Attitudes towards vaccination among parents of children aged 0-5 years: A scale development study.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination is the most important public health practice for preventing infectious diseases and maintaining health. However, some parents are hesitant to vaccinate their children. DESIGN: This study was designed as an instrument development study. METHODS: This study aimed to develop a scale to measure the attitudes of parents with children aged 0-5 years towards vaccination and to evaluate the validity and reliability of this scale. The data were collected from 691 participants between November 2020 and January 2021. During the development of the scale, experts provided feedback on its technical, content and language dimensions. The data were analysed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses for conceptual validity and Cronbach's α and item-level test-retest analyses for reliability. RESULTS: The developed scale is a reliable and valid tool for measuring attitudes towards vaccination among parents (Cronbach's α = 0.97, variance explained by these 28-item two factors = 62.47%). CONCLUSION: This scale can be used as a guide in measuring the attitudes of parents towards vaccination and determining the direction of primary health-care services based on the results of the measurement.

Health Care Professionals' Attitudes Toward Patients with Chronic Pain: Scale Development Study.

BACKGROUND: One of the obstacles in chronic pain management is the attitude of healthcare professionals. Although literature reports that the negative attitudes of healthcare professionals such as stigmatizing their patients with chronic pain and applying inadequate treatment cause failure in chronic pain management, there is no scale to measure the attitudes of healthcare professionals towards patients with chronic pain. PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop a scale for identifying healthcare professionals' attitudes towards patients with chronic pain. METHOD: We prepared a draft scale in the form of five-point Likert. We applied the draft scale to 379 voluntary healthcare professionals working in two hospitals in 2019. Internal consistency and testretest methods were employed to determine the reliability of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for construct validity. FINDINGS: According to the EFA, the scale had two factors explaining 45.68 of the total variant. We labelled the first factor "sensitivity orientation" and the second factor was labelled "misconception orientation". Cronbach Alpha coefficients were 0.88 and 0.75 for the first and second factors respectively. Test-retest method reliability was r = 0.83 in the first factor and r = 0.75 in the second factor. The CFA showed that they were within the limits of acceptable fit values. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that the scale for healthcare professionals' attitudes towards patients with chronic pain is a valid and reliable tool.

Development and Validation of Videogame Addiction Scale for Children (VASC).

The aim of the present study was to develop a valid and reliable Videogame Addiction Scale for Children (VASC). The data were derived from 780 children who completed the Videogame Addiction Scale (405 girls and 375 boys; 48.1% ranging in age from 9 to 12 years). The sample was randomly split into two different sub-samples (sample 1, n = 400; sample 2, n = 380). Sample 1 was used to perform exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to define the factorial structure of VASC. As a result of EFA, a four-factor structure comprising 21 items was obtained and explained 55% of the total variance (the four factors being "self-control," "reward/reinforcement," "problems," and "involvement"). The internal consistency reliability of VASC has found 0.89. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to confirm the factorial structure obtained by EFA in the remaining half of sample (n = 390). The obtained fit indices from the CFA confirmed the structure of the EFA. The 21-item VASC has good psychometric properties that can be used among Turkish schoolchildren populations.

Development of an instrument to measure professional attitudes in nursing students in Turkey.

The aim of the current study was to develop an instrument to determine the professional attitude of nursing students. The data were collected through a scale developed by the authors with the statements on attitude, including 8 sub-groups and 28 items. This was a Likert-type scale, ranging from 5 to 1. The sampling of the investigation comprised 1339 final-year undergraduate nursing students in Turkey. Eight factors were defined depending on the reliability and validity study of the professionalism instrument for nursing students. These factors accounted for 65.5% of the total variance. The correlation of the sub-factors in the scale ranged from 0.71 to 0.84. Cronbach alpha value was 0.90 and Cronbach alpha coefficient for sub-factors was between 0.71 and 0.84. Item test correlations calculated for the validity and the homogeneity of the instrument's items were between 0.30 and 0.63. In conclusion, it was found that the instrument was a valid and reliable assessment tool that can be used to measure professional attitudes of nursing students.

Effects of using a scoring guide on essay scores: generalizability theory.

This study was conducted to test the effect of task level and item consistency when two conditions, with and without the assistance of a scoring guide, were used to score essays. The use of generalization theory was proposed as a framework for examining the effect of task variability and use of the scoring guide on achievement measures. Participants were 21 students in Grade 9 enrolled in regular Turkish language and literature classes. Of these students 11 were men and 10 were women. Ten teachers from the city were raters. In the past, raters of essays have given varied judgements of writing quality. Utilizing decision and generalizability theories, variation in scores was evaluated using a three-way (person x rater x task) analysis of variance design. The scoring guide was beneficial in reducing variability of evaluating grammar and reading comprehension but not as helpful when assessing knowledge of concepts.