Mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis of saccharides in aqueous solutions with sodium chloride.

The infrared spectral characteristics of three different types of disaccharides (trehalose, maltose, and sucrose) and four different types of monosaccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose, and fructose) in aqueous solutions with sodium chloride (NaCl) were determined. The infrared spectra were obtained using the FT-IR/ATR method and the absorption intensities respected the interaction between the saccharide and water with NaCl were determined. This study also focused on not only the glycosidic linkage position and the constituent monosaccharides, but also the concentration of the saccharides and NaCl and found that they have a significant influence on the infrared spectroscopic characterization of the disaccharides in an aqueous solution with NaCl. The absorption intensities representing the interaction between a saccharide and water with NaCl were spectroscopically determined. Additionally, the applications of MIR spectroscopy to obtain information about saccharide-NaCl interactions in foods and biosystems were suggested.

Analysis of kinetic uptake phenomena of monosaccharide and disaccharide by suspension TBY-2 cells using an FT-IR/ATR method.

The influence of sugars in culture media on the kinetics of the mono- and disaccharide uptake and cell growth behavior was studied by mid-infrared spectroscopy using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) equipped with an attenuate total reflection accessory (ATR). We performed the plant cell cultivation with Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright Yellow No.2 (TBY-2) cells in the culture media, which contained glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, trehalose, maltose or lactose. Consequently, the differences of the kinetic sugar uptake and cell growth behavior among all the cultivations were confirmed. In particular, a very long lag time before the galactose uptake was observed, and the spectral-pattern of the maltose medium presented almost the same as the initial one during the cultivation. Furthermore, base on the non-dimensional cultivation time for cell growth behavior, it was suggested that the TBY-2 cells consumed sugar before cell growth and produced the ethanol just after cell growth.

Influences of monosaccharides and its glycosidic linkage on infrared spectral characteristics of disaccharides in aqueous solutions.

The infrared spectral characteristics of ten different types of disaccharides (trehalose, kojibiose, nigerose, maltose, isomaltose, trehalulose, sucrose, turanose, maltulose, and palatinose) and five different types of monosaccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose, talose, and fructose) in aqueous solutions (H2O and D2O) were determined. The infrared spectra were collected using the Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ATR) method and comparisons between the degrees of absorption band-shift of the saccharide spectra in the H2O solution with those in the D2O solution with respect to the saccharide concentrations were done. The study revealed that the wavenumber shifts in the bands of mono- and disaccharides in the H2O and D2O solutions could be used as an indicator of the level of interaction between the saccharides and water. The study also focused on the glycosidic linkage position and the constituent monosaccharides and found that they have a significant influence on the infrared spectroscopic characterization of disaccharides in an aqueous solution.

MIR spectroscopic analysis on sugar metabolic and ethanol productive kinetics of suspension TBY-2 and rice cells pre-cultured in various media.

The influence of sugars in pre-cultivation media suspended plant cells on the kinetics of the sugar uptake and the ethanol production was studied by mid-infrared spectroscopy using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) equipped with an attenuate total reflection accessory (ATR). We performed the plant cell cultivation with Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright Yellow No.2 (TBY-2) cells and Oryza sativa L., Japonica, cv. Nipponbare (rice) cells, respectively, in pre-culture and culture media, which had various types of glucose, fructose, sucrose or glucose-fructose mixtures. The results confirmed the kinetic differences between the TBY-2 cells and rice cells. These results suggested that the TBY-2 cells consumed sugar before growth and the rice cells consumed sugar after growth, moreover, the ethanol content increased just after cell growth was activated based on the non-dimensional cultivation time for the cell growth behavior.

Simple and rapid determination of metabolite content in plant cell culture medium using an FT-IR/ATR method.

A simple, rapid and accurate mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic method for simultaneously determining the product (ethanol) content and the nutrient (sugar) content in plant-cell culture media was developed using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer equipped with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory. We assessed the potential of this method by comparing it to a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, and using the developed method to measure the ethanol and sugar contents simultaneously in liquid culture media with rice and tabacum cell suspensions, respectively. The experimental results suggest that the sugar consumption and ethanol production behaviors of the plant cell suspensions can be non-destructively and simultaneously monitored using the developed method. Furthermore, the spectroscopic method provided in this study could be developed into a technique that could be used to analyze the overall kinetics of the metabolism of the plant cell suspensions.

Mid-infrared spectroscopic measurement of ionic dissociative materials in the metabolic pathway.

We determine the pH dependency of the mid-infrared spectra in aqueous solution of the organic dissociative materials in the metabolic pathway: saccharide phosphates (G6P, F6P), adenosine, and its phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP). The series of molar absorbance spectra for these reagents were obtained in a pH range of about 2 to 11 with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer equipped with a horizontal diamond attenuated total reflection (ATR) sampling accessory. We also provide a method of infrared spectral extraction of ionic dissociative materials by performing a linear least-square fitting utilizing the formulas of ionic dissociation equilibrium shift, and we obtain the infrared spectrum of each ionic species of the dissociative materials: G6P-, G6P2-; F6P-, F6P2-; ATP2-, ATP3-, ATP4-; ADP-, ADP2-, ADP3-; AMP, AMP-, AMP2-; and adenosine+, adenosine0. The infrared spectral structure of each ionic species of the dissociative materials in the metabolic pathway are discussed. Additionally, the possibility for a quantification system of the concentrations of the organic dissociative materials in varying pH is suggested.