Remodelado inverso de aurícula izquierda en pacientes con estenosis de válvula mitral tras valvuloplastia percutánea: estudio ecocardiográfico bidimensional y tridimensional / Left atrium reverse remodeling in patients with mitral valve stenosis after percutaneous valvuloplasty: A 2- and 3-dimensional echocardiographic study

Introducción y objetivos. La aurícula izquierda tiene importancia clínica en pacientes con estenosis de la válvula mitral. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los efectos de la valvuloplastia percutánea con balón en los volúmenes auriculares izquierdos y la fracción de vaciado auricular izquierdo en pacientes con estenosis de válvula mitral sintomática, mediante el empleo de ecocardiografía transtorácica bidimensional y tridimensional en tiempo real. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo de 28 pacientes consecutivos, 24 de ellos mujeres (85,6%), de 22-72 (media, 39 ± 11,5) años de edad, con estenosis de válvula mitral sintomática a los que se practicó una valvuloplastia percutánea con balón entre marzo de 2009 y mayo de 2011. Se realizaron exploraciones de ecocardiografía transtorácica bidimensional y tridimensional y transesofágica (fibrilación auricular) y una medición invasiva del área de válvula mitral. Se efectuó un análisis ecocardiográfico antes de la valvuloplastia percutánea con balón y a las 72 h y los 12 meses de realizada. Se analizaron los siguientes parámetros: a) área de válvula mitral (planimetría bidimensional, semitiempo de presión, ecocardiografía tridimensional, medición invasiva de parámetros hemodinámicos); b) volúmenes indexados máximo y mínimo de la aurícula izquierda, y c) fracción de vaciado auricular izquierdo. Resultados. Los parámetros tridimensionales de los pacientes con estenosis de válvula mitral antes y 72 h y 12 meses después de la valvuloplastia con balón percutánea fueron los siguientes: a) área de válvula mitral, 0,9 ± 0,1 cm2, 1,8 ± 0,2 cm2 (p < 0,001) y 1,7 ± 0,2 cm2 (p < 0,001); b) volúmenes máximos de la aurícula izquierda, 49,9 ± 12; 42 ± 11,4 (p < 0,001) y 40,3 ± 10,2 ml/m2 (p < 0,001), y c) fracción de vaciado auricular izquierdo, 30,1 ± 9,4%; 40,6 ± 7,4% (p < 0,001) y 44,1 ± 8% (p < 0,001) respectivamente. Conclusiones. En los pacientes con estenosis de válvula mitral sintomática tratados con valvuloplastia percutánea con balón, el análisis mediante ecocardiografía bidimensional y tridimensional mostró una mejora del remodelado inverso de la aurícula izquierda y de la fracción de vaciado auricular izquierdo a las 72 h y a los 12 meses de la intervención(AU)

Introduction and objectives. The left atrium is clinically relevant in patients with mitral valve stenosis. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty on left atrium volumes and the left atrium emptying fraction in symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients using 2-dimensional and real-time 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Methods. We carried out a prospective study of 28 consecutive symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients, aged 22-72 (39 [11.5]) years, 24/28 (85.6%) women, who underwent to percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty between March 2009 and May 2011. Patients underwent 2- and 3-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (atrial fibrillation) and invasive mitral valve area measurement. Echocardiographic analysis was performed before, 72h after and 12 months after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. The following parameters were analyzed: a) mitral valve area (2-dimensional planimetry, pressure half-time, 3-dimensional echocardiography, invasive hemodynamic measurement); b) indexed left atrium maximum and indexed minimum volumes, and c) left atrium emptying fraction. Results. The 3-dimensional parameters of the mitral valve stenosis patients before and 72h and 12 months after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty were as follows: a) mitral valve area: 0.9 (0.1) cm2; 1.8 (0.2) cm2 (P<.001); 1.7 (0.2) cm2 (P<.001); b) left atrium maximum volumes: 49.9 (12) mL/m2; 42 (11.4) mL/m2 (P<.001); 40.3 (10.2) mL/m2 (P<.001), and c) left atrium emptying fraction: 30.1 (9.4%); 40.6 (7.4%) (P<.001); 44.1 (8%) (P<.001), respectively. Conclusions. In symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients who underwent percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty analysis by 2- and 3-dimensional echocardiography, improvements in left atrium reverse remodeling and left atrium emptying fraction were observed 72h and 12 months after the procedure(AU)

Left atrium reverse remodeling in patients with mitral valve stenosis after percutaneous valvuloplasty: a 2- and 3-dimensional echocardiographic study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The left atrium is clinically relevant in patients with mitral valve stenosis. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty on left atrium volumes and the left atrium emptying fraction in symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients using 2-dimensional and real-time 3 -dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. METHODS: We carried out a prospective study of 28 consecutive symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients, aged 22-72 (39 [11.5]) years, 24/28 (85.6%) women, who underwent to percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty between March 2009 and May 2011. Patients underwent 2- and 3-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (atrial fibrillation) and invasive mitral valve area measurement. Echocardiographic analysis was performed before, 72 h after and 12 months after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. The following parameters were analyzed: a) mitral valve area (2-dimensional planimetry, pressure half-time, 3-dimensional echocardiography, invasive hemodynamic measurement); b) indexed left atrium maximum and indexed minimum volumes, and c) left atrium emptying fraction. RESULTS: The 3-dimensional parameters of the mitral valve stenosis patients before and 72 h and 12 months after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty were as follows: a) mitral valve area: 0.9 (0.1) cm(2); 1.8 (0.2) cm(2) (P<.001); 1.7 (0.2) cm(2) (P<.001); b) left atrium maximum volumes: 49.9 (12) mL/m(2); 42 (11.4) mL/m(2) (P<.001); 40.3 (10.2) mL/m(2) (P<.001), and c) left atrium emptying fraction: 30.1 (9.4%); 40.6 (7.4%) (P<.001); 44.1 (8%) (P<.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients who underwent percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty analysis by 2- and 3-dimensional echocardiography, improvements in left atrium reverse remodeling and left atrium emptying fraction were observed 72 h and 12 months after the procedure.

Remoção percutânea de fragmento de cateter intravascular: uma adaptação da caixa de ferramentas / Percutaneous removal of intravascular catheter fragment: an adaptation of the toolbox

A fragmentação de um cateter intravascular foi primeiramente publicada em 1954 e, desde então, observamos notável evolução das técnicas de retirada de corpo estranho intravascular. A descrição pioneira de remoção não cirúrgica de corpo estranho data de 1964, com o relato da retirada de fragmento de fio-guia com auxílio de um fórceps de biópsia para broncoscópio. Apesar da disponibilidade de variados dispositivos dedicados, por vezes, para se ter sucesso, é necessária a adaptação de materiais. Relatamos aqui o caso de uma portadora de cateter Port-a-Cath em veia subclávia esquerda, implantado 5 anos antes, que rompeu a porção intravascular durante sua retirada, tendo sido removido com sucesso por via percutânea.

The first report of an intravascular catheter fragmentation was published in 1954 and ever since we have observed a remarkable evolution in the techniques of intravascular foreign body removal. The pioneer description of non-surgical foreign body removal dates back to 1964, with the report of a guidewire fragment withdrawal using a bronchoscopy biopsy forceps. Despite the availability of several dedicated devices, materials may have to be adapted at times to achieve technical success. We report the case of a patient with a Port-a-Cath catheter in the left subclavian vein, which had been placed 5 years before and whose intravascular portion was broken during withdrawal. It was successfully removed using the percutaneous approach.

[B-type natriuretic peptide assessment in the diagnosis of rejection after pediatric heart transplant].

BACKGROUND: Rejection is one of the major causes of mortality following pediatric heart transplant. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been studied as a method for the diagnosis of acute rejection, especially in adult patients undergoing heart transplant. OBJECTIVE: To correlate serum BNP levels with acute rejection as diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy in patients of the pediatric heart transplant group. METHODS: A total of 50 BNP samples were collected from 33 children in the postoperative period of heart transplant, and data on age, gender, skin color, blood group, immune panel, follow-up time after transplant, functional class, immunosuppressive regimen used and number of rejections were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty three children with median age of 10.13 years were analyzed; of these, 54% were females and 78% were Caucasians. BNP levels were determined at a mean time from transplant of 4.25 years. Nine episodes of rejection were diagnosed in eight patients (27%) by means of endomyocardial biopsy; of these, three were grade 3A, five were grade 2, and one had humoral rejection. At the moment of biopsy, most patients were asymptomatic. The mean serum BNP level was 77.18 pg/ml, with 144.22 pg/ml in the group with rejection and 62.46 pg/ml in the group without rejection, with p = 0.02. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic children can present acute rejection in the postoperative period of heart transplant. Serum BNP levels show a statistically significant difference in the group with rejection and thus can be an additional method in the diagnosis of cardiac rejection.

Avaliação do peptídeo natriurético tipo B no diagnóstico de rejeição após transplante cardíaco pediátrico / B-type natriuretic peptide assessment in the diagnosis of rejection after pediatric heart transplant / Evaluación del péptido natriurético tipo B en el diagnóstico de rechazo tras transplante cardiaco pediátrico

FUNDAMENTO: A rejeição constitui-se em uma das principais causas de mortalidade após o transplante cardíaco pediátrico. O peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP) tem sido estudado como método no diagnóstico de rejeição aguda, especialmente em pacientes adultos submetidos a transplante cardíaco. OBJETIVO:Correlacionar o nível sérico de BNP à rejeição aguda diagnosticada pela biópsia endomiocárdica em pacientes do grupo de transplante cardíaco pediátrico. MÉTODOS:Foram coletadas 50 amostras de BNP de 33 crianças em pós-operatório de transplante cardíaco e analisados dados de idade, sexo, cor, grupo sangüíneo, painel imunológico, tempo de evolução após o transplante, classe funcional, imunossupressão utilizada e número de rejeições. RESULTADOS:Foram 33 crianças com idade mediana de 10,13 anos, predomínio do sexo feminino (54%) e da cor branca (78%). No momento da dosagem de BNP o tempo médio de transplante foi 4,25 anos. A biópsia endomiocárdica diagnosticou nove rejeições em oito pacientes (27%), sendo três com grau 3 A, cinco com grau 2 e um com rejeição humoral. No momento da biópsia, a maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se assintomática. O nível sérico de BNP foi em média 77,18 pg/ml, sendo 144,22 pg/ml no grupo com rejeição e 62,46 pg/ml no grupo sem rejeição, com p = 0,02. CONCLUSÃO: Crianças assintomáticas podem apresentar rejeição aguda no pós-operatório de transplante cardíaco. O nível sérico de BNP apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante no grupo com rejeição, podendo ser método adicional no diagnóstico de rejeição cardíaca.

BACKGROUND: Rejection is one of the major causes of mortality following pediatric heart transplant. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been studied as a method for the diagnosis of acute rejection, especially in adult patients undergoing heart transplant. OBJECTIVE: To correlate serum BNP levels with acute rejection as diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy in patients of the pediatric heart transplant group. METHODS: A total of 50 BNP samples were collected from 33 children in the postoperative period of heart transplant, and data on age, gender, skin color, blood group, immune panel, follow-up time after transplant, functional class, immunosuppressive regimen used and number of rejections were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty three children with median age of 10.13 years were analyzed; of these, 54% were females and 78% were Caucasians. BNP levels were determined at a mean time from transplant of 4.25 years. Nine episodes of rejection were diagnosed in eight patients (27%) by means of endomyocardial biopsy; of these, three were grade 3A, five were grade 2, and one had humoral rejection. At the moment of biopsy, most patients were asymptomatic. The mean serum BNP level was 77.18 pg/ml, with 144.22 pg/ml in the group with rejection and 62.46 pg/ml in the group without rejection, with p = 0.02. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic children can present acute rejection in the postoperative period of heart transplant. Serum BNP levels show a statistically significant difference in the group with rejection and thus can be an additional method in the diagnosis of cardiac rejection.

FUNDAMENTO: El rechazo constituye una de las principales causas de mortalidad tras el transplante cardiaco pediátrico. El péptido natriurético tipo B (BNP) ha sido estudiado como método en el diagnóstico de rechazo agudo, sobre todo en pacientes adultos sometidos a transplante cardiaco. OBJETIVO:Correlacionar el nivel sérico de BNP al rechazo agudo diagnosticado por biopsia endomiocárdica en pacientes del grupo de transplante cardiaco pediátrico. MÉTODOS:Se recolectaron 50 muestras de BNP de 33 niños en postoperatorio de transplante cardiaco, y se analizaron datos como edad, sexo, color, grupo sanguíneo, cuadro inmunológico, tiempo de evolución tras el transplante, clase funcional, inmunosupresión utilizada y número de rechazos. RESULTADOS:Se seleccionaron a 33 niños con edad promedio de 10,13 años, predominio del sexo femenino (54%) y de color blanca (78%). Al momento de la dosificación de BNP, el tiempo promedio de transplante fue de 4,25 años. La biopsia endomiocárdica diagnosticó nueve rechazos en ocho pacientes (27%), de ellos tres presentaron grado 3A, cinco grado 2 y uno rechazo humoral. Ya al momento de la biopsia, la mayoría de los pacientes se encontraba asintomática. El nivel sérico de BNP tuvo como promedio, 77,18 pg/ml; 144,22 pg/ml en el grupo con rechazo y 62,46 pg/ml en el grupo sin rechazo, con p = 0,02. CONCLUSIÓN: Niños asintomáticos pueden presentar rechazo agudo en el postoperatorio de transplante cardiaco. El nivel sérico de BNP presentó diferencia estadísticamente significante en el grupo con rechazo, lo que lo convierte en posible método adicional en el diagnóstico de rechazo cardiaco.

Doppler flow evaluation can anticipate abnormal left lung perfusion after transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus.

AIMS: Coil protrusion into the left pulmonary artery (LPA) has been described after transcatheter closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The possible impact of such a finding in lung perfusion has not been completely clarified. We evaluated Doppler flow velocities and lung perfusion in patients submitted to that procedure. METHODS: After transcatheter closure of PDA with coils, 70 patients (mean age 8.6+/-3.4 years) were followed for a period of 3.6+/-0.9 years (range 2.1-5.9) and compared to 22 controls. Peak flow velocities and coil protrusion were assessed by Doppler echocardiography. A Doppler velocity index (DVI) was calculated by the difference between the LPA and right pulmonary artery (RPA) peak flow velocities relative to the pulmonary trunk (PT) expressed in percentage, as follows: DVI=(LPA velocity - RPA velocity)/PT velocity x 100. Lung scintigraphy was performed using (99m)Tc-labelled macro-aggregated albumin. RESULTS: Device protrusion was observed in 94% of the patients, 10% of whom presented abnormal left lung perfusion. Peak LPA velocity and DVI were significantly greater in patients (p=0.001) and correlated negatively with left lung perfusion values (R(2)=0.21 and R(2)=0.65, respectively). A cut-off value of 50% for the DVI showed high sensitivity and specificity for reduced lung perfusion. CONCLUSION: Impaired left lung perfusion may appear following transcatheter closure of PDA with coils and the determination of DVI may anticipate such alteration.

Origem anômala da artéria coronária esquerda da artéria pulmonar direita com trajeto intramural aórtico: implicaçöes diagnósticas clínicocirúrgicas / Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery with intramural aortic trajectory clinicosurgical diagnostic implications

Objective - Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery (AOLCARPA), is a rare entity that is usually associated with other defects. Of the 20 cases of AOLCARPA reported in the literature, 14 (70 per cent) had associations. We describe four patients with AOLCARPA without associated defects, but with a peculiar intramural aortic trajectory. Methods - Fifty-five patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery were operated upon at INCORFMUSP. Four of the patients had the anomalous origin from the right pulmonary artery (RPA) without associated defects but with intramural aortic trajetory. Clinical and laboratory examinations were analyzed, as well as surgical findings. Results - All patients had congestive heart failure (CHF) and 3 also had angina pectoris. Two patients had a murmur of mitral regurgitation, signs of myocardial infarction on the ECG and cardiomegaly. The shortening fraction varied from 9 per cent to 23 per cent. The hemodynamic study confirmed the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the coronary artery, but the intramural trajetory and the origin from the RPA were established only at surgery. In 3 patients, the technique of side-to-side anastomosis was performed with a good outcome. One patient, who underwent end-to-side anastomosis, died 6 months after the surgery. Conclusion - Association with other defects usually occurs in the AOLCARPA, and the intramural aortic trajectory is difficult to clinically diagnose but easy to surgically correct.

Agenesia da artéria pulmonar direita com acentuada hipertensão pulmonar, atenuada por correção cirúrgica / Agenesis of Right Pulmonary Artery with Severe Pulmonary Hypertension Attenuceted by Surgical Correction

A 22 months old infant with agenesis of right pulmonary artery, without other associated congenital heart defects, is reported. Reconstruction of pulmonary arteries by connecting them through a 7mm Goretex tube was performed, with clear clinical improvement in view of disappearance of signs of cardiac insufficiency and of hypoxemia. Contralateral pulmonary hypertension, at systemic level, decreased to 77 in the immediate postoperative period. So, this technique becomes the first option, before considering these cases for cardiopulmonary transplantation.

Interrupçäo do arco aórtico com canal arterial restritivo / Interruption of the Aortic Arch with Narrowed Ductus Arteriosus

A interrupçäo do arco aórtico constitui uma malformaçäo cardiovascular icomum, que geralmente está associada a grande canal arterial e comunicaçäo interventricular. O achado excepcional desta anomalia com canal arterial restrito é descrito em dois pacientes, mostrando sua forma de apresentaçäo clínica, sobretudo em estudo hemodinâmico. Descreve-se sua abordagem clínica e cirúrgica