A rat study on the PTEN expression in ovarian tissue in PCOS and folliculogenesis.

The objective of this investigation was to examine alterations in PTEN expression within ovarian tissue in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The analysis also encompassed the examination of PTEN alterations in the ovarian tissue throughout the process of folliculogenesis in rats with normal ovulatory cycles. The study involved 12 adult female Sprague‒Dawley rats randomly assigned to the letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) group as part of an animal-based research endeavour. The sections derived from the ovaries were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for PTEN. The evaluation of PTEN staining levels in ovarian tissues was conducted using electron microscopy. Follicle counts, as well as hormonal and biochemical analyses (serum luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), testosterone, oestradiol levels and serum glucose, triglyceride, HDL and LDL-cholesterol levels), were conducted to provide evidence of the manifestation of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in rats. The number of primordial and Graafian follicles in the PCOS group decreased significantly, and the number of primary, secondary and antral follicles increased significantly. PTEN expression was found to be significantly higher in the PCOS group than in the control group in the primordial follicle oocyte cytoplasm, primordial follicle granulosa cells, primary follicle oocyte cytoplasm, primary follicle granulosa cells, antral follicle oocyte cytoplasm, antral follicle granulosa cells, and corpus luteum (p = 0.007, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.002, and p = 0.018, respectively). In the non-PCOS group, a time-dependent comparison of the amount of oocyte cytoplasm and PTEN staining in granulosa cells of the oocytes at different stages of development was performed. While the follicles were developing from the primordial follicle to the primary and antral follicle, the amount of PTEN staining in the oocyte cytoplasm decreased, whereas the PTEN activity in the granulosa cells increased as the oocyte developed (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). The current investigation demonstrated changes in PTEN expression in ovarian tissue throughout the course of normal folliculogenesis, as well as in instances of disrupted folliculogenesis, with a focus on rats with PCOS.

Comparing the success rate of natural cycle and modified natural cycle protocols for frozen-thawed embryo transfer.

Objective: The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of Natural Cycle and modified Natural Cycle protocols for frozen-thawed embryo transfer on clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate. Methods: This prospective randomized controlled trial comprised 145 patients scheduled for frozen-thawed embryo transfer and was conducted at a university hospital between 2019 and 2021. The Natural Cycle protocol was administered to 73 patients and the modified Natural Cycle protocol to 72 patients and the clinical outcome was compared between the groups. The main outcome measure was live birth rate. Results: Baseline characteristics and cycle parameters were similar in both groups. There was no difference in clinical pregnancy rate (58.9% and 54.2%, respectively; p = .565) and live birth rate between the Natural Cycle and modified Natural Cycle groups (49.3% and 48.6% respectively; p = .932). Conclusion: This study established that clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were not affected by natural cycle ovulation being spontaneous or hCG-triggered among patients undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Thus, the protocol for natural cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfers should be chosen according to the priorities of the patient and the physician.

Factors that affect survival in vaginal cancer: a seer analysis.

This study aimed to investigate the factors that affect survival in vaginal cancer by means of a large population-based database that had been monitored over a 42 year period (1975-2017). It was investigated which factors were most predictive in survival. This study evaluated the factors that affect survival in primary vaginal cancer as one of the rarest gynaecological cancers. Relationships were explored between survival and age and race of patient, in situ/invasive behaviour of tumour, histological type, stage, grade, surgical treatment, and year of diagnosis. Survival rate was found to be higher at younger ages and earlier stages, in in situ and squamous cell carcinomas, in the presence of previous surgery, and diagnosis from 2000 onward. It was shown that other causes were more predictive of mortality in older patients and that mortality due to other causes decreased in patients diagnosed from 2000 onward. Mortalities due to cancer were found to be lower in the patients who had underwent surgery.At the end of this study, an estimation model was developed for 10-year survival in vaginal cancer and software was created for the model. Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Primary vaginal cancer is very rare, accounting for 2% of female genital tract malignancies. Due to its low incidence and difficulty of its final diagnosis, vaginal cancer has the least amount of data among all female genital tract malignancies. It is difficult for clinicians to estimate the survival with already limited data on vaginal cancer in the literature.What do the results of this study add? Survival rate was found to be higher at younger ages and earlier stages, in in situ and squamous cell carcinomas, in the presence of previous surgery, and diagnosis from 2000 onward. It was shown that other causes were more effective in mortality with older age and that mortality due to other causes decreased in patients diagnosed from 2000 onward. Mortalities due to cancer were found to be lower in the patients who had underwent surgery.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? It is anticipated that such studies will contribute to the transformation of societal data collection methods into a prospective nature and lead the way for stronger survival estimation models to be developed in days to come.

An Optimal Uterine Closure Technique for Better Scar Healing and Avoiding Isthmocele in Cesarean Section: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two different uterine closure techniques, used during cesarean section (CS) operations on isthmocele formation. Material and Methods: This prospective, randomized, controlled study was performed on 138 patients in a university hospital between the dates December 2016 and August 2017. Uterine closures were performed using the double-layer, far-far-near-near (FFNN) unlocked technique, in the study group (n = 70) and using a single-layer continuous locked (SLL) technique in the control group (n = 68). The presence of isthmocele, residual myometrial thickness (RMT), postmenstrual spotting, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain and uterus position were evaluated in postoperative sixth month. Results: Isthmocele formation was less frequent and RMT was greater in the study group when compared to the control group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Duration of operation, amount of blood loss and additional hemostatic suture requirement were not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.221, p = 0.520 and p = 0.930, respectively). Postmenstrual spotting was less common in FFNN group, while the rates of chronic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea were not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.205 and p = 0.490, respectively). Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrate that uterine closure using the FFNN technique is beneficial in terms of providing protection from isthmocele formation and ensuring sufficient RMT. This method has the potential to become the optimal uterine closure technique, but the findings of the present study should be supported by large-scale studies in the future.

Intrauterine G-CSF Administration in Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF): An Rct.

This study investigates the effects of intrauterine G-CSF on endometrial thickness, clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate in a recurrent implantation failure (RIF) group with normal endometrium. This study was designed as a prospective randomized controlled trial with the involvement of 157 RIF group pati; ents. The RIF group was formed on the basis of the RIF criteria: "The failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after the transfer of at least four good-quality embryos in a minimum of three fresh or frozen cycles to a woman under the age of 40 years. The study sample included 82 patients in the G-CSF group who received G-CSF once a day on hCG. The procedure was performed by administering 30 mIU of Leucostim®(Filgrastim [G-CSF] 30 mIU/mL; DEM Medical, Dong-A; South Korea) through slow infusion into the endometrial cavity using a soft embryo transfer catheter. Normal saline of 1 mL was infused into the endometrial cavity in the same way in 75 patients in the control group. The standard ICSI procedure was used for all patients, and fresh cycle embryos were transferred on the third or fifth day. No statistically significant difference was identified in clinical pregnancy rates, miscarriage rates and live birth rates between the G-CSF group and the control group (p = 0.112, p = 0.171, p = 0.644, respectively), and no difference was observed between the two groups regarding endometrial thickness (p = 0.965). The intervention of administration G-CSF into the uterine cavity in RIF patients with normal endometrium, did not alter the endometrial thickness, clinical pregnancy rates, or live birth rates.

Systematic and standardized hysteroscopic endometrial injury for treatment of recurrent implantation failure.

RESEARCH QUESTION: To investigate the effect of hysteroscopic endometrial injury for treatment of recurrent implantation failure (RIF). DESIGN: This prospective and randomized controlled trial included 239 patients who had failed to achieve a clinical pregnancy after the transfer of at least four good-quality embryos in a minimum of three fresh or frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles and were under the age of 40 years, who were randomized into two groups. The injury group (n = 124) received endometrial injury during their hysteroscopic procedure, whereas the control group (n = 115) did not. Patients who had endometrial pathologies were excluded from the study. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in duration of gonadotrophin use (8.23 versus 8.30 days), total dose of gonadotrophins (2330 versus 2338 IU), number of oocytes (7.03 versus 8.21), number of mature oocytes (5.27 versus 6.02), number of fertilized oocytes (4.19 versus 4.55), number of good-quality embryos (2.07 versus 2.43), number of embryos transferred (1.97 versus 1.93) or endometrial thickness (9.04 versus 9.35 mm) between the injury group and control group, respectively. Clinical pregnancy rates (25.8% versus 15.6%, P = 0.047), live birth rates (21.8% versus 12.2%, P = 0.049) and implantation rates (14.2% versus 8.8%, P = 0.036) were significantly different, favouring the injury group. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that endometrial injury is beneficial in RIF patients to increase the odds of implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth.

Fetal nuchal translucency: is there an association with birthweight and neonatal wellbeing?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between nuchal translucency (NT) values with birthweight and the wellbeing of the newborn. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study that included 508 patients made use of data on healthy full-term, singleton, live birth newborns in a university hospital between 2016 and 2018. The relationship between the NT multiple of the median (MoM) value and maternal body mass index, birthweight, sex, need for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and APGAR scores was evaluated. Similarly, the relationship between birthweight and NT MoM, and biochemical data in the first trimester was also evaluated. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between NT and birthweight (p<0.001). The need for NICU admission increased (p=0.001), and APGAR 1st minute scores decreased (p=0.001) with increasing NT, and APGAR 5th minute scores remained unchanged (p=0.057). CONCLUSION: The present study identified a positive correlation between first trimester NT and birthweight, and a negative correlation with the wellbeing of the neonate.

Investigation of possible maternal and fetal factors which affect umbilical coiling index.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible maternal and fetal factors, which affect the Umbilical Coiling Index (UCI). METHODS: This prospective, observational, analytic study was conducted using the data of 380 women with term pregnancy and newborns who presented at a University Hospital. Hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, iron, and the total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of the maternal blood were measured, and transferrin saturation was estimated based on the ratio between serum iron and TIBC. Blood gases, ferritin, iron, and TIBC of the umbilical cord were also measured, and the transferrin saturation was calculated. The length and thickness of the umbilical cord, numbers of coilings, weight of placenta, neonatal weight were registered. The UCI was calculated dividing the total number of coils by the length of the umbilical cord (in cm). RESULTS: A positive, linear, and statistically significant relationship was found between the UCI scores and the umbilical cord blood transferrin saturation, umbilical cord thickness, and the first- and fifth-min APGAR scores (p = .044, p < .001, p = .008, p = .022, respectively). No statistically significant relationship was found between the maternal Hb values and the UCI scores (p = .472). In addition, there was no statistically significant relationship between the UCI scores and maternal ferritin, maternal transferrin saturation and umbilical cordon ferritin levels (p = .940, p = .681, and p = .975, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A positive correlation was found between the UCI and umbilical cord transferrin saturation and between the newborn APGAR scores. However, this finding is not sufficient to explain the relationship of the umbilical cord dynamics with the newborn wellbeing and coiling.

Natural cycle versus hormone replacement therapy cycle in frozen-thawed embryo transfer.

OBJECTIVES: To compare implantation rates, clinical pregnancy rates and live birth rates associated with natural and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) methods of endometrial preparation in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles.  Methods: The results of 108 natural cycles and 224 HRT cycles of FET transfers performed in a private in vitro fertilization (IVF) center between June 2013 and August 2015 were  retrospectively compared with respect to implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and live birth rate. Results: A total of 144 embryos were transferred in 108 natural cycles and 357 embryos were  transferred in 224 HRT cycles. No statistically significant differences were found in the implantation rate (p=0.796), clinical pregnancy rate per cycle (p=0.900), clinical pregnancy rate per transferred embryo (p=0.283), live birth rate per cycle (p=0.821), or live birth rate per transferred embryo (p=0.481) between the 2 groups.  Conclusion: This study showed no difference between the implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate or live birth rate between the natural cycle group and HRT cycle group. These results may provide clinicians with more freedom to individualize patient treatment, particularly with respect to the selection of the endometrial preparation method, if these results are supported by large randomized controlled studies in the future.

Maternal nutrition and reproductive functions of female and male offspring

This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal unhealthy nutrition on the reproductive functions of female and male adult offspring. This was an animal study carried out with 24 virgin female Wistar rats (dams) and their male and female offspring. Rats were divided standard diet (SD) or cafeteria diet (CD) groups, after 10 weeks of feeding, all rats were paired with a Wistar stud male, and each group was again divided into CD and SD groups during the pregnancy and lactation periods. After birth, six female and six male pups in each group, were subjected to study. Following 3 weeks of lactation, the pups were fed with SD for 8 weeks and killed when they were considered adult at 11th week for analysis. Primordial and antral follicle counts, serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the oocyte cytoplasm were examined to evaluate ovarian function, and E-cadherin and integrin-ß1 levels were examined in endometrial tissues for the evaluation of endometrial receptivity in female offspring. Sperm analysis was performed in male offspring. In groups in which the dams were fed CD, primordial follicular pool, PTEN, and endometrial receptivity were reduced. In contrast, AMH and the number of antral follicles were not changed. In male offspring, the testicles were smaller, testosterone production decreased, AMH increased and the number and function of sperm were not changed. Sperm analysis results were not changed. All negative effects on reproductive functions were more apparent in groups fed with the CD during the pregestational period.

The Effect of Stress Incontinence Operations on Sexual Functions: Laparoscopic Burch versus Transvaginal Tape-O.

AIM: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has some negative emotional and physical effects on sexual functions. In this study, we aimed to question the effects of surgical treatment of stress incontinence on sexual function using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) form. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 77 sexually active women who were surgically treated for SUI between 2014 and 2015 at a university hospital. Tension-free transvaginal tape (TVT-O) operation and the laparoscopic Burch procedure were performed on 42 and 35 patients, respectively. Patients with isolated stress incontinence were included in this study. All patients enrolled were invited to fill out the PISQ-12 questionnaire before surgery and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean total postoperative PISQ-12 score in both TVT-O and Burch groups was significantly increased compared to the preoperative period (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). When the PISQ-12 scores were evaluated according to the subgroups, physical and partner-dependent scores significantly increased in the postoperative period compared to the preoperative period in the TVT-O group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Rate of the surgery success for SUI is positively correlated with the improvement of sexual functions. Minimally invasive methods in SUI surgery has been progressively increasing day-by-day. The lesser invasive approaches seem to replace the more invasive approaches in the near future.

Fresh versus frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer in high responders.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate and compare the pregnancy and live birth rates in IVF cycles of frozen-thawed embryo transfers and fresh embryo transfers in a group of women with a high risk of Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 254 women with a high level of response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. The patients who received fresh cycle embryo transfers with calcium infusions are referred to as the Fresh Ca+ group, and those without the calcium therapy are called the Fresh Ca- group; and we used correspondingly similar terminology for the Frozen group. RESULTS: We observed no statistically significant differences between the cycles of fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfers in patients with a high risk of OHSS in terms of implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates. Furthermore, these implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were not different in the cycles with or without calcium treatment. There was no statistical difference in the OHSS rates between the fresh and frozen-thawed cycles; although, the OHSS rates were less in the two calcium infusion groups (Fresh Ca+ and Frozen-thawed Ca+) than in the without-calcium group. There was no OHSS development in the subjects of the Frozen-thawed Ca+ group. CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfers have similar IVF results in patients with a high risk of OHSS. Calcium infusion is beneficial in preventing OHSS without altering pregnancy rates. Both IVF protocols with calcium infusion can safely be applied in high-responder patients without lowering success rates.

Ginger (zingiber officinale) might improve female fertility: A rat model.

BACKGROUND: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a well known and extensively used antioxidant in traditional remedies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ginger powder on ovarian folliculogenesis and implantation in rats. METHODS: There were two study groups. In the 5-day treatment group (one estrous cycle), 100 mg ginger powder, 200 mg ginger powder or distilled water was given for 5 days to the three subgroups each containing seven rats. In the 10-day treatment group, same doses were given for 10 days (two estrous cycle) to the three subgroups each containing seven rats. At the end of the 5th and 10th days, ovarian volumes, ovarian weights, primordial follicles, antral follicles, atretic follicles, and corpus luteum counts were assessed. To evaluate the angiogenic effects of ginger, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and for the antioxidant effects of ginger endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were examined in the ovaries and in the endometrium immunohistochemically. RESULTS: In the 5-day treatment group, antral follicle count and ovarian stromal VEGF were significantly high in the 100 mg ginger subgroup in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05). In the 10-day treatment group, endometrial VEGF and ovarian stromal eNOS were significantly high in the 100 mg ginger subgroup in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference at 200 mg ginger dose both in 5-day and 10-day treatment groups. CONCLUSION: The increases in the antral follicle count and ovarian stromal VEGF in the 100 mg/5-day treatment subgroup indicate that ginger have positive effects on folliculogenesis in short term with low dose. Additionally, ginger may enhance implantation in rats in long term with low dose.

The effect of progesterone use in the first trimester on fetal nuchal translucency.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible association between progesterone use in the first trimester of pregnancy and fetal nuchal translucency (NT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an observational case-control study, which was conducted with patients who underwent nuchal scans between March 2015 and February 2016 and consequently delivered live and healthy babies. The study group was composed of assisted reproductive technology pregnancies and used intravaginal progesterone 180 mg/day until gestational week 12. The control group comprised pregnant women who became pregnant spontaneously without using any progesterone preparation in the first trimester. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-four (57.5%) of 285 patients were in the control group and 121 (42.5%) were in the progesterone group. Age, bodyweight, gravidity, and parity number of previous births and abortus, gestational week, crown-rump lengths, free ß-human chorionic gonadotropin, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and NT values of the progesterone and control groups were recorded and we investigated whether there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of these parameters; maternal weight was found to be higher in the progesterone group than in the control group and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p=0.019 and p=0.025). Whether the difference in NT was caused by the effect of maternal weight was investigated using the covariance analysis test and maternal weight was not found to be statistically significant in the model (p=0.284). CONCLUSION: Fetal NT was increased in the progesterone group compared with the untreated group in healthy pregnancies.

Comparison of Melatonin Levels in the Colostrum between Vaginal Delivery and Cesarean Delivery.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare melatonin levels in colostrum between vaginal and cesarean delivery. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 139 mothers who gave live births between February 2016 and December 2016. The mothers were divided into three groups according to the mode of delivery: 60 mothers (43.2%) in the vaginal delivery group, 47 mothers (33.8%) in the elective cesarean delivery, and 32 mothers (23.0%) in the emergency cesarean delivery group. Colostrum of the mothers was taken between 01:00 and 03:00 a.m. within 48 to 72 hours following the delivery, and the melatonin levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared between the groups. RESULTS: The melatonin levels in the colostrum were the highest in the vaginal delivery group, lower in the elective cesarean section group, and the lowest in the emergency cesarean group (265.7 ± 74.3, 204.9 ± 55.6, and 167.1 ± 48.1, respectively; p < 0.001). The melatonin levels in the colostrum did not differ according to the demographic characteristics of the mothers, gestational age, birth weight, newborn sex, the Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration (APGAR) scores, and for the requirement for neonatal intensive care. CONCLUSION: Our study results showed that melatonin levels in the colostrum of the mothers who delivered vaginally were higher than those who delivered by cesarean section. Considering the known benefits of melatonin for the newborns, we believe that vaginal delivery poses an advantage.

ADAMTS 1, 4, 12, and 13 levels in maternal blood, cord blood, and placenta in preeclampsia.

The aim of this study is to compare ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease Domains with Thrombospondins motifs) 1, 4, 12, and 13 levels in maternal and cord blood and placental tissue between preeclampsia and uncomplicated pregnancies. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that ADAMTS 1, 4, 12, and 13 levels in the maternal and cord blood were lower in the preeclampsia group than in the control group. Based on the immunohistochemistry (IHC) results, ADAMTS 1, 4, and 12 levels in placental tissues were higher in the preeclampsia group. According to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results, ADAMTS 1, 4, and 12 were higher, whereas ADAMTS 13 was lower in the preeclampsia group than in the control group.

Adamts 1, 4, 5, 8, and 9 in Early Pregnancies.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically investigate the presence and localization of ADAMTS 1, 4, 5, 8 and 9 in decidual and chorionic tissues in first trimester pregnancy losses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted with early pregnancy failure decidual and chorionic tissue samples from 36 pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy (ongoing pregnancies, missed miscarriages, anembryonic pregnancies) Results: It was observed that the decidual and chorionic tissue levels of ADAMTS 1, 4, 5, and 8 in ongoing pregnancies were more intensely expressed when compared with miscarriages. ADAMTS 1 expression was not observed in the anembryonic pregnancies, ADAMTS 4, 5, and 8 were less intensely expressed. ADAMTS 9 showed no staining in any group. CONCLUSION: ADAMTS 1 may be necessary during the decidualization and implantation stages of early normal pregnancy.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2 (CCL2) and oxidative stress markers in recurrent pregnancy loss and repeated implantation failure.

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress together in the cases of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and repeated implantation failure (RIF). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted to compare infertile patients who have RIF and patients with RPL histories in terms of CCL2, TAS, TOS, and OSI. To this end, two study groups were formed by primary-infertile women with RIF history and women with nulliparous RPL history who consulted a university hospital between 2014 and 2016, and a control group was formed by multiparous women who had no pregnancy loss. With 30 women in each group, 90 women in total were included in the study. CCL2, TAS, and TOS blood levels were measured and oxidative stress index was calculated in all participants. RESULTS: The patients with RPL and RIF had higher levels of CCL2 than those in the control group. The TOS, TAS, and OSI levels did not differ in RPL and RIF groups from the control group. No statistically significant relationship was found between CCL2 and the TOS, TAS, and OSI values. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidative stress markers in the pregestational period did not have a predictive value in the RPL and RIF. CCL2 might be useful in risk prediction.

Factors affecting the rates of caesarean sections in cases with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at term.

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the factors affecting the rates of caesarean section in cases with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) in term pregnancies. Eighty-two term PROM patients who presented to Turgut Ozal University and Erzurum Nene Hatun Hospitals between 2012 and 2014 were included. The effects of demographics, nulliparity, active-latent phase durations, presence of meconium and chorioamnionitis, requirement of oxytocin and cervical dilation at the initial examination on C/S rates were assessed. The C/S rates were changed with the duration of active period and the duration of latent period. It was found that the presence of cervical dilation at the initial examination significantly reduced the risk for progress to C/S at a rate of 87.5%. C/S rates did not change with other variables. We conclude that the factors increasing the risk for C/S in PROM at term group are not different from the non-term PROM. Impact statement The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the factors affecting the rates of caesarean section (C/S) in cases with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) in term pregnancies. The C/S rates were changed with the duration of active period and the duration of latent period. It was found that the presence of cervical dilation at the initial examination significantly reduced the risk for progress to C/S at a rate of 87.5%. We conclude that the factors increasing the risk for C/S in PROM at term group, are not different from the non-term PROM groups. Currently, the PROM is considered the start of a pathological process in both term and preterm pregnancies and also considered to increase the rates of caesarean sections. Studies on the management of PROM at term have concentrated rather on whether to intervene for accelerating the labour or spontaneous monitorisation. As found by the studies like this one in the literature, the factors having an impact on C/S rates in the cases of PROM at term are similar to those of non-PROM patients at term, may prevent clinicians from taking an invasive or aggressive approach towards the cases of PROM at term.