Risk of MS relapse and deterioration after COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Upper respiratory viral infections have long been considered triggers for multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse and exacerbation. The possible effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on MS relapse and deterioration remain controversial. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases to find relevant studies assessing changes in relapse rates or Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) following COVID-19 in people with MS. Meta-analyses were performed, and to investigate sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were conducted. RESULTS: We included 14 studies in our systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that COVID-19 was not associated with a rise in relapse rate (risk ratio (RR): 0.97, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.67, 1.41, p-value: 0.87) or a rise in EDSS (standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.09, 95 % CI: -0.22, 0.03, p-value: 0.13). The analysis of EDSS changes indicated a significant heterogeneity (I2: 55 %, p-value: 0.01). Other analyses were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 infection was not associated with an increased risk of relapse and clinical deterioration in people with MS.

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers profile in scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficits (SWEDD).

Background: A small proportion of patients with clinical parkinsonism have normal transporter-single photon emission computed tomography (DaTSPECT) which is commonly defined as scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficits (SWEDD). A better understanding of SWEDD can improve the current therapeutic options and appropriate disease monitoring. Aim: We aimed to assess CSF biomarkers levels including α-synuclein (α-syn), amyloid ßeta (Aß1-42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in SWEDD and investigate the longitudinal alteration in the CSF profile. Methods: In total, 406 early-stage PD, 58 SWEDD, and 187 healthy controls (HCs) were entered into our study from PPMI. We compared the level of CSF biomarkers at baseline, six months, one year, and two years. Furthermore, the longitudinal alteration of CSF biomarkers was explored in each group using linear mixed models. Results: There was no significant difference in the level of CSF α-syn Aß1-42, t-tau, and p-tau between HCs and SWEDD at different time points. Investigating the level of CSF α-syn in PD and SWEDD showed a significant difference at one (p = 0.016) and two years (p = 0.006). Also, we observed a significant difference in the level of CSF Aß1-42 between SWEDD and PD at one year (p = 0.012). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the level of CSF t-tau between SWEDD and PD subjects at one (p = 0.013) and two years (p = 0.017). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the level of CSF p-tau between SWEDD and PD groups at two years visits (p = 0.030). Longitudinal analysis showed a significant decrease after one (p = 0.029) and two years (p = 0.002) from baseline in the level of CSF α-syn only in the PD group. Also, we observed that the level of CSF Aß1-42 significantly increased after one year in SWEDD (p = 0.031) and decreased after two years from baseline in PD subjects (p = 0.005). Moreover, there was a significant increase in the level of CSF t-tau after two years (p = 0.036) and CSF p-tau after six months from baseline in SWEDD subjects (p = 0.011). Conclusion: This finding suggests a faster neurodegeneration process in PD patients compared to SWEDD at least based on these biomarkers. Future studies with longer follow-up duration and more sample sizes are necessary to validate our results.