Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) due to silicone implant incompatibility syndrome in three sisters.

Three sisters who carried the BRCA-1 gene mutation had a preventive mastectomy and were reconstructed with silicone breast implants. After the reconstruction all three patients developed fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia and sleep disturbances within a period of four years. Because the complaints were thought to be related to the silicone breast implants, they were advised to have the implants replaced by non-silicone gel containing Monobloc Hydrogel breast implants. After this replacement operation, all complaints improved as evaluated 2.5 years later. Since the complaints developed during the presence of silicone implants and since the reversal was observed after replacement by hydrogel implants we postulate that our patients suffered from ASIA due to silicone implants, i.e. Silicone Implant Incompatibility Syndrome (SIIS). The generation of this syndrome in three sisters suggests that the susceptibility to the development of SIIS may be genetically determined.

Silicone implant incompatibility syndrome (SIIS): a frequent cause of ASIA (Shoenfeld's syndrome).

Silicon has a molecular mass of 28 daltons. In nature, silicon is found as silicon dioxide (silica) or in a variety of silicates (e.g., in talc or asbestos). Furthermore, silicon is present in silicones, polymerized siloxanes, which are often used as medical silicones in breast implants. Silicon exposure is associated with different systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, progressive systemic sclerosis, and vasculitis. Remarkably, silicon in silicone-filled breast implants is considered to be safe, not increasing the risk of developing autoimmune diseases. We analyzed the impact of silicone-filled breast implants on the immune system in 32 consecutive patients attending a specialized autoimmunity clinic. All 32 patients had silicone implant incompatibility syndrome and complaints fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of ASIA (autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants). Furthermore, in 17 of the 32 patients, a systemic autoimmune disease was diagnosed, and 15 of the 32 patients had an impaired humoral immune system. Patients developed symptoms and signs after long-term follow-up, suggesting that these symptoms and signs started after implant aging and/or rupture. We postulate that silicon in silicone-filled breast implants may increase the risk of developing (auto) immune diseases and immune deficiencies.

Regional differences during cerebellar corticogenesis in the rhesus monkey - abstract

This study was undertaken to gain more insight into the complex morphology of the mammalian cerebellum. Investigators of earlier days who attempted to elucidate the fundamental organization of the cerebellum were mainly occupied with the gross morphology of its lobes and fissures, and this closed the eyes initially to other principles of organization. Recent anatomical and electrophysiological studies, however, have increasingly raised support for the concept of a fundamental division of the cerebellum into 4 longitudinal zones with their subdivisions, rather than into transverse lobes and lobules. These zones are based on the compartmentilization of certain afferent and efferent fiber systems of the adult cerebellum. Studies of the development to the cerebellum in a few mammals and man, also revealed the existence of a transient zonal pattern. The latter, however, is based on the temporary clustering of Purkinje cell neuroblasts in the cortical anlage. In the rhesus monkey this period lasts from d.48 until d/80. Horizontal and frontal serial sections of each age were available. The first indication of regional differences is noted on d.50. Between d.54 and d.65 the clusters become increasingly clear and it is possible to distinguish them individually. As development progresses, the clusters are gradually transformed into a Purkinje cell monolayer, which is apparent around d.80. It is highly probable that before it fades away, the embryonic zonal pattern acts as the mould for the permanent adult pattern (AU)