Endodontic sealers and post-endodontic waiting time affect the bond strength of the fiber posts / Cimentos endodônticos e tempo de espera após endodontia afeta a resistência de união de pinos de fibra

Introduction: The resistance adhesive of a fiber post can be affected by several factors, such as the endodontic sealer and post-endodontic waiting time. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different endodontic sealers and two different post-endodontic waiting times on the bond strength of fiber posts. Material and method: Seventy-two bovine teeth were endodontically treated and filled using three endodontic sealers: eugenol-based, epoxy resin-based, or mineral trioxide aggregate-based. The specimens were stored at 37°C for 24 hours or for 30 months. After the respective storage times, the root canals were prepared for luting fiber posts using RelyX U200. Push-out tests and analysis of failures were performed. The push-out data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance to compare the effects of the endodontic sealer and with the t-test to compare the effects of post-endodontic waiting time. Result: The AH Plus sealer yielded the highest bond strength values at 30 months post-endodontics (11.26 Mpa) (p < 0.05), however no had difference with Endofill sealer at the same time. Endofill and MTA Fillapex sealers did not differ significantly in their effects, irrespective of the post-endodontic waiting time. Conclusion: In conclusion, the endodontic sealer used and post-endodontic waiting time affect the adhesive resistance of fiber posts. The adhesion increases significantly when the fiber post is cemented 30 months after the root canal filling, while the adhesion is reduced when cementing immediately after root canal treatment, in particular for eugenol-based endodontic sealers.

Introdução: A resistência de união de um pino de fibra pode ser afetada por vários fatores, como o cimento endodôntico e o tempo de espera pós-endodontia. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de diferentes cimentos endodônticos e dois tempos de espera pós-endodontia na resistência de união de pinos de fibra. Material e método: Setenta e dois dentes bovinos foram tratados endodonticamente e obturados usando três cimentos endodônticos: à base de eugenol, à base de resina epóxia ou à base de mineral trióxido agregado. Os espécimes foram armazenados a 37 ° C por 24 horas ou por 30 meses. Após, os canais radiculares foram preparados para cimentação dos pinos de fibra usando o RelyX U200. Foram realizados testes de push-out e análise de falhas. Os dados foram analisados por análise de variância bidirecional e com o teste t. Resultado: O cimento AH Plus obteve os maiores valores de resistência de união aos 30 meses pós-endodontia (11,26 Mpa) (p <0,05), no entanto, não houve diferença com o cimento Endofill no mesmo tempo. Os cimentos Endofill e MTA Fillapex não diferiram significativamente em seus efeitos, independentemente do tempo de espera pós-endodontia. Conclusão: O cimento endodôntico utilizado e o tempo de espera pós-endodontia afetam a resistência adesiva dos pinos de fibra. A adesão aumenta significativamente quando o pino de fibra é cimentado 30 meses após a obturação do canal radicular, enquanto a adesão é reduzida ao cimentar imediatamente após o tratamento do canal radicular, principalmente para cimentos endodônticos à base de eugenol.

Effect of Post-Space Irrigation with NaOCl And CaOCl at Different Concentrations on the Bond Strength of Posts Cemented with a Self-Adhesive Resin Cement.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of post-space irrigation with NaOCl and CaOCl at different concentrations on the bond strength of posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement. Eighty premolars were sectioned 14 mm from the apex, and endodontically treated. The root canal filling was partially removed. Specimens were randomly assigned into 8 groups (n=10), according to the irrigant for post-space irrigation: SS - 0.9% saline solution (control group); CHX - 2% chlorhexidine; 1% NaOCl - 1% sodium hypochlorite; 2.5% NaOCl - 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; 5% NaOCl - 5% sodium hypochlorite; 1% CaOCl - 1% calcium hypochlorite; 2.5% CaOCl - 2.5% calcium hypochlorite; and 5% CaOCl - 5% calcium hypochlorite. For each group, irrigation was performed continuously with 2 ml of solution. The post-spaces were dried with paper points (#80), and glass fiber posts were cemented using a self-adhesive resin cement. The specimens were sectioned perpendicularly and the push-out test was performed. Optical microscopy was used to analyze the failure mode. ANOVA and Bonferroni tests analyzed the bond strength data. NaOCl and CaOCl presented similar bond strength regardless the concentration used to irrigate the post-space (p>0.05). SS showed the highest bond strength (11.47 MPa) (p<0.05). Adhesive failures at the cement/dentin interface were predominant (58.33%). Saline solution should be irrigant of choice to irrigate the post-space before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cement. NaOCl and CaOCl negatively affect the bond strength values.

Effect of post-space irrigation with naocl and caocl at different concentrations on the bond strength of posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of post-space irrigation with NaOCl and CaOCl at different concentrations on the bond strength of posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement. Eighty premolars were sectioned 14 mm from the apex, and endodontically treated. The root canal filling was partially removed. Specimens were randomly assigned into 8 groups (n=10), according to the irrigant for post-space irrigation: SS - 0.9% saline solution (control group); CHX - 2% chlorhexidine; 1% NaOCl - 1% sodium hypochlorite; 2.5% NaOCl - 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; 5% NaOCl - 5% sodium hypochlorite; 1% CaOCl - 1% calcium hypochlorite; 2.5% CaOCl - 2.5% calcium hypochlorite; and 5% CaOCl - 5% calcium hypochlorite. For each group, irrigation was performed continuously with 2 ml of solution. The post-spaces were dried with paper points (#80), and glass fiber posts were cemented using a self-adhesive resin cement. The specimens were sectioned perpendicularly and the push-out test was performed. Optical microscopy was used to analyze the failure mode. ANOVA and Bonferroni tests analyzed the bond strength data. NaOCl and CaOCl presented similar bond strength regardless the concentration used to irrigate the post-space (p>0.05). SS showed the highest bond strength (11.47 MPa) (p<0.05). Adhesive failures at the cement/dentin interface were predominant (58.33%). Saline solution should be irrigant of choice to irrigate the post-space before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cement. NaOCl and CaOCl negatively affect the bond strength values.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação do espaço preparado para o pino com NaOCl e CaOCl em diferentes concentrações na resistência adesiva de pinos cimentados com um cimento resinoso autoadesivo. Oitenta pré-molares foram seccionados 14 mm do ápice e endodonticamente tratado. As obturações foram parcialmente removidas. Os espécimes divididos randomicamente em 8 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o irrigante usado para irrigação do espaço preparado para pino: SF - soro fisiológico 0,9% (grupo controle); CHX - clorexidina 2%; NaOCl 1% - hipoclorito de sódio 1%; NaOCl 2,5% - hipoclorito de sódio 2,5%; NaOCl 5% - hipoclorito de sódio 5%; CaOCl 1% - hipoclorito de cálcio 1%; CaOCl 2,5% - hipoclorito de cálcio 2,5%; CaOCl 5% - hipoclorito de cálcio 5%. Para cada grupo, irrigação foi realizada com 2 mL de solução. O espaço preparado para pino foi seco com cone de papel absorvente (#80) e os pinos de fibra foram cimentados com cimento resinoso autoadesivo. Os espécimes foram seccionados perpendicularmente e o teste de push-out foi realizado. Microscopia óptica foi usada para analisar o padrão de falha. Os testes de ANOVA e Bonferroni analisaram os dados de resistência adesiva. NaOCl e CaOCl apresentaram similar resistência adesiva, independentemente da concentração usada para irrigar o espaço preparado para pino (p>0,05). SF apresentou os maiores valores de resistência adesiva (11,47 MPa) (p<0,05). Falhas adesivas na interface cimento/dentina foram predominantes (58,33%). Soro fisiológico deve ser o irrigante de escolha para irrigar o espaço preparado para pino antes da cimentação de pinos de fibra com cimentos resinosos autoadesivos. NaOCl e CaOCl afetam negativamente os valores de resistência adesiva.

In vitro methods to evaluate the mechanical behavior of teeth restored with post and core: a structured review

To critically assess in vitro methods used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of endodontically treated teeth restored with intra-radicular posts and cores. Literature review: a literature search of in vitro studies was conducted in PubMed database using the search terms: ("endodontic*" OR "intracanal post") AND ("fracture" OR "resistance" OR "load" OR "strength"). A filter for publication date was set to return studies from the last five years (from October 2010 to October 2015). The research strategy resulted in 1,556 studies. After the analysis of the eligibility criteria, 92 articles were included in a descriptive analysis. Human upper central incisors were used most frequently. The natural mobility of teeth was simulated using an artificial periodontal ligament in 66.7% of the studies. In 32.2% of the studies, the load to fracture was applied directly to the core. Thermocycling was performed in 27.2% of the studies. Cyclic loading was used in 38% of the studies. Final considerations: periodontal ligament simulation, thermocycling and cyclic loads are some methods that have been employed to approximate laboratory studies to the clinical conditions that teeth restored intra-radicular posts and cores are submitted. Novel test methodologies, such as step-test and staircase approach, have been used to evaluate the fatigue behavior of this systems. However, it is important do highlight that, considering the context in which most of the included studies were performed, the extrapolation of the results to the clinical practice should be made carefully

Clinical performance and failure modes of pulpless teeth restored with posts: a systematic review.

The aim of this systematic review was to compare the clinical performance and failure modes of teeth restored with intra-radicular retainers. A search was performed on PubMed/Medline, Central and ClinicalTrials databases for randomized clinical trials comparing clinical behavior and failures of at least two types of retainers. From 341 detected papers, 16 were selected for full-text analysis, of which 9 met the eligibility criteria. A manual search added 2 more studies, totalizing 11 studies that were included in this review. Evaluated retainers were fiber (prefabricated and customized) and metal (prefabricated and cast) posts, and follow-up ranged from 6 months to 10 years. Most studies showed good clinical behavior for evaluated intra-radicular retainers. Reported survival rates varied from 71 to 100% for fiber posts and 50 to 97.1% for metal posts. Studies found no difference in the survival among different metal posts and most studies found no difference between fiber and metal posts. Two studies also showed that remaining dentine height, number of walls and ferrule increased the longevity of the restored teeth. Failures of fiber posts were mainly due to post loss of retention, while metal post failures were mostly related to root fracture, post fracture and crown and/or post loss of retention. In conclusion, metal and fiber posts present similar clinical behavior at short to medium term follow-up. Remaining dental structure and ferrule increase the survival of restored pulpless teeth. Studies with longer follow-up are needed.

Clinical performance and failure modes of pulpless teeth restored with posts: a systematic review

Abstract The aim of this systematic review was to compare the clinical performance and failure modes of teeth restored with intra-radicular retainers. A search was performed on PubMed/Medline, Central and ClinicalTrials databases for randomized clinical trials comparing clinical behavior and failures of at least two types of retainers. From 341 detected papers, 16 were selected for full-text analysis, of which 9 met the eligibility criteria. A manual search added 2 more studies, totalizing 11 studies that were included in this review. Evaluated retainers were fiber (prefabricated and customized) and metal (prefabricated and cast) posts, and follow-up ranged from 6 months to 10 years. Most studies showed good clinical behavior for evaluated intra-radicular retainers. Reported survival rates varied from 71 to 100% for fiber posts and 50 to 97.1% for metal posts. Studies found no difference in the survival among different metal posts and most studies found no difference between fiber and metal posts. Two studies also showed that remaining dentine height, number of walls and ferrule increased the longevity of the restored teeth. Failures of fiber posts were mainly due to post loss of retention, while metal post failures were mostly related to root fracture, post fracture and crown and/or post loss of retention. In conclusion, metal and fiber posts present similar clinical behavior at short to medium term follow-up. Remaining dental structure and ferrule increase the survival of restored pulpless teeth. Studies with longer follow-up are needed.

Fiber-matrix integrity, micromorphology and flexural strength of glass fiber posts: Evaluation of the impact of rotary instruments.

Several rotary instruments have been daily employed on clinic to promote cut aiming to adjust the length of fiber posts to the radicular conduct, but there is no information on the literature about the effects of the different rotary instruments and its impact on the micromorphology of surface and mechanical properties of the glass fiber post. This study aimed the impact of rotary instruments upon fiber-matrix integrity, micromorphology and flexural-strength of glass-fiber posts (GFP). GFP (N=110) were divided into 5 groups: Ctrl: as-received posts, DBc: coarse diamond-bur, DBff: extra-fine diamond-bur, CB: carbide-bur, DD: diamond-disc. Cutting procedures were performed under abundant irrigation. Posts exposed to rotary instruments were then subjected to 2-point inclined loading test (compression 45°) (n=10/group) and 3-point flexural-strength test (n=10/group). Fiber-matrix integrity and micromorphology at the cut surface were analyzed using a SEM (n=2/group). Cutting procedures did not significantly affect the 2-point (51.7±4.3-56.7±5.1 MPa) (p=0.0233) and 3-point flexural-strength (671.5±35.3-709.1±33.1 MPa) (p=0.0968) of the posts (One-way ANOVA and Tukey׳s test). Fiber detachment was observed only at the end point of the cut at the margins of the post. Cut surfaces of the CB group were smoother than those of the other groups. After 3-point flexural strength test, fiber-matrix separation was evident at the tensile side of the post. Rotary instruments tested with simultaneous water-cooling did not affect the resistance of the tested fiber posts but caused disintegration of the fibers from the matrix at the end of the cut, located at the margins.

Fracture resistance of weakened roots restored with different intracanal retainers.

The purposes of the study were to evaluate the effect of mechanical cycling (MC) on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated weakened roots restored with different intraradicular retainers and to analyze the failure mode. Eighty bovine roots were prepared and restored: 20 roots were reconstructed with cast post-and-cores (CPCs); 20 with fiber posts (FPs); 20 with fiber posts with larger coronal diameter (FPLs); and 20 with anatomic posts (APs). Metal crowns were cemented in all the roots. Half of specimens from each restoration strategy (n = 10) were submitted to MC: CPC-MC, FP-MC, FPL-MC, and AP-MC. The specimens were subjected to a fracture resistance test. The results showed that the type of retainer used was statistically significant (P < 0.0004). The CPC specimens demonstrated a fracture resistance similar to that of the APs, but greater than that of the FPs and FPLs. MC was statistically significant (P < 0.003) and affected AP-MC fracture resistance, which was lower than that of CPC-MC and similar to those of FP-MC and FPL-MC.

Fatigue surviving, fracture resistance, shear stress and finite element analysis of glass fiber posts with different diameters.

This study evaluated the shear stress presented in glass fiber posts with parallel fiber (0°) and different coronal diameters under fatigue, fracture resistance and FEA. 160 glass-fiber posts (N=160) with eight different coronal diameters were used (DT=double tapered, number of the post=coronal diameter and W=Wider - fiber post with coronal diameter wider than the conventional): DT1.4; DT1.8W; DT1.6; DT2W; DT1.8; DT2.2W; DT2; DT2.2. Eighty posts were submitted to mechanical cycling (3×10(6) cycles; inclination: 45°; load: 50N; frequency: 4Hz; temperature: 37°C) to assess the surviving under intermittent loading and other eighty posts were submitted to fracture resistance testing (resistance [N] and shear-stress [MPa] values were obtained). The eight posts types were 3D modeled (Rhinoceros 4.0) and the shear-stress (MPa) evaluated using FEA (Ansys 13.0). One-way ANOVA showed statistically differences to fracture resistance (DT2.2W and DT2.2 showed higher values) and shear stress values (DT1.4 showed lower values). Only the DT1.4 fiber posts failed after mechanical cycling. FEA showed similar values of shear stress between the groups and these values were similar to those obtained by shear stress testing. The failure analysis showed that 95% of specimens failed by shear. Posts with parallel fiber (0°) may suffer fractures when an oblique shear load is applied on the structure; except the thinner group, greater coronal diameters promoted the same shear stresses.

Influence of periodontal ligament simulation on bond strength and fracture resistance of roots restored with fiber posts.

OBJECTIVE: Considering that periodontal ligament simulation may influence the stress distribution over teeth restored with intraradicular retainers, this study aimed to assess the combined effect of mechanical cycling and periodontal ligament simulation on both the bond strength between fiber posts and root dentin and the fracture resistance of teeth restored using glass fiber posts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety roots were randomly distributed into 3 groups (n=10) (C-MC: control; P-MC: polyether; AS-MC: addition silicone) to test bond strength and 6 groups (n=10) (C: control; P: polyether; AS: addition silicone, without mechanical cycling, and C-MC, P-MC and AS-MC with mechanical cycling) to test fracture strength, according to the material used to simulate the periodontal ligament. For the bond strength test, fiber posts were cemented, cores were built, mechanical cycling was applied (2×10(6) cycles, 88 N, 2.2 Hz, and 45º incline), and the teeth cut into 3 slices (2 mm), which were then subjected to the push-out test at 1 mm/min. For the fracture strength test, fiber posts were cemented, cores were built, and half of the groups received mechanical cycling, followed by the compressive strength (45° to the long axis and 1 mm/min) performed on all groups. RESULTS: Periodontal ligament simulation did not affect the bond strength (p=0.244) between post and dentin. Simulation of periodontal ligament (p=0.153) and application of mechanical cycling (p=0.97) did not affect fracture resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The materials used to simulate the periodontal ligament did not affect fracture or bond strength, therefore periodontal ligament simulation using the tested materials could be considered optional in the conditions of the study.

Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of sleep bruxism (SB) in children is subject to discussions in the literature. OBJECTIVE: This study is a systematic literature review aiming to critically assess the prevalence of SB in children. METHODS: Survey using the following research databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed, Lilacs and BBO, from January 2000 to February 2013, focusing on studies specifically assessing the prevalence of SB in children. RESULTS: After applying the inclusion criteria, four studies were retrieved. Among the selected articles, the prevalence rates of SB ranged from 5.9% to 49.6%, and these variations showed possible associations with the diagnostic criteria used for SB. CONCLUSION: There is a small number of studies with the primary objective of assessing SB in children. Additionally, there was a wide variation in the prevalence of SB in children. Thus, further, evidence-based studies with standardized and validated diagnostic criteria are necessary to assess the prevalence of SB in children more accurately. .

INTRODUÇÃO: a prevalência de bruxismo do sono (BS) na população infantil é tema de discussões na literatura. OBJETIVO: assim, este trabalho, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, teve como objetivo avaliar, de forma crítica, a prevalência de BS em crianças. MÉTODOS: foi feito um levantamento nas bases de pesquisa MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, Lilacs e BBO, entre os anos de 2000 e fevereiro de 2013, com enfoque em estudos que avaliaram especificamente a prevalência de BS em crianças. RESULTADOS: após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, chegou-se a quatro estudos. Entre os artigos selecionados, as taxas de prevalência de BS variaram de 5,9% a 49,6%, sendo que essas variações apresentaram possíveis associações com os critérios diagnósticos para BS. CONCLUSÃO: verifica-se um número reduzido de estudos que apresentaram o objetivo primário de avaliar o BS em crianças, além de uma grande variação nas taxas de prevalência. Torna-se necessária a realização de novos estudos, baseados em métodos de evidências e com critérios diagnósticos padronizados e validados, para avaliar com maior precisão a prevalência do BS em crianças. .

Influence of periodontal ligament simulation on bond strength and fracture resistance of roots restored with fiber posts

Objective: Considering that periodontal ligament simulation may influence the stress distribution over teeth restored with intraradicular retainers, this study aimed to assess the combined effect of mechanical cycling and periodontal ligament simulation on both the bond strength between fiber posts and root dentin and the fracture resistance of teeth restored using glass fiber posts. Material and Methods: Ninety roots were randomly distributed into 3 groups (n=10) (C-MC: control; P-MC: polyether; AS-MC: addition silicone) to test bond strength and 6 groups (n=10) (C: control; P: polyether; AS: addition silicone, without mechanical cycling, and C-MC, P-MC and AS-MC with mechanical cycling) to test fracture strength, according to the material used to simulate the periodontal ligament. For the bond strength test, fiber posts were cemented, cores were built, mechanical cycling was applied (2×106 cycles, 88 N, 2.2 Hz, and 45º incline), and the teeth cut into 3 slices (2 mm), which were then subjected to the push-out test at 1 mm/min. For the fracture strength test, fiber posts were cemented, cores were built, and half of the groups received mechanical cycling, followed by the compressive strength (45° to the long axis and 1 mm/min) performed on all groups. Results: Periodontal ligament simulation did not affect the bond strength (p=0.244) between post and dentin. Simulation of periodontal ligament (p=0.153) and application of mechanical cycling (p=0.97) did not affect fracture resistance. Conclusions: The materials used to simulate the periodontal ligament did not affect fracture or bond strength, therefore periodontal ligament simulation using the tested materials could be considered optional in the conditions of the study. .

Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of sleep bruxism (SB) in children is subject to discussions in the literature. OBJECTIVE: This study is a systematic literature review aiming to critically assess the prevalence of SB in children. METHODS: Survey using the following research databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed, Lilacs and BBO, from January 2000 to February 2013, focusing on studies specifically assessing the prevalence of SB in children. RESULTS: After applying the inclusion criteria, four studies were retrieved. Among the selected articles, the prevalence rates of SB ranged from 5.9% to 49.6%, and these variations showed possible associations with the diagnostic criteria used for SB. CONCLUSION: There is a small number of studies with the primary objective of assessing SB in children. Additionally, there was a wide variation in the prevalence of SB in children. Thus, further, evidence-based studies with standardized and validated diagnostic criteria are necessary to assess the prevalence of SB in children more accurately.

Influence of endodontic sealer composition and time of fiber post cementation on sealer adhesiveness to bovine root dentin.

This study aimed to assess the influence of the type of endodontic sealer (salicylate resin-based sealer vs. two endodontic sealers) and the time of fiber post cementation after root filling on the post adhesion to bovine root dentin. Sixty bovine roots were assigned to six groups (n=10), considering an experimental design with two factors (factorial 3x2): endodontic sealer factor in three levels [epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus), eugenol-based sealer (Endofill), and salicylate resin-based sealer plus mineral trioxide aggregate - MTA (MTA Fillapex)] and time for post cementation factor in two levels (immediate post cementation or 15 days after root canal filling). After post cementation, 2-mm-thick slices were produced and submitted to push-out test. The failure modes were analyzed under a 40× stereomicroscope and scored as: adhesive at cement/dentin interface; adhesive at cement/post interface; cement cohesive; post cohesive; dentin cohesive; or mixed. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (α=0.05). When the fiber posts were cemented immediately after the root canal filling, the bond strengths were similar, independent of the endodontic sealer type. However, after 15 days, the epoxy resin-based sealer presented higher bond strength than the other sealers (p<0.05). Comparison between each sealer in different experimental times did not reveal any differences. The main failure type was adhesive at dentin/cement interface (89.4%). The time elapsed between the root canal filling and post cementation has no influence on post/root dentin adhesion. On the contrary, the type of endodontic sealer can influence the adhesion between fiber posts and root dentin.

Influence of Endodontic Sealer Composition and Time of Fiber Post Cementation on Sealer Adhesiveness to Bovine Root Dentin

This study aimed to assess the influence of the type of endodontic sealer (salicylate resin-based sealer vs. two endodontic sealers) and the time of fiber post cementation after root filling on the post adhesion to bovine root dentin. Sixty bovine roots were assigned to six groups (n=10), considering an experimental design with two factors (factorial 3x2): endodontic sealer factor in three levels [epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus), eugenol-based sealer (Endofill), and salicylate resin-based sealer plus mineral trioxide aggregate - MTA (MTA Fillapex)] and time for post cementation factor in two levels (immediate post cementation or 15 days after root canal filling). After post cementation, 2-mm-thick slices were produced and submitted to push-out test. The failure modes were analyzed under a 40× stereomicroscope and scored as: adhesive at cement/dentin interface; adhesive at cement/post interface; cement cohesive; post cohesive; dentin cohesive; or mixed. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (α=0.05). When the fiber posts were cemented immediately after the root canal filling, the bond strengths were similar, independent of the endodontic sealer type. However, after 15 days, the epoxy resin-based sealer presented higher bond strength than the other sealers (p<0.05). Comparison between each sealer in different experimental times did not reveal any differences. The main failure type was adhesive at dentin/cement interface (89.4%). The time elapsed between the root canal filling and post cementation has no influence on post/root dentin adhesion. On the contrary, the type of endodontic sealer can influence the adhesion between fiber posts and root dentin.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência do tipo de cimento endodôntico (um cimento à base de resina de salicilato e dois cimentos endodônticos) e do tempo decorrido entre a obturação do conduto e a cimentação do pino de fibra na adesão de pinos de fibra à dentina radicular bovina. Sessenta dentes bovinos foram divididos em seis grupos (n=10), considerando um desenho experimental de dois fatores (3x2): cimento endodôntico em três níveis [à base de resina epóxica (AH Plus), eugenol (Endofill) e resina de salicilato e MTA (MTA Fillapex)] e o tempo para cimentação em dois níveis (cimentação imediata e 15 dias pós a obturação). Após cimentação do pino de fibra, fatias com 2 mm de espessura foram obtidas e submetidas ao teste de push-out. Os padrões de falha foram analisados em estereomicroscópio (40×) e classificados em: adesiva na interface cimento/dentina, adesiva cimento/pino, coesiva do cimento, coesiva do pino, coesiva da dentina e mista. Os dados foram analisados através dos testes de ANOVA a dois fatores e post hoc de Tukey (α=0,05). Quando os pinos de fibra foram cimentados imediatamente após a obturação dos condutos, a resistência adesiva foi similar, independentemente do tipo de cimento endodôntico. Entretanto, após 15 dias, os dentes obturados com cimento resinoso à base de resina epóxica apresentaram os maiores valores de resistência adesiva (p<0,05). Os valores de resistência adesiva do mesmo cimento nos diferentes tempos experimentais não foram alterados. O principal tipo de falha foi adesiva na interface cimento/dentina (89,4%). O tempo decorrido entre a obturação dos condutos e a cimentação do pino não influenciou a adesão do pino de fibra à dentina radicular. Por outro lado, o tipo de cimento endodôntico influencia a adesão entre dentina radicular e pinos de fibra.

Fracture resistance of weakened teeth restored using accessory glass fiber posts.

This study used differential root weakening to evaluate the fracture resistance of bovine teeth restored using glass fiber posts (with or without accessory glass fiber posts). Fifty bovine mandibular incisors were sectioned 14 mm from the apex, fixed in acrylic resin blocks, and divided into 5 groups: healthy roots with a glass fiber post (Group 1), partially weakened teeth with a glass fiber post (Group 2), partially weakened teeth with a glass fiber post and 2 accessory glass fiber posts (Group 3), extensively weakened teeth with a glass fiber post (Group 4), and extensively weakened teeth with a glass fiber post and 5 accessory glass fiber posts (Group 5). Posts were luted with resin cement, cores were prepared using composite resin, and metallic crowns were cemented. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for more than 72 hours until the fracture resistance test. Specimens were loaded at 135 degrees relative to the long axis of the tooth at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute in a universal testing machine. All groups predominantly exhibited favorable failure patterns and there were no statistically significant differences between groups (two-way ANOVA, α = 0.05).

Influence of cement thickness and mechanical cycling on the push-out bond strength between posts and root dentin.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of mechanical cycling and cement thickness on the bond strength between fiber posts and root dentin. Forty bovine teeth were sectioned (16 mm) and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10). Specimens in Groups 1 and 2 were cemented using a thinner cement layer, while specimens in Groups 3 and 4 were cemented using a thicker cement layer. Groups 2 and 4 were submitted to mechanical cycling. Four slices per specimen were produced and submitted to push-out testing. Bond strength values were not affected by mechanical cycling (P = 0.2893), although the thickness of the cement layer did affect bond strengths (P = 0.0059, thinner > thicker). Tukey's test showed that Group 1 (19.27 MPa) had a higher mean bond strength value than Group 3 (12.4 MPa) and Group 4 (13.6 MPa), while Group 2 (15.0 MPa) was statistically similar to all groups. These results indicate that a thicker cement layer negatively affected the push-out bond strength between a fiber post and root dentin, regardless of whether the specimens were subjected to mechanical cycling.

Resistência à fratura de dentes tratados endodonticamente, reconstruídos com pinos de fibras de polietileno e com pinos biológicos / Fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth reconstructed with woven polyethylene fiber posts and biological posts

Objetivo:Avaliar a resistência e o padrão de fratura de dentes tratados endodonticamente com raízes estruturalmente enfraquecidas, reconstruídas com pinos de fibras de polietileno e pinos biológicos. Métodos: Após remoção das coroas, sessenta caninos superiores tratados endodonticamente foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: 1) preparo convencional dos condutos e pinos de fibras de polietileno; 2) preparo convencional dos condutos e pinos biológicos; 3) condutos medianamente alargados e pinos biológicos; 4) condutos amplamente alargados e pinos biológicos. Os pinos foram cimentados com cimento resinoso Enforce (Dentsply Ind. e Com., Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) e construiu-se a porção coronária com resina composta Ti-Core(Essential Dental Systems, S. Hackensack, NJ, USA). Os espécimes foram testados sob compressão em máquina de ensaios universal. Resultados: Os valores de resistência à fratura obtidos foram: grupo 1 - 45,46kgf; grupo 2 - 53,30kgf; grupo 3 - 58,67kgf; grupo 4 - 47,91kgf, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos 1 e 3 (p < 0,05). Observou-se o seguinte padrão de fratura: grupo 1 - ampla predominância de fratura da porção coronária do núcleo; grupos 2 e 3 - padrão variado de fraturas; grupo 4 - todas as raízes fraturaram. Conclusão: Ambos os pinos mostraram-se promissores para o uso proposto (adequada resistência à fratura e padrão de fraturas favorável). Os pinos biológicos parecem capazes de promover reforço das raízes, porém 100% das raízes amplamente alargadas fraturaram.

Objective: To investigate the fracture strength and mode of endodontically treated teeth with structurally weakened roots reconstructed withwoven polyethylene fiber posts and biological posts. Methods: After removing the crowns, 60 endodontically treated maxillary canines were distributed into 4 groups: 1) conventional root canal preparation and reconstruction with polyethylene fiber posts; 2) conventional root canal preparation and reconstruction with biological posts; 3) moderately flared root canals and reconstruction with biological posts; 4) widely flared root canals and reconstruction with biological posts. The posts were cemented with resin cement Enforce (Dentsply Ind. e Com., Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) and the core was constructed with Ti-Core (EssentialDental Systems, S. Hackensack, NJ, USA) resin composite. The specimens were tested under compression in a universal testing machine. Results: The following fracture strength values were obtained: Group 1 - 45.46kgf; Group 2 - 53.30kgf; Group 3 - 58.67kgf; Group 4 - 47.91kgf, with statistically significant differences between Groups 1 and 3 (p<0.05). The following fracture modes were observed: Group 1 - predominance of fracture of the coronal portion of the post; Groups 2 and 3 - various fracture patterns; Group 4 - all roots fractured. Conclusion: Both posts were shown to be promising (adequate fracture strength and favorable pattern of fracture). Biological posts appear to be capable of reinforcing the root to some extent; however, fracture occured in all roots with widely flared root canals.

In vitro wear resistance of three types of polymethyl methacrylate denture teeth.

The wear resistance of denture teeth is important to the longevity of removable prostheses of edentulous patients. The ability of denture teeth to maintain a stable occlusal relationship over time may be influenced by this property. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the wear resistance of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture teeth based on their chemical composition when opposed by a ceramic antagonist. The maxillary canines (n=10) of 3 PMMA denture teeth (Trubyte Biotone, cross-linked PMMA; Trilux, highly cross-linked IPN (interpenetrating polymer network)-PMMA; and Vivodent, highly cross-linked PMMA) were secured in an in vitro 2-body wear-testing apparatus that produced sliding contact of the specimens (4.5 cycles/s, sliding distance of 20 mm, under 37 degrees C running water) against glazed or airborne particle abraded ceramic. Wear resistance was measured as height loss (mm) under 300 g (sliding force) after 100,000 cycles, using a digital measuring microscope. Mean values were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a=0.05). The wear of Trubyte Biotone (0.93 +/- 0.14 mm) was significantly higher than that of both other types of teeth tested against abraded ceramic (p<0.05). The Vivodent tooth (0.64 +/- 0.17 mm) exhibited the best wear resistance among the denture teeth tested against airborne particle abraded ceramic. There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in wear among the 3 denture teeth evaluated against glazed ceramic. Trilux and Vivodent teeth tested against either glazed or airborne particle abraded ceramic did not differ significantly from each other (p<0.05). All teeth showed significantly more wear against airborne particle abraded ceramic than against glazed ceramic (p<0.05). In conclusion, the three types of PMMA denture teeth presented significantly different wear resistance against the abraded ceramic. The high-strength PMMA denture teeth were more wear-resistant than the conventional PMMA denture tooth.

O que saber para conhecer e selecionar dentes artificiais / What you nedd to know to choose denture teeth

O objetivo deste trabalho foi elucidar os conceitos relacionados à polimerização da resina acrílica, e classificar os dentes artificiais poliméricos sob a ótica da composição química da matéria-prima que compõe o produto final. Inúmeras variáveis envolvidas no processo de polimerização da resina acrílica podem influenciar a sua qualidade final e gerar dentes artificiais com propriedades diferenciadas. Os principais artifícios técnicos utilizados pela indústria odontológica, para o aperfeiçoamento da resina acrílica, envolveram o aumento do peso molecular, o cruzamento dos polímeros (cross-linked), a copolimerização, o uso da resina IPN, o acréscimo de carga mineral e pigmentos e a prensagem em múltiplas camadas. D e acordo com a variante de polimerização utilizada durante o processo de fabricação da resina acrílica, é possível dividir os dentes artificiais disponíveis atualmente no mercado odontológico em dois grupos principais: dentes convencionais e dentes de alta resistência