From NAFLD to NASH: Understanding the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver diseases and their consequences.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most frequent chronic liver diseases worldwide in recent decades. Metabolic diseases like excessive blood glucose, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and liver function abnormalities cause NAFLD. NAFLD significantly increases the likelihood of liver cancer, heart disease, and mortality, making it a leading cause of liver transplants. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a more advanced form of the disease that causes scarring and inflammation of the liver over time and can ultimately result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we briefly discuss NAFLD's pathogenic mechanisms, their progression into NASH and afterward to NASH-related cirrhosis. It also covers disease epidemiology, metabolic mechanisms, glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, macrophage dysfunction, bile acid toxicity, and liver stellate cell stimulation. Additionally, we consider the contribution of intestinal microbiota, genetics, epigenetics, and ecological factors to fibrosis progression and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in NAFLD and NASH patients.

Exosomal miR-122, miR-128, miR-200, miR-298, and miR-342 as novel diagnostic biomarkers in NAFL/NASH: Impact of LPS/TLR-4/FoxO3 pathway.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder affecting a quarter of the global residents. Progression of NAFL into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may cause cirrhosis, liver cancer, and failure. Gut microbiota imbalance causes microbial components translocation into the circulation, triggering liver inflammation and NASH-related fibrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression via repressing target genes. Exosomal miRNAs are diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for NAFL and NASH liver damage. Our work investigated the role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD pathogenesis via the lipopolysaccharide/toll-like receptor 4/Forkhead box protein O3 (LPS/TLR-4/FoxO3) pathway and certain miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers for NAFL or its development to NASH. miRNA expression levels were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 50 NAFL patients, 50 NASH patients, and 50 normal controls. Plasma LPS, TLR-4, adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), and FoxO3 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In NAFL and NASH patients, miR-122, miR-128, FoxO3, TLR-4, LPS, and PPAR-γ were upregulated while miR-200, miR-298, miR-342, and adiponectin were downregulated compared with the normal control. The examined miRNAs might distinguish NAFL and NASH patients from the normal control using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Our study is the first to examine these miRNAs in NAFLD. Our findings imply that these are potentially promising biomarkers for noninvasive early NAFL diagnosis and NASH progression. Understanding the LPS/TLR-4/FoxO3 pathway involvement in NAFL/NASH pathogenesis may aid disease management.

Effect of quercetin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles on lipopolysaccharide-induced memory decline, oxidative stress, amyloidogenesis, neurotransmission, and Nrf2/HO-1 expression.

Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. This study examined the neuroprotective effect of quercetin (QUR)-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (QUR NANO) against the neurotoxicity induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. A QUR NANO formulation was prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, entrapment efficiency (EE), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and in vitro drug release profile. Levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde, catalase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), amyloid beta 42 (Aß42), ß-secretase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) were measured in the mouse brain tissues. The gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were also determined. The prepared QUR NANO formulation showed 92.07 ± 3.21% EE and drug loading of 4.62 ± 0.55. It exhibited clusters of nano-spherical particles with smooth surface areas, and the loading process was confirmed. In vivo, the QUR NANO preserved the spatial memory of mice and protected the hippocampus from LPS-induced histological lesions. The QUR NANO significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, iNOS, Aß42, ß-secretase, and AChE in brain tissue homogenates. Conversely, QUR NANO increased the glutathione, catalase, and GABA concentrations and upregulated the expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1 genes. Remarkably, the neuroprotective effect of QUR NANO was significantly greater than that of herbal QUR. In summary, the prepared QUR NANO formulation was efficient in mitigating LPS-induced neurotoxicity by reducing memory loss, oxidative stress, and amyloidogenesis while preserving neurotransmission and upregulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 genes. This study addresses several key factors in neuroinflammatory disorders and explores the potential of QUR-loaded nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic approach to alleviate these factors.

Renoprotective Potency of Sitagliptin versus Pioglitazone in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Impact on LncMIAT.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents one of the most important reasons for chronic kidney diseases due to the high level of blood glucose that destructs blood vessels. Objective: The present study focused on investigating the protective impact of sitagliptin on kidney complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in comparison to pioglitazone to examine which has the superior effect against the nephritic complication of DM. Methods: Eighty adult subjects were classified into four groups: control group, pioglitazone-treated T2DM patients (P group), sitagliptin-treated T2DM patients for less than one year (SL group), and sitagliptin-treated T2DM patients for more than one year (SM group). Blood samples were withdrawn from all subjects for analysis of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), vanin-1, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1), methylglyoxal (MG), cystatin-C, and interleukin-18 (IL-18) using competitive ELISA kits. Also, long noncoding myocardial infarction associated transcript (lncMIAT) was measured in whole blood using qRT-PCR. Results: The present study revealed that the lncMIAT expression level was significantly higher in the P group as compared to the SL group, SM group, or healthy control group. Additionally, serum NGAL, vanin-1, KIM-1, Glo-1, MG, and cystatin-C were significantly higher in the P group and SL group as compared to the SM group and healthy control group. Conclusion: Sitagliptin protected the kidney through downregulation of lncMIAT besides amelioration of kidney injury marker levels, which was more preferable than in pioglitazone therapy.

Circular SERPINA3 and its target microRNA-944 as potential biomarkers in hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptian population.

Background: The most prevalent cancer in Egypt is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mainly due to the infection with the hepatitis C virus. So it is critical to find sensitive biomarkers for early diagnosis of HCC and avoid post-operation tumor recurrence. Therefore, this research was designed to demonstrate the circSERPINA3 role in the regulation of microRNA-944 gene expression in HCV-related HCC cases and compare these results with circSERPINA3 and microRNA-944 gene expression levels in HCV-infected patients. Methodology: Study participants were divided into three groups: healthy controls, HCV- infected, and HCV-induced HCC patients. The gene expression levels of circSERPINA3 and microRNA-944 were evaluated using Real-Time qPCR. Then the immunoblotting procedure was applied to measure the serum levels of MDM2 and E-cadherin besides, the serum concentration levels of glypican-3 and alpha-fetoprotein were measured by sandwich ELISA. Results: The gene expression level of circSERPINA3 was significantly upregulated in both HCV-infected and HCC patients causing suppression of the antitumor effect of miR-944 and showing a lower 1-year survival rate than the participants who had low circSERPINA3 gene expression levels. Subsequently, the miR-944 downstream protein, MDM2 was remarkably upregulated, exaggerating the metastasis and oxidative stress in HCC cases. Additionally, the results confirmed the downregulation of microRNA-944 improved the progression of viral hepatitis C cases to hepatocarcinogenesis through the significantly increased serum level of the metastatic marker, E-cadherin. Although alpha-fetoprotein is a common diagnostic marker used in the diagnosis of HCC, our results showed that glypican-3 had greater sensitivity and specificity and positively correlated to the IGF-1 signaling pathway of HCC cases. Moreover, the gene expression levels of circSERPINA3 and E-cadherin in both the HCV and HCV-induced HCC were significantly positively correlated. Conclusion: circSERPINA3 and miR-944 were sensitive molecular markers for early diagnosis of HCC and could be prospective treatment targets for HCV-infected patients to avoid tumor recurrence in HCC cases.

"Cerastes snake venom as a promising approach in the management of complete Freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats: Involvement of RANKL and JAK/STAT pathway".

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cerastes is a snake found mainly in the Egyptian desert. Many studies were performed to explain the possible snake venom's pharmacological therapeutic effect in different autoimmune diseases. One of the most common auto-immune diseases is rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a high release of pro-inflammatory and immune-modulatory cytokines. The reduction of these markers can indicate how effective is the administered drug. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to explore the potential pharmacological effects of cerastes venom in experimentally-induced RA in rats using Complete Freund's adjuvant - via different mechanisms - by assessing various tissue and serum parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats were assigned to negative control group, cerastes control group, positive control group, dexamethasone-treated group, infliximab-treated group, and cerastes-treated group. The study ended on the 20th day when serum and tissue samples were prepared for further evaluation of reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, rheumatoid factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells as well as relative expression of phosphorylated Janus-kinase, phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand. In addition, a histopathological examination of different groups' knees joints, and spleen was done. RESULTS: The results showed a significant improvement of arthritis induced in the cerastes-treated group in contrast to the positive control group in all assessed parameters. In addition, significant improvement of arthritis was observed in the histopathological examination of different groups' knees joints, and spleen. CONCLUSION: These results revealed that cerastes snake venom has potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and can be used in the management of arthritis.

A novel protective modality against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease: A pre-clinical study with dulaglutide.

Parkinson's disease (PD) drugs treat symptoms without inhibiting progression. In recent years, finding novel therapeutic medications that can halt disease progression has become crucial. Research on antidiabetic medicines is valuable in these investigations because of the parallels between the two disorders. Using Rotenone (ROT), a frequently used PD model, the possible neuroprotective benefits of Dulaglutide (DUL), an extended-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, were considered. Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups to complete this experiment (n = 6). 0.2 ml of the vehicle (1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) diluted in sunflower oil) was administered to the standard control group subcutaneously with a 48-hour pause. The second group was administered ROT 2.5 mg/kg SC every 48 h for 20 days as a positive control group. The third and fourth groups were administered one dose of DUL each week (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg SC, respectively) to their regimens. The mice received ROT (2.5 mg/kg SC) every 48 h for 20 days after receiving DUL for the initial dose (96 h later). The current study focused on the DUL's ability to preserve usual behavioral function, enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, inhibit alpha-synuclein (α-syn), and increase parkin levels. It is concluded that DUL acts as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory to protect against ROT-induced PD. However, more studies are required to support this finding.

Empagliflozin attenuates neurodegeneration through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and modulation of α-synuclein and Parkin levels in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors are a relatively new antidiabetic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether SGLT 2 inhibitors have a neuroprotective effect in PD. Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomized into four groups. The first one (control group) received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a vehicle (0.2 mL/48 hr, S.C). The second group (positive control) received rotenone (ROT) (2.5 mg/kg/48 hr, S.C) for 20 successive days, whereas the third and fourth groups received empagliflozin (EMP) (1 and 2 mg/kg/day, orally), respectively. The two groups received rotenone (2.5 mg/kg/48 hr S.C) concomitantly with EMP for another 20 days on the fifth day. By the end of the experimental period, behavioral examinations were done. Subsequently, rats were sacrificed, blood samples and brain tissues were collected for analysis. ROT significantly elevated oxidative stress and proinflammatory markers as well as α-synuclein. However, dopamine (DP), antioxidants, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and Parkin were significantly decreased. Groups of (EMP + ROT) significantly maintained oxidative stress and inflammatory markers elevation, maintained α-synuclein and Parkin levels, and elevated TH activity and dopamine level. In both low and high doses, EMP produced a neuroprotective effect against the PD rat model, with the high dose inducing a more significant effect.

Leurieus quinquestriatus scorpion venom ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats: Modulating JAK/STAT/RANKL signal transduction pathway.

Leurieus quinquestriatus (LQ) is a type of Egyptian scorpions. Prior studies have established the potential use of scorpion venoms in treating several autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the current study investigates the possible pharmacological effect of LQ venom in CFA-induced arthritis - through different mechanisms - by assessing different serum and tissue parameters. This study was divided into two phases: phase I was conducted to determine the lowest therapeutic dose of LQ scorpion venom, whereas phase II investigated the potential therapeutic effect of the chosen dose of LQ venom on induced arthritis through different mechanisms. The Wistar albino rats were divided equally and randomly into normal control group, LQ control group, arthritis control group, infliximab-treated group, and LQ-treated group. On day 20, blood and tissue samples were collected for further analysis of serum and tissue biomarkers as well as histopathological examination. The results revealed a potential therapeutic effect of LQ venom on arthritic-induced rats through a significant decrease in Rheumatoid Factor, Janus Kinase, Signal transducers and activators of transcription, Receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and Malondialdehyde by 57%, 66%, 64%, 62%, 75%, 59%, 38%, and 69%, respectively as well as a significant increase in reduced glutathione, and Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 by 102% and 360%, respectively. Histopathological examination of knee joint and spleen also revealed a substantial improvement, indicating the possible utilization of LQ venom in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Evaluation of the hepatoprotective effect of curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against paracetamol overdose toxicity: Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase.

Curcumin (Cur) is a natural compound that exhibited therapeutic effects against various liver injuries however Cur showed poor water solubility and bioavailability. This study aimed to design Cur-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in a model of acute hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol (PCM) overdose compared to the raw Cur and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). SLNs were prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method and 32 factorial design was employed. Wistar rats were divided into Control, PCM, PCM + NAC, PCM + raw Cur, and PCM + Cur-SLNs groups and treated orally for 14 days before receiving a single PCM dose. The Cur-loaded SLNs showed high entrapment efficiency % ranging between 69.1 and 92.1%, particle size (PS) between 217 and 506 nm, and zeta potential values between -17.9 and -25.5 mV. The in vivo results revealed that the PCM group exhibited deterioration of liver functions, pathological lesions on the liver tissues, severe oxidative stress, and increases in both the serum and hepatic iNOS levels. Remarkably, the PCM + Cur-SLNs group showed significantly better liver functions and tissue integrity compared to the PCM group. Furthermore, higher reduced glutathione and catalase but lower malondialdehyde and iNOS levels were observed. In conclusion, Cur-loaded SLNs effectively prevented the liver damage induced by PCM overdose through alleviating the oxidative stress and inhibiting the serum and hepatic iNOS expression in an effect comparable to NAC and better than raw Cur.

Nanonaringenin and Vitamin E Ameliorate Some Behavioral, Biochemical, and Brain Tissue Alterations Induced by Nicotine in Rats.

Nicotine is the major alkaloid present in cigarettes that induces various biochemical and behavioral changes. Nanonaringenin (NNG) and vitamin E are antioxidants that are reported to mitigate serious impairments caused by some toxins and oxidants. Thus, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of NNG, vitamin E, and their combinations to ameliorate behavioral, biochemical, and histological alterations induced by nicotine in rats. Adult male albino rats were randomly grouped into six equal groups (10 rats/group): control, N (nicotine 1 mg/kg b.w./day S/C from 15th to 45th day, 5 days a week), NNG (25 mg/kg b.w./day orally for 45 days), N + NNG, N + E (nicotine + vitamin E 200 mg/kg b.w./day orally), and N + NNG + E (nicotine + NNG + vitamin E at the aforementioned doses). Behavioral tests were conducted on day 15 and 30 postnicotine injection, while memory tests, brain neurotransmitters, antioxidants, and histopathological examination were examined at day 30 only. As a result, nicotine impaired rats' activity (hypoactivity and hyperactivity) and memory, induced anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects on rats, and altered neurotransmitters (acetylcholinesterase, serotonin, and dopamine), and redox markers (MDA, H2O2, GSH, and catalase) levels in brain homogenates. Thickening and congestion of the meninges and degeneration of the cerebral neurons and glia cells were observed. Cosupplementation with NNG, vitamin E, and their combination with nicotine was beneficial in the alleviation of activity impairments and improved short memory and cognition defects and exploratory behaviors. Our results indicate the antioxidant potential of NNG and vitamin E by modulating redox markers and neurotransmitters in the brain. Thus, data suggest that the prophylactic use of NNG, vitamin E, and/or their combination for (45 days) may have a successful amelioration of the disrupted behavior and cognition and biochemical and histopathological alterations induced by nicotine.

Chlorogenic acid, quercetin, coenzyme Q10 and silymarin modulate Keap1-Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling in thioacetamide-induced acute liver toxicity.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The normal functioning of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) complex is necessary for the cellular protection against oxidative stress. We investigated the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA), quercetin (Qt), coenzyme Q10 (Q10) and silymarin on the expression of Keap1/Nrf2 complex and its downstream target; heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) as well as inflammation and apoptosis in an acute liver toxicity model induced by thioacetamide (TAA). MAIN METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into 13 groups: Control, silymarin, CGA, Qt, Q10, TAA (single dose 50 mg/kg, i.p.), TAA + silymarin (400 mg/kg, p.o.), TAA + CGA (100 & 200 mg/kg, p.o.), TAA + Qt (200 &300 mg/kg, p.o.) and TAA+ Q10 (30&50 mg/kg, p.o.) and treated for 8 days. KEY FINDINGS: The results showed improved liver functions and hepatic tissue integrity in all tested doses of TAA + silymarin, TAA + CGA, TAA + Qt and TAA + Q10 groups compared to the TAA group. Furthermore, these groups showed significantly lower ROS, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels but higher glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity compared to the TAA group, p < 0.05. In these groups, Keap1 expression was significantly decreased while Nrf2 expression and HO-1 activity were increased. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells and the expression level of TNF-α in the liver tissues were significantly decreased compared to the TAA group. SIGNIFICANCE: CGA, Qt, Q10 and silymarin protect against TAA-induced acute liver toxicity via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic activities and regulating Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 expression.

MET canonical transcript expression is a predictive biomarker for chemo-sensitivity to MET-inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.

PURPOSE: Long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) is a dominant non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposon in the human genome that has been implicated in the overexpression of MET. Both the canonical MET and L1-MET transcripts are considered to play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of canonical MET, L1-MET, and MET protein expressions as predictive biomarkers for chemo-sensitivity to MET-inhibitors in HCC cell lines in vitro. Additionally, we assessed their expression in tumour tissues from Egyptian HCC patients. METHODS: MET and L1-MET expressions were assessed by qRT-PCR in six liver cancer cell lines (SNU-387, SNU-475, SK-HEP-1, PLC/PRF/5, SNU-449 and SNU-423) and 47 HCC tumour tissues. MET protein expression was measured by western blot in cell lines and immunohistochemistry in the tumours. Cell proliferation assay was used to assess the effect of crizotinib and tivantinib on the six liver cancer cell lines in correlation with the expression of MET, L1-MET and MET. RESULTS: The antitumor effect of crizotinib and tivantinib correlated with MET gene expression but not with L1-MET transcript or MET protein expressions. No significant difference was observed between HCC tumours and non-tumour samples in MET and L1-MET transcripts expression. There were no significant correlations between the 2-year overall survival rate and the MET, L1-MET transcripts and the MET protein expression. CONCLUSION: MET RNA expression could be useful biomarker for tivantinib and crizotinib targeted therapy in HCC. The value of assessment of MET protein expression is limited.

The effect of some natural antioxidants against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in rats: behavioral testing.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin (CP) is a common antineoplastic agent widely used to treat a broad spectrum of cancers. However, its usage for cancer treatment was restricted due to various side effects such as neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and ototoxicity. Neurotoxicity in patients who have undergone a complete course of chemotherapy is clinically evident. CP administration caused problems in rats with memory and learning. METHODS: The effect of combination of CP with either thymoquinone (TQ) or geraniol (Ger) on cell viability of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was detected by MTT assay. Forty male Wistar albino rats, healthy and adult, were divided into four groups: normal control, CP-treated group, CP + TQ-treated group and CP + Ger-treated group. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that prophylactic treatment with either TQ or Ger plus CP enhanced the anticancer effect of CP in MCF-7 cell line. In vivo study showed that CP-treated rats had higher depressives like behavior in open field and Morris water maze test while prophylactic treatment with either TQ or Ger and CP significantly enhanced the performance of depressive-like behavior. Also, histopathological evaluation of brain tissues proved the neurotoxic effect of CP and the possible protective activity of either TQ or Ger. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present work revealed that TQ or Ger along with CP may enhance the antitumor effect of CP. Also, spontaneous administration of CP with either TQ or Ger as natural antioxidants may prevent CP-induced neurotoxicity in rats through diminishing the memory and learning impairment.

Exosomes-Mediated Transfer of Itga2 Promotes Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.

Although integrin alpha 2 subunit (ITGA2) mediates cancer progression and metastasis, its transfer by exosomes has not been investigated in prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to determine the role of exosomal ITGA2 derived from castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) cells in promoting aggressive phenotypes in androgen receptor (AR)-positive cells. Exosomes were co-incubated with recipient cells and tested for different cellular assays. ITGA2 was enriched in exosomes derived from CRPC cells. Co-culture of AR-positive cells with CRPC-derived exosomes increased their proliferation, migration, and invasion by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which was reversed via ITGA2 knockdown or inhibition of exosomal uptake by methyl-ß-cyclodextrin (MßCD). Ectopic expression of ITGA2 reproduced the effect of exosomal ITGA2 in PCa cells. ITGA2 transferred by exosomes exerted its effect within a shorter time compared to that triggered by its endogenous expression. The difference of ITGA2 protein expression in localized tumors and those with lymph node metastatic tissues was indistinguishable. Nevertheless, its abundance was higher in circulating exosomes collected from PCa patients when compared with normal subjects. Our findings indicate the possible role of the exosomal-ITGA2 transfer in altering the phenotype of AR-positive cells towards more aggressive phenotype. Thus, interfering with exosomal cargo transfer may inhibit the development of aggressive phenotype in PCa cells.

Gallic acid and ferulic acid protect the liver from thioacetamide-induced fibrosis in rats via differential expression of miR-21, miR-30 and miR-200 and impact on TGF-ß1/Smad3 signaling.

This study evaluates the possible protective effects of gallic acid (GaA) and ferulic acid (FeA) against an experimentally induced liver fibrosis by thioacetamide (TAA) in rats. Animals were divided into: Control group, GaA group (20 mg/kg/day, p.o), FeA (20 mg/kg/day, p.o), TAA group (receiving 250 mg/kg twice/week, I.P), TAA + GaA group, TAA + FeA group (received the same previous doses) and TAA+silymarin group (received silymarin at 100 mg/kg/day+TAA as mentioned above). After 6 consecutive weeks, animals were sacrificed and the assessment of liver functions, oxidative stress biomarkers and histopathological examination of the liver tissues were performed. In addition, the effect on TGF-ß1/Smad3 signaling and the expression of miR-21, miR-30 and miR-200 were evaluated. The results showed that administration of GaA or FeA with TAA induced a significant reduction in serum ALT, AST and ALP activities and protected the integrity of liver tissues. Furthermore, they increased the activities of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase and catalase while decreased malondialdehyde content to a normal level. The hepatic expression of TGF-ß1, phosphorylated and total Smad3 proteins were significantly decreased. In addition, miR-21 expression was downregulated while miR-30 and miR-200 expressions were upregulated by administration of gallic acid or ferulic acid. In conclusion, gallic and ferulic acids exhibit hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects against TAA-induced liver fibrosis in rats. These effects are mediated through inhibition of TGF-ß1/Smad3 signaling and differentially regulating the hepatic expression level of miR-21, miR-30 and miR-200.

Correction to: Moringa seed extract alleviates titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs)-induced cerebral oxidative damage, and increases cerebral mitochondrial viability.

The original publication of this paper contains a mistake. The correct title is shown in this paper.

A novel chemoprotective effect of tiopronin against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats: Role of ASK1/P38 MAPK-P53 signalling cascade.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Oxidative stress contributes significantly to HCC pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the possible chemoprotective effect of the thiol group-containing compound, tiopronin, against HCC induced chemically by diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in rats. In addition, we elucidated the possible underlying molecular mechanism. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into: Control group, DENA-treated group and tiopronin + DENA-treated group. Liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP, albumin, total and direct bilirubin) as well as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) concentration were measured in the sera of samples. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in the liver tissue homogenates. Determination of the phosphorylated apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (phospho-ASK1), phospho-P38 and phospho-P53 proteins by western blotting, caspase 3 by immunofluorescence in addition to histopathological examination of the liver tissues were performed. Our results showed that tiopronin prevented the DENA-induced elevation of the liver function enzymes and AFP. It also preserved the activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as providing protection from the appearance of HCC histopathological features. Interestingly, tiopronin significantly decreased the expression level of phospho-ASK1, phospho-P38 and phospho-P53, caspase 3 in the liver tissues. These novel findings suggested that tiopronin is an antioxidant drug with a chemoprotective effect against DENA-induced HCC through maintaining the normal activity of ASK1/ P38 MAPK/ P53 signalling pathway.

Moringa seed extract alleviates titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs)-induced cerebral oxidative damage, and increases cerebral mitochondrial viability.

To investigate the influence of Moringa seed extract (MSE) on the cerebral Nrf2/NQO1 signaling in TiO2-NPs-induced brain damage, 80 male albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 20); group I was used as a control, group II received TiO2-NPs (500 mg/kg b.w/day orally) for 14 days, group III received MSE (100 mg/kg b.w/day orally) for 30 days, and group IV received MSE an hour before TiO2-NPs administration with the same doses as before. Administration of TiO2-NPs was started on the 17th day for both groups (II) and (IV). Administration of MSE significantly increased the cerebral mitochondrial viability and Nrf2 level with a simultaneous increase of NQO1 mRNA expression. This designates a powerful antioxidant effect of MSE which is indicated by a significant reduction of INOS expression, MDA, TOS, OSI levels, and DNA fragmentation % with a significant increase of GSH concentration, SOD activities, and TAC. MSE possesses an anti-inflammatory effect by a significant reduction of IL-1ß and TNF-α levels, and anti-apoptotic effect manifested by a significant reduction of caspase-3 and Fas levels. In harmonization, dopamine, serotonin concentrations, and acetylcholinesterase activities return back to normal as compared to control group. These results were confirmed by the histopathological features which were alleviated with MSE administration. In conclusion, Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in the mechanism of TiO2-NPs cerebral toxicity and MSE as a Nrf2 activator can provide a powerful cerebroprotective effect, whereas MSE increased the Nrf2 expression and consequently restore the antioxidant activity of brain cells by increasing NQO1 gene expression and cerebral mitochondrial viability as well as inhibition of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic mediators.

Zingiber officinale extract and omega-3 fatty acids ameliorate endoplasmic reticulum stress in a nonalcoholic fatty liver rat model.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was reported to play a major role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induction and progression. Here, we study the effect of Zingiber officinale and omega-3 fatty acids on ER stress for treating NAFLD. Male Wistar rats were fed on a normal diet (control group) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. The HFD rats were later treated with vehicle, omega-3 or with Z. officinale extract. HFD group demonstrated significantly more body weight gain and higher plasma lipid profile, glucose, and hepatic enzymes. The expressions of lipogenic ChREBP and ER stress genes CHOP, XBP1, and GRP78 were increased. This was accompanied by intrahepatic fat accumulation visualized by hepatic morphology and H&E-stained sections. Treatment with Z. officinale and omega-3 fatty acids reverted these changes into a normal healthy state. From these results, we prove that both therapeutic approaches can be potential drugs for treating NAFLD besides other ER stress-associated diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The effect of Zingiber officinale extract and omega-3 fatty acid on ER stress associated with NAFLD was investigated. The results revealed that Z. officinale extract and omega-3 fatty acids significantly inhibited ER stress and intrahepatic fat accumulation with the upper hand for Z. officinale extract. Both can be used as future promising therapies for the treatment of NAFLD patients and also treating different diseases that involve ER stress as a pathological modulator like diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer.