Environmental and health impacts of spraying COVID-19 disinfectants with associated challenges.

Coronavirus refers to a group of widespread viruses. The name refers to the specific morphology of these viruses because their spikes look like a crown under an electron microscope. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has been reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, was proclaimed an international public health emergency (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and on 11 March 2020, it was declared as a pandemic (World Health Organization 2020). The official name of the virus was declared by the WHO as "COVID-19 virus", formerly known as "2019-nCoV", or "Wuhan Coronavirus". The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy's Coronavirus Research Group has identified that this virus is a form of coronavirus that caused a severe outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome in 2002-2003 (SARS). As a result, the latest severe acute respiratory syndrome has been classified as a corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogen by this committee. This disease spread quickly across the country and the world within the first 3 months of the outbreak and became a global pandemic. To stop COVID-19 from spreading, the governing agencies used various chemicals to disinfect different commercial spaces, streets and highways. However, people used it aggressively because of panic conditions, anxiety and unconsciousness, which can have a detrimental impact on human health and the environment. Our water bodies, soil and air have been polluted by disinfectants, forming secondary products that can be poisonous and mutagenic. In the prevention and spread of COVID-19, disinfection is crucial, but disinfection should be carried out with sufficient precautions to minimize exposure to harmful by-products. In addition, to prevent inhalation, adequate personal protective equipment should be worn and chemical usage, concentrations, ventilation in the room and application techniques should be carefully considered. In the USA, 60% of respondents said they cleaned or disinfected their homes more often than they had in the previous months. In addition to the robust use of disinfection approaches to combat COVID-19, we will explore safe preventative solutions here.

Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe2O3 nano catalyst.

During the past few decades, the treatment of hazardous waste and toxic phenolic compounds has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical, gas/oil, dying, and chemical industries. Considering polymerization and oxidation of phenolic compounds, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has gained special attention. The present study objective was to synthesize a novel in situ Fe2O3nano-catalyst in a counter-current mixing reactor by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) method to evaluate the phenol oxidation and COD reduction at different operation conditions like oxidant ratios and concentrations. Synthesized nano-catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM results revealed the maximum average particle size of 26.18 and 16.20 nm for preheated and non-preheated oxidant configuration, respectively. XRD showed the clear peaks of hematite at a 2θ value of 24, 33, 35.5, 49.5, 54, 62, and 64 for both catalysts treated preheated and non-preheated oxidant configurations. The maximum COD reduction and phenol oxidation of about 93.5% and 99.9% were observed at an oxidant ratio of 1.5, 0.75 s, 25 MPa, and 380 °C with a non-preheated H2O2 oxidant, while in situ formed Fe2O3nano-catalyst showed the maximum phenol oxidation of 99.9% at 0.75 s, 1.5 oxidant ratio, 25 MPa, and 380 °C. Similarly, in situ formed Fe2O3 catalyst presented the highest COD reduction of 97.8% at 40 mM phenol concentration, 1.0 oxidant ratio, 0.75 s residence time, 380 °C, and 25 MPa. It is concluded and recommended that SCWO is a feasible and cost-effective alternative method for the destruction of contaminants in water which showed the complete conversion of phenol within less than 1 s and 1.5 oxidant ratio.

3D Guided Dental Implant Placement: Impact on Surgical Accuracy and Collateral Damage to the Inferior Alveolar Nerve.

An increase in the number of implants placed has led to a corresponding increase in the number of complications reported. The complications can vary from restorative complications due to poor placement to damage to collateral structures such as nerves and adjacent teeth. A large majority of these complications can be avoided if the implant has been placed accurately in the optimal position. Therefore, the aim of this in vitro pilot study was to investigate the effect of freehand (FH) and fully guided (FG) surgery on the accuracy of implants placed in close proximity to vital structures such as the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intraoral scans of six patients who have had previous dental implants in the posterior mandible were used in this study. The ideal implant position was planned. FG surgical guides were manufactured for each case. In this study, the three-dimensional 3D printed resin models of each of the cases were produced and the implants placed using FG and FH methods on the respective models. The outcome variables of the study, angular deviations were calculated and the distance to the IAN was measured. The mean deviations for the planned position observed were 1.10 mm coronally, 1.88 mm apically with up to 6.3 degrees' angular deviation for FH surgery. For FG surgical technique the mean deviation was found to be at 0.35 mm coronally, 0.43 mm apically with 0.78 degrees angularly respectively. The maximum deviation from the planned position for the apex of the implant to the IAN was 2.55 mm using FH and 0.63 mm FG. This bench study, within its limitations, demonstrated surgically acceptable accuracy for both FH and FG techniques that would allow safe placement of implants to vital structures such as the IAN when a safety zone of 3 mm is allowed. Nevertheless, a better margin of error was observed for FG surgery with respect to the angular deviation and controlling the distance of the implant to the IAN using R2 Gate® system.

Chest x-ray resolution after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Aim To analyse the resolution of chest X-ray findings in relation to laboratory parameters in patients infected with acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a two- month followup. Analysis of chest X-ray findings in the first few months after the disease is the main goal of our work. Methods Out of the total of 343 patients chest X-ray findings were followed in 269 patients. Patients were divided into groups according to the severity of findings. D-dimer, inflammatory markers, blood cell count, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were analysed. Chest X-ray was analysed during the hospitalization on the day of admission, on the third, the seventh and the fourteenth day (scoring method was used). After discharge chest X-ray was performed in a two-week follow-up, then after one and two months, and after three months if necessary. Results Incomplete chest X-ray resolution was identified in 24 (39.34%) patients with severe, 27 (22.31 %) patients with moderate and in three (3.91%) patients with mild findings. Statistical significance was established in overall score by comparison between all groups (p<0.001), and in the moderate compared to the mild group (p=0.0051). The difference of NLR in the severe compared to the moderate group was observed (p=0.0021) and in the severe group compared to the mild group (p=0.00013). Conclusion Chest X-ray findings persisted mostly in the severe group followed by the moderate and mild ones. Long-term followup is necessary for the appropriate treatment and prevention of fibrosis, and reduction of symptoms.

Clinical use of an analysis of oxidative stress and IL-6 as the promoters of diabetic polyneuropathy.

Aim To investigate interleukin 6 (IL-6) values depending on duration of diabetes mellitus (DM) and evaluate possible correlation with diabetic polyneuropathy. Methods The research study included 90 patients with DM divided into three groups (30 patients each) according to the duration of DM: group A - patients who had DM for less than 10 years, group B - duration of DM was 10 to 20 years, and group C - patients with DM over 20 years. Control group (K) included 30 healthy participants. Results IL-6 was significantly higher in the healthy control group, 180.318 pg/mL±94.18, than in group A, 47.23pg/ml±34.8, group B, 43.31pg/ml±33.17, and group C, 70.39 pg/ml±59.26 (p=0.0001). All groups had significantly different values of IL-6 between each other (p=0.0001). Level of IL-6 was in correlation with diabetic polyneuropathy in the group A (the youngest participants) (p=0.0001). In other groups there was no significant correlation between IL-6 and diabetic polyneuropathy. Conclusion The level of IL-6 was in correlation with neuropathy among younger patients. A higher level of IL-6 in the control group than in diabetic groups is a sign of stronger inflammatory response among younger and healthy people than in patients with DM.

THE ROLE OF CYSTEINE PROTEASE IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE.

INTRODUCTION: Cysteine protease are biological catalysts which play a pivotal role in numerous biological reactions in organism. Much of the literature is inscribed to their biochemical significance, distribution and mechanism of action. Many diseases, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, develop due to enzyme balance disruption. Understanding of cysteine protease's disbalance is therefor a key to unravel the new possibilities of treatment. Cysteine protease are one of the most important enzymes for protein disruption during programmed cell death. Whether protein disruption is part of cell deaths is not enough clear in any cases. Thereafter, any tissue disruption, including proteolysis, generate more or less inflammation appearance. REVIEW: This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge about pathological mechanism's that results in AD, with significant reference to the role of cysteine protease in it. Based on the summary, new pharmacological approach and development of novel potent drugs with selective toxicity targeting cysteine protease will be a major challenge in years to come.