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1.
Heredity (Edinb) ; 119(2): 88-94, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28295033

RESUMO

Phenotypic changes in plants can be observed along many environmental gradients and are determined by both environmental and genetic factors. The identification of alleles associated with phenotypic variations is a rapidly developing area of research. We studied the genetic basis of phenotypic variations in 11 populations of wild pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) on two North-South aridity gradients, one in Niger and one in Mali. Most of the 11 phenotypic traits assessed in a common garden experiment varied between the populations studied. Moreover, the size of the inflorescence, the number of flowers and aboveground dry mass co-varied positively with a decrease in rainfall. To decipher the genetic basis of these phenotypes, we used an association mapping strategy with a mixed model. We found two SNPs on the same myosin XI contig significantly associated with variations in the average number of flowers. Both the allele frequency of the two SNPs and the average number of flowers co-varied with the rainfall gradient on the two gradients. Interestingly, this gene was also a target of selection during domestication. The Myosin XI gene is thus a good candidate for fitness-related adaptation in wild populations.


Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Aptidão Genética , Miosinas/genética , Pennisetum/genética , Alelos , Clima , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Genética Populacional , Genótipo , Mali , Níger , Pennisetum/fisiologia , Fenótipo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Chuva , Água/fisiologia
2.
Int J Sports Med ; 31(2): 101-5, 2010 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20027538

RESUMO

We determined the validity of the Nike+ device for estimating speed, distance, and energy expenditure (EE) during walking and running. Twenty trained individuals performed a maximal oxygen uptake test and underwent anthropometric and body composition testing. Each participant was outfitted with a Nike+ sensor inserted into the shoe and an Apple iPod nano. They performed eight 6-min stages on the treadmill, including level walking at 55, 82, and 107 m x min(-1), inclined walking (82 m x min(-1)) at 5 and 10% grades, and level running at 134, 161, and 188 m x min(-1). Speed was measured using a tachometer and EE was measured by indirect calorimetry. Results showed that the Nike+ device overestimated the speed of level walking at 55 m x min(-1) by 20%, underestimated the speed of level walking at 107 m x min(-1) by 12%, but closely estimated the speed of level walking at 82 m x min(-1), and level running at all speeds (p<0.05). Similar results were found for distance. The Nike+ device overestimated the EE of level walking by 18-37%, but closely estimated the EE of level running (p<0.05). In conclusion the Nike+ in-shoe device provided reasonable estimates of speed and distance during level running at the three speeds tested in this study. However, it overestimated EE during level walking and it did not detect the increased cost of inclined locomotion.


Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Monitorização Fisiológica/instrumentação , Corrida/fisiologia , Caminhada/fisiologia , Adulto , Teste de Esforço/instrumentação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Resistência Física , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto Jovem
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