Social support as a differential moderator of the association between optimism, birth satisfaction, and postpartum acute stress symptoms of fathers and mothers.

OBJECTIVE: Childbirth can be a stressful event that leads to the development of acute stress. However, little is known about postpartum acute stress among mothers and even less among fathers. The current study aims to expand the understanding of postpartum acute stress symptoms by examining associations with dispositional optimism, subjective birth satisfaction, and social support in a moderated-mediation model. METHOD: Participants comprised 567 mothers and 109 fathers who gave/were present at birth, sampled at the maternity ward of a tertiary healthcare center. Self-report questionnaires were distributed a few days postpartum: demographic and obstetric information, dispositional optimism (Life Orientation Test-Revised), birth satisfaction (Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised), social support (the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), and acute stress symptoms (National Stressful Events Survey Acute Stress Disorder Short Scale). RESULTS: For mothers, birth satisfaction mediated the association between dispositional optimism and acute stress, and social support moderated the association between birth satisfaction and acute stress for all levels of social support (B = .14, SE = .05, CI [.05 to .23]). For fathers, a similar moderated-mediation occurred; however, at high levels of social support, the association between birth satisfaction and acute stress became insignificant (B = .17, SE = .08, CI [.02 to .32]; index of moderated-mediation = .08, [-.07 to .22]). CONCLUSIONS: Optimism through birth satisfaction may reduce acute stress levels following childbirth among parents, while different effects of social support for fathers and mothers were discovered. For fathers, high levels of social support were found to eliminate the association between birth satisfaction and acute stress and therefore buffer the development of postpartum acute stress symptoms. This study took place in one healthcare center with mostly Jewish participants; further studies are thus needed for better generalization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Hebrew validation of the postpartum bonding questionnaire: a study of mothers and fathers.

OBJECTIVE: The Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) is a self-report questionnaire designed to screen disorders of the mother-infant relationship. The PBQ was adapted to several countries, though there is no agreement on the accepted number of items and factors. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Hebrew version for both mothers and fathers. METHODS: Participants (602 mothers and 144 fathers) from two separate samples were randomly recruited in the maternity ward of a large tertiary health centre. The mothers' samples were combined and redivided to form subsamples A and B. At T1 (1-4 days postpartum), the participants completed demographic questionnaire in person the PBQ and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) were administered online at T2 (8-12 weeks postpartum). The PBQ was also administrated at T3 (six-months). RESULTS: EFA on subsample A resulted in a two-factor structure, which was tested using CFA on subsample B. The model's fit was very good; χ(35)2 = 83.68, p < .001, CFI = .97, TLI = .91, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .03. Additional reliability and validity analyses showed a very good fit for mothers. Scalar measurement invariance across mothers and fathers yielded satisfactory results. CFA among fathers, revealed adequate goodness of fit; χ2/df = 87.65/46, p < .001, CFI = .95, TLI = .89, RMSEA = .08, SRMR = .05. CONCLUSIONS: The Hebrew version of the PBQ demonstrated satisfactory validity for both mothers and fathers. The revised version, with 14 items, measures bonding as a continuum rather than measuring bonding disorders like the original version. These findings emphasise the importance of validating the scale in different cultural contexts.

COVID-19-Related worries mediate the association between attachment orientation and elevated depression levels at 21-month postpartum.

BACKGROUND: The study's aims were to examine whether the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increases in depression levels of 21 months postpartum women who were initially sampled before the pandemic and whether COVID-19-related worries mediated the association between women's attachment orientations and this hypothesized increase. METHODS: Participants comprised 185 postpartum women sampled in the maternity ward of a tertiary healthcare center in Israel followed from childbirth to 21 months postpartum in four-time points. . We analyzed demographic and obstetric information and the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) scale at T1; changes in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) levels at all timepoints (T1-4); and COVID-19-related worries at T4. RESULTS: Results showed a significant increase in depression levels at T4 compared to T2 and T3, and an increase in the prevalence of women at the lower clinical EPDS threshold. COVID-19-related worries mediated the association between anxious attachment and depression (indirect effect: B = .21, p < .05, 95% CI = (.015, .47), R2=0.12). DISCUSSION: The evident effect of COVID-19 on postpartum depression is associated with variability between people. Thus, early assessment of women's attachment orientations might provide a strategy for identifying and treating women at risk.

Anxious Attachment Mediates the Associations Between Early Recollections of Mother's Own Parental Bonding and Mother-Infant Bonding: A 2-Month Path Analysis Model.

Parental bonding (recollection of own parents' parenting), adult attachment, and mother-infant bonding are all closely related yet distinct concepts of the parent-child relationship, sometimes used interchangeably in the literature. This study aimed to examine the associations between these concepts in a longitudinal path analysis design. A total of 262 postpartum women who gave birth at the maternity ward of a large tertiary health center in Israel completed a demographic questionnaire, the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR), the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) at 1-4 days postpartum, and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) at 2 months postpartum. Parental care factor (PBI) was found to be associated with mother-infant bonding (PBQ), directly and indirectly through insecure anxious attachment (ECR). Denial of autonomy factor (PBI) was found to be associated with mother-infant bonding (PBQ) only through insecure anxious attachment (ECR). Encouragement of behavioral freedom factor (PBI) was found to be associated with mother-infant bonding (PBQ) in a simple correlation but not in the complete model. The results highlight the intergenerational aspects of parenting and suggest that early childhood interventions with parents may have a long-term impact on child-rearing though generations, and by that on children's development.

The role of change in self-criticism across young adulthood in explaining developmental outcomes and psychological wellbeing.

OBJECTIVE: Past research has confirmed the role of self-criticism in numerous forms of psychopathology and negative interpersonal outcomes. However, the majority of these studies were cross-sectional and have not addressed the role of possible changes in self-criticism across time for future outcomes. The current study investigated the degree to which changes in self-criticism during young adulthood precede better psychological outcomes beyond the contribution of their baseline levels. METHOD: A total of 168 Israeli emerging adults were followed for 12 years. Participants completed assessments of self-criticism at age 23, 24, 26.5, and 29, and of developmental tasks and psychological adaptation at age 35. Analyses assessed the extent to which the intercept and linear slope of self-criticism were associated with assessments of coping with age-related tasks and psychological well-being at age 35. RESULTS: Findings indicated that decreases in self-criticism between the ages of 23 and 29 were associated with better coping with age-related task outcomes and psychological health at age 35. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are among the first to show that decreases in self-criticism serve as important precursors of coping with age-related tasks and psychological outcomes and point to the positive contributions of changes in personality attributes for future development.

Romantic outcomes in young adulthood: The role of dependency, parental support, and reflective functioning.

In recent years, an increasing number of young adults have difficulties making a smooth transition to adulthood in becoming romantically committed and balancing romantic commitments and other aspects of life. The present study was conducted on a sample of 100 Israeli emerging adults (54 males) who were followed from age 23 to 34 years. The study examined the role of personality attributes (dependency, self-criticism), parental support, and reflectivity concerning own family of origin in making a smoother transition to mature romantic engagement. Greater achievement of romantic goals and greater mastery in balancing family and work demands were predicted by low dependency or low self-criticism (assessed at age 23) and a high level of reflectivity (assessed at age 29). The distinctive role of reflectivity with regard to own family script and personality attributes for a smoother romantic transition in adulthood is discussed. In addition, the possible implications of the findings for intervention are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).