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Tympanoplasty with or without mastoidectomy does not cause postoperative complication or protrusion of the ear, even if no mastoid dressing is used. Our study results suggest no benefit of mastoid dressing after tympanoplasty with or without mastoidectomy.

Facial paralysis and mediastinitis due to odontogenic infection and poor prognosis.

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (CNF) is a rare, rapidly advancing infection that involves the skin, the subcutaneous fibrofatty tissue, as well as the superficial and deep fascia and can cause life-threatening complications. The most frequent initiating factors in the head and neck region are a primary odontogenic infection, a peritonsillar infection, as well as posttraumatic or iatrogenic skin and mucosal injuries. Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) can expand within hours, and the reported mortality rate is up to 75% with delay interference. If the patients have any risk factors, poor prognosis can be seen. In this study, 1 patient with CNF with a history of peritonsillar infection and 2 patients with CNF who had a history of odontogenic infection with spreading to the temporal region and the mediastinum were described, with information of the literature and a clinical experience that was gained from 5 patients with NF who were seen at our clinic in the recent year, despite the fact that CNF was not seen up to last year. None of the patients had any risk factors. One of them had a worse clinical state with ascending infection to the temporal region, cranial nerve paralysis, and descending necrotizing mediastinitis, but he recovered from NF. After the oral intake began, dyspnea due to aspiration was seen and he died because of sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction. We aimed to attract attention to the importance of dental pathologies and increased mortality in a healthy patient.

Investigation of temporal bone asymmetry in cases with unilateral tinnitus: morphometric and multicentric clinical study.

The aim of this multicentric study was to compare the anatomical structures of temporal bone in patients with unilateral tinnitus with their healthy ears. We also aimed at evaluating whether age and gender-related asymmetrical changes occur in temporal bones or not. Fifty two ears of 26 patients who had unilateral tinnitus were included into the retrospective study. The patients who had subjective nonpulsatile tinnitus and who previously had temporal computed tomography according to their file records were accepted to study. Temporal CT scans and audiometric results of patients were examined retrospectively. Middle ear volume, diameter of internal acoustic meats and diameter of jugular bulb were evaluated by both anatomist and radiologist, interobserverly. Internal acoustic meats and jugular bulb were found larger in the ears that had tinnitus than healthy ears; however, there was no statistically significance. The stereological morphometrical study of temporal bone asymmetry in humans correlate with sex is of importance for both otolarygologs and anatomists. These results will contribute to data on middle ear volume, internal acustic meats and jugular bulb sizes.

The effect of retinyl palmitate on healing of benign vocal fold lesions.

The leading cause of vocal fold lesions such as nodules and polyps is phonotrauma, which causes microhematoma formation in the vocal fold cover that can initiate an inflammatory process. Vitamin A (Vit A) is essential for immunity, cellular differentiation and maintenance of respiratory epithelium. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Vit A (retinyl palmitate) on healing of vocal fold lesions, including vocal polyps and nodules. Eighteen patients with vocal fold lesions were included in the study. Of the patients, 13 had vocal polyps and 5 had vocal nodules. Patients received 90,000 IU oral Vit A in palmitate form daily for 2 months. In addition to Vit A treatment, only vocal hygiene recommendations were given to the patients, without any other medication or specific voice therapy. Pre- and post-treatment acoustic analysis [jitter % (jitt %), shimmer % (shim %), normalized noise energy (NNE), maximum phonation time (MPT), etc.] were performed. Lesion dimensions and stroboscopic findings were evaluated. Voice handicap index (VHI) was applied. Statistical analysis was performed between pre- and post-treatment measurements. Of the 18 patients, 8 had immature lesions (6 polyp-like lesions and 2 immature nodules) and 10 had mature lesion (7 polyps and 3 nodules). None of the patients showed complete healing. Partial response was seen in four patients with immature lesions. There were minimal changes in lesion dimensions, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. MPT of patients with immature lesions were close to significance level but overall MPT revealed no significant improvement (p = 0.051). Jitt %, shim % and NNE did not change significantly. In this study, the only statistically significant finding was VHI of the patients with immature lesions. Three of the patients complained of weight gain. Our data showed that Vit A at a given level of dose and duration seems to be ineffective in the treatment of benign vocal fold lesions. On the other hand, whether Vit A is effective on mature and immature lesions of vocal folds at higher doses and/or longer duration of treatment or not requires further studies.

Hearing and cochlear function of patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. Recent studies described audiovestibular impairment in AS patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hearing and function of the cochlear system in patients with AS. Thirty-seven AS patients and 20 healthy controls were evaluated prospectively. Otorhinolaryngologic examinations were performed in all patients together with pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination test, tympanometry, and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOE). Disease duration, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) scores, and hematologic findings (CRP and ESR) were also collected. Pure tone audiometry findings of the patients and controls were significantly different in all frequencies (p < 0.01). Speech discrimination scores were also significantly different (p < 0.01). No significant difference was found between DPOE responses of the patients and controls (p > 0.05). There was no correlation between disease duration, BASDAI scores, hematological findings, and audiometry findings (p > 0.05). This study demonstrated that there is an association between AS and hearing loss, but the cochlea is not the main source of hearing loss.

Combined medical and surgical therapy improves olfaction in patients with nasal polyposis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of combined oral steroid, nasal steroid and surgical therapy in patients with impaired olfaction due to nasal polyposis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective observational study was undertaken in the otolaryngology department of a university hospital. During the study, 19 nasal polyposis patients were evaluated three times, i.e. before oral steroid therapy, before surgery (after steroid therapy) and after surgery, with smell identification tests, acoustic rhinometry, subjective smell score, endoscopic grading and a visual analog scale for nasal obstruction. RESULTS: All subjective and objective measures were significantly improved after medical and surgical therapy (p < 0.01). The median smell identification score improved from 2 (interquartile range 0-4) to 5 (interquartile range 4-7) after combined therapy. Smell identification scores were found to be modestly correlated with all other examination findings. CONCLUSION: Combined therapy seems efficient in improving smell identification scores of nasal polyposis patients.

The efficiency of Nose Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale on patients with nasal septal deviation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim in this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale for septoplasty (without turbinate reduction) in comparison with other examination methods. METHODS: Prospective observational study was undertaken in otolaryngology department of university hospital. NOSE scale for quality of life assessment, visual analog scale for examination findings, acoustic rhinometry and coronal computed tomography were performed before and after septoplasty. The efficiency of NOSE scale to assess for septoplasty results and the correlation between NOSE scores and other techniques was analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients underwent septoplasty; there was a very significant improvement in mean NOSE scores of patients (60.2 versus 11.28, p<0.01). There was no correlation between NOSE scores and acoustic rhinometry. Correlation was found between NOSE scores and examination and computed tomography findings (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: NOSE scale that is well correlated with examination findings and computed tomography, is very useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of pure septoplasty.

[Hearing aid use and patient satisfaction]. / Isitme cihazi kullanimi ve hasta memnuniyeti.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the hearing aid usage ratios and durations, patient satisfaction and the probable causes of disuse if they are not used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire with 16 questions was applied to the patients who were prescribed hearing aids in our clinic between January 2007 and December 2009. A total of 517 patients were called by phone. Hundred and seventy-nine of the patients (75 females, 104 males; mean age 60±23 years; range 17 to 94 years) participated in the trial. Hearing aid usage ratios and patients' satisfaction were determined and the factors influencing usage were statistically investigated. RESULTS: Hundred and forty-two of the patients used their hearing aids regularly and 37 of the patients either used their aids rarely or never used them. The most common cause reported for disuse was the frequent noise coming from the hearing aid. CONCLUSION: Failure to explain the usage of the hearing aids to the patients and age over 70 years have a statistically significant negative effect on the duration of hearing aid use and patient satisfaction.

Metastatic basal cell carcinoma presenting as a neck mass.

Neck masses are common in physicians' daily practice; however, there is a small possibility that the origin of the neck mass is a basal cell carcinoma (BCC). We present a BCC of the scalp that metastasizes to the neck without any lymphoid involvement. We also reviewed possible risk factors for metastasis of the BCC, which is a probable cause of neck mass.

Expression and distribution of aquaporin-1 in nasal polyps: does it have any significance in edema formation?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and AQP4 in polyp tissue. METHODS: Nasal polyps were obtained from 34 patients with nasal polyposis during endoscopic sinus surgery. Bullous middle turbinates with normal-appearing mucosa of 10 patients were used as controls. Expression of AQP1 and AQP4 water channels were determined by immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: AQP1 has been found to be expressed in fibroblasts located in polyp tissue, especially in the subepithelial area, periphery of seromucous glands, and endothelial cells of venules. CONCLUSION: We have established a high expression of AQP1 water channels in nasal polyp tissue and have suggested two mechanisms to explain this finding. Increased AQP1 expression may be a cause or a consequence of edema formation. Thus, additional studies are needed to elucidate the true mechanism underlying this relationship.

The effects of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on pulmonary arterial pressure in children.

PURPOSE: It is well known that hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids may cause upper-airway obstruction. The aim of this study is to determine the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) in children with hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids and to clarify whether tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) has any effect on mean pulmonary arterial pressure of these children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two randomly selected children (36 male, 16 female) aged between 4 and 11 (mean 7.7+/-2.5) a with a diagnosis of upper-airway obstruction resulting from hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids were included in our study. Thirty-three children were assigned as controls with similar age and sex distribution with the study groups. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was measured by using Doppler echocardiography preoperatively and mean 5.4+/-2.9 months postoperatively in all subjects. RESULTS: When the mean pulmonary arterial pressure values of study and control group compared preoperatively, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure levels of the children in the study group were significantly higher than the mean pulmonary arterial pressure levels of the children in the control group (P<.05) (study group mean PAP=23.13+/-7.68, control group mean PAP=16.11+/-7.24) (Levene's test, P<.05). When the preoperative and postoperative results were compared, it was found that there was a statistically significant decrease in mean pulmonary arterial pressures in these 52 children (preoperative mean PAP=23.13+/-7.68, postoperative mean PAP=17.00+/-6.99) (paired sample t test, P<.05). Twenty-seven of the 52 subjects in the study group were pulmonary hypertensive preoperatively. mPAPs of 18 of these children decreased to normal range yielding 9 subjects, and this was also found ststistically significant (McNemar test, P<.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that obstructive adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy causes higher mPAP values in children and revealed that T&A is an effective therapeutic measure in such patients.