RESUMO
The rapid emergence of drug resistance severely reduces the clinical response of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Herein, a series of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives was designed and synthesized, with the aim to identify novel anti-HIV-1 agents with improved drug resistance profiles. The antiviral activity results demonstrated that all compounds showed excellent potency to wild-type (WT) HIV-1 strain (EC50 = 3.61-15.5 nM). Moreover, 13c was proved to be the most potent inhibitor against the whole tested viral panel, with EC50 ranging from 4.68 to 229 nM. In addition, 13c yielded moderate HIV-1 RT inhibition with IC50 value of 0.231 µM, which demonstrated it was a classical NNRTI. Molecular docking was further conducted to illustrate its binding mode with HIV-1 RT. These encouraging results indicated that 13c can be used as a lead compound for further study.
RESUMO
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) has received great attention as an attractive therapeutic target for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), but the inevitable drug resistance and side effects have always been major challenges faced by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). This work aimed to identify novel chemotypes of anti-HIV-1 agents with improved drug-resistance profiles, reduced toxicity, and excellent druggability. A series of diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) derivatives were prepared via structural modifications of the leads K-5a2 and 25a. Among them, 15a with dimethylphosphine oxide moiety showed the most prominent antiviral potency against all of the tested viral panel, being 1.6-fold (WT, EC50 = 1.75 nmol/L), 3.0-fold (L100I, EC50 = 2.84 nmol/L), 2.4-fold (K103N, EC50 = 1.27 nmol/L), 3.3-fold (Y181C, EC50 = 5.38 nmol/L), 2.9-fold (Y188L, EC50 = 7.96 nmol/L), 2.5-fold (E138K, EC50 = 4.28 nmol/L), 4.8-fold (F227L/V106A, EC50 = 3.76 nmol/L) and 5.3-fold (RES056, EC50 = 15.8 nmol/L) more effective than that of the marketed drug ETR. Molecular docking results illustrated the detailed interactions formed by compound 15a and WT, F227L/V106A, and RES056 RT. Moreover, 15a·HCl carried outstanding pharmacokinetic (t 1/2 = 1.32 h, F = 40.8%) and safety profiles (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg), which demonstrated that 15a HCl is a potential anti-HIV-1 drug candidate.
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A vast and painful price has been paid in the battle against viruses in global health [...].
Assuntos
Antivirais , Descoberta de Drogas , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Humanos , Viroses/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In the current antiretroviral landscape, continuous efforts are still needed to search for novel chemotypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibitors with improved drug resistance profiles and favorable drug-like properties. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, biological characterization, and druggability evaluation of a class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Guided by the available crystallographic information, a series of novel indolylarylsulfone derivatives were rationally discovered via the substituent decorating strategy to fully explore the chemical space of the entrance channel. Among them, compound 11h bearing the cyano-substituted benzyl moiety proved to be the most effective inhibitor against HIV-1 wild-type and mutant strains (EC50 = 0.0039-0.338 µM), being far more potent than or comparable to etravirine and doravirine. Besides, 11h did not exhibit cytotoxicity at the maximum test concentration. Meanwhile, the binding target of 11h was further confirmed to be reverse transcriptase (IC50 = 0.055 µM). Preliminary structure-activity relationship were discussed to guide further optimization work. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies were investigated in detail to rationalize the biological evaluation results. Further drug-likeness assessment indicated that 11h possessed excellent physicochemical properties. Moreover, no apparent hERG blockade liability and cytochrome P450 inhibition were observed for 11h. Notably, 11h was characterized by favorable in vitro metabolic stability with moderate clearance rates and long half-lives in human plasma and liver microsomes. Overall, 11h holds great promise as an ideal Anti-HIV-1 lead compound due to its potent antiviral efficacy, low toxicity, and favorable drug-like profiles.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , Desenho de Fármacos , HIV-1 , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa , Sulfonas , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/síntese química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonas/farmacologia , Sulfonas/síntese química , Sulfonas/química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/síntese química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/química , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/antagonistas & inibidores , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/metabolismoRESUMO
The Sichuan takin (Budorcas tibetanus) and the golden takin (Budorcas bedfordi) are endemic to China. Studies of their habitat ecology have attracted attention, but dedicated reviews of the topic have not been published. To fill this gap, research advances on the habitat ecology of these takin species were reviewed based on published journal papers from 2001-2022, covering habitat selection and use, as well as habitat assessment and protection. Habitat selection and use by the takins received the most frequent reports in a few protected areas, such as the Tangjiahe Nature Reserve in Sichuan and the Foping Nature Reserve in Shaanxi. Higher herb cover characterized some of the Sichuan takin habitats, while some of the golden takin population exhibited seasonal altitude migration. The focus on habitat assessment and protection differed between the two species. Studying the habitat of the Sichuan takin involves the relationship between its habitat and the protected areas and habitat status in various ranges while studying the habitat of the golden takin involves habitat distribution and change, protection effects, and corridor planning. Some issues worthy of consideration in future research are proposed, including basic habitat information, impacts of human disturbances, habitat restoration, and theoretical, independent, and comprehensive studies on both takins. Habitat conservation frameworks should be formulated for both takins to improve protection and restoration effects. This review provides convenient information to help understand the habitat characteristics of the two takins and is a reference for future research.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , China , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Animais , EcologiaRESUMO
The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which belong to the ionotropic Glutamate receptors, constitute a family of ligand-gated ion channels. Within the various subtypes of NMDA receptors, the GluN1/2A subtype plays a significant role in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The present article aims to provide a comprehensive review of ligands targeting GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors, encompassing negative allosteric modulators (NAMs), positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and competitive antagonists. Moreover, the ligands' structure-activity relationships (SARs) and the binding models of representative ligands are also discussed, providing valuable insights for the clinical rational design of effective drugs targeting CNS diseases.
RESUMO
NNRTI is an important component of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), but the rapid emergence of drug resistance and poor pharmacokinetics limited their clinical application. Herein, a series of novel aryl triazolone dihydropyridines (ATDPs) were designed by structure-guided design with the aim of improving drug resistance profiles and pharmacokinetic profiles. Compound 10n (EC50 = 0.009-17.7 µM) exhibited the most active potency, being superior to or comparable to that of doravirine (DOR) against the whole tested viral panel. Molecular docking was performed to clarify the reason for its higher resistance profiles. Moreover, 10n demonstrated excellent pharmacokinetic profile (T1/2 = 5.09 h, F = 108.96%) compared that of DOR (T1/2 = 4.4 h, F = 57%). Additionally, 10n was also verified to have no in vivo acute or subacute toxicity (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg), suggesting that 10n is worth further investigation as a novel oral NNRTIs for HIV-1 therapy.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , Di-Hidropiridinas , HIV-1 , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa , Triazóis , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Triazóis/química , Triazóis/farmacologia , Triazóis/farmacocinética , Humanos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/síntese química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacocinética , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/síntese química , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacocinética , Di-Hidropiridinas/química , Di-Hidropiridinas/farmacologia , Di-Hidropiridinas/farmacocinética , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/antagonistas & inibidores , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/metabolismo , Animais , Masculino , Descoberta de Drogas , Estrutura Molecular , CamundongosRESUMO
With our continuous endeavors in seeking potent anti-HIV-1 agents, we reported here the discovery, biological characterization, and druggability evaluation of a class of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. To fully explore the chemical space of the NNRTI-binding pocket, novel series of dihydrothiopyrano [3,2-d]pyrimidines were developed by employing the structure-based design strategy. Most of the derivatives were endowed with prominent antiviral activities against HIV-1 wild-type and resistant strains at nanomolar levels. Among them, compound 23h featuring the aminopiperidine moiety was identified as the most potent inhibitor, with EC50 values ranging from 3.43 to 21.4 nmol/L. Especially, for the challenging double-mutants F227L + V106A and K103N + Y181C, 23h exhibited 2.3- to 14.5-fold more potent activity than the first-line drugs efavirenz and etravirine. Besides, the resistance profiles of 23h achieved remarkable improvement compared to efavirenz and etravirine. The binding target of 23h was further confirmed to be HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Molecular modeling studies were also performed to elucidate the biological evaluation results and give guidance for the optimization campaign. Furthermore, no apparent inhibition of the major CYP450 enzymes and hERG channel was observed for 23h. Most importantly, 23h was characterized by good pharmacokinetic properties and excellent safety in vivo. Collectively, 23h holds great promise as a potential candidate for its effective antiviral efficacy and favorable drug-like profiles.
RESUMO
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are an important component of anti-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treatment regimen. In the present work, with the previously reported compound K-16c as lead, a series of novel 2,4,5-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were designed based on the cocrystal structure of K-16c/RT, with the aim to improve the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) activities and metabolic stability properties. Compound 11b1 exhibited the most potent antiviral activity against wild-type (WT) and a panel of single mutant HIV-1 strains (EC50 = 2.4-12.4 nM), being superior to or comparable to those of the approved drug etravirine. Meanwhile, 11b1 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity (CC50 = 4.96 µM) and high selectivity index (SI = 1189) toward HIV-1 WT strain. As for HIV-1 RT inhibition test, 11b1 possessed excellent inhibitory potency (IC50 = 0.04 µM) and confirmed its target was RT. Moreover, the molecular dynamics simulation was performed to elucidate the improved drug resistance profiles. Moreover, 11b1 was demonstrated with favorable safety profiles and pharmacokinetic properties in vivo, indicating that 11b1 is a potential anti-HIV-1 drug candidate worthy of further development.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , HIV-1 , Humanos , Anti-Hipertensivos , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , NucleosídeosRESUMO
In this study, a novel series of diarylpyrimidine derivatives with Fsp3-enriched spirocycles were designed and synthesized to further explore the chemical space of the hydrophobic channel of the NNRTI-binding pocket. The biological evaluation results showed that most of the compounds displayed effective inhibitory potency against the HIV-1 wild-type strain, with EC50 values ranging from micromolar to submicromolar levels. Among them, TT6 turned out to be the most effective inhibitor with an EC50 value of 0.17 µM, demonstrating up to 47 times more active than that of reference drug 3TC (EC50 = 8.01 µM). More encouragingly, TT6 was found to potently inhibit the HIV-1 mutant strain K103N with an EC50 value of 0.69 µM, being about 6-fold more potent than 3TC (EC50 = 3.68 µM) and NVP (EC50 = 4.62 µM). Furthermore, TT6 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 value of 0.33 µM. Additionally, molecular simulation studies were conducted to investigate the binding modes between TT6 and NNRTI-binding pocket, which may provide valuable clues for the follow-up structural optimizations.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , HIV-1 , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/metabolismoRESUMO
The existing available antipsychotics have failed to manage the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia and induced a number of seriously undesirable effects. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has emerged as an ideal target for the design of antischizophrenia drugs, with the ability to mediate multiple psychological functions by sensing endogenous amine-containing metabolites without the side effects of catalepsy. In this work, a series of novel TAAR1 agonists were designed based on the structural analysis of the TAAR1 activation pocket. Among them, 6e displayed a potent TAAR1-Gs/Gq dual-pathway activation property, being different from that of the clinical drug candidate SEP-363856 with only TAAR1-Gs pathway activation. In rodent models, 6e significantly alleviated MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like cognitive phenotypes without inducing catalepsy. Furthermore, 6e·HCl exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic (T1/2 = 2.31 h, F = 39%) and safety properties. All these demonstrated that 6e·HCl may be used as a novel drug candidate for schizophrenia treatment.