A large share of climate impacts of beef and dairy can be attributed to ecosystem services other than food production.

Domesticated ruminants supply nutrient-dense foods but at a large environmental cost. However, many ruminant production systems are multi-functional, providing ecosystem services (ES) other than direct provision of food. When quantifying the climate impact of ruminant products using life cycle assessment (LCA), provisioning ES (i.e. beef and milk) are generally considered the only valuable outputs and other ES provided are ignored, which risks overlooking positive contributions associated with ruminant production. Non-provisioning ES can be included in LCA by economic allocation, using compensatory payments (through agri-environmental schemes) as a proxy for the economic value of ES. For example, farmers can receive payments for maintenance of pastures, which supports e.g. pollination. However, the association between different payment schemes, the ES provided, and livestock production is not always straightforward and it can be difficult to determine which payment schemes to include in the allocation. This study examined how accounting for ES in quantification of climate impact for beef and milk production on Swedish farms was affected by different ways of coupling ES to livestock production through payment schemes. Quantification was done using LCA, attributing the climate impact to beef, milk, and other ES by economic allocation. This resulted in <1-48% and 11-31% of climate impacts being allocated to other ES, instead of beef and milk, respectively, affecting suckler farms most. The results were influenced by which payment schemes, representing different ES, that were included; when only payments directly related to livestock rearing were included, the difference in the climate impact was still large between farm types, while the difference decreased considerably when all environmental schemes were included. While emissions do not disappear, ES-corrected climate impact can potentially be useful as part of consumer communication or in decision-making, reducing the risk of overlooking ES provided by ruminant production in a simpler way than using separate indicators.

Pain, hand function, activity performance and apprehensiveness, in patients with surgically treated distal radius fractures.

Distal radius fracture (DRF) is a common injury, affecting both function and activity performance. Postoperative rehabilitation is an essential part of the treatment of a surgically treated DRF. The study aims were to assess pain, hand function, activity performance and apprehensiveness and their association, during the first three months after a surgically treated DRF. Eighty-eight patients with a DRF were assessed for pain, hand function, activity performance and apprehensiveness three days and two, six and 12 weeks after surgery. The results indicated that pain, range of motion (ROM), grip strength, apprehensiveness, and activity performance (PRWE) improved significantly between follow-ups (p < .001-.01). Apprehensiveness correlated moderately with activity performance on all visits (0.40-0.47, p < .01), which implies a correlation between the variables, but the regression model showed that the differences in the PRWE at twelve weeks cannot be explained by the differences in apprehensiveness or range of motion at cast removal. At 12 weeks, the study participants had regained almost 70% of their grip strength and 74-96% of the ROM of the uninjured hand.The study shows that, during the study period, the participants improved in both pain, hand function and activity performance, and indicates that a simple question on apprehensiveness in terms of using the injured hand in daily life could be an important factor in distal radius fracture rehabilitation.

The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ-Swe) in patients with distal radius fractures-cross-cultural adaptation to Swedish, validation and reliability.

BACKGROUND: The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire-MHQ-is a well-known self-assessment questionnaire, where patients' own perception in terms of recovery, pain and the ability to return to activities of daily living is assessed. The purpose of the study was to translate and culturally adapt the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire to Swedish and to test the validity and reliability in patients with surgically treated distal radius fractures. METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation and the translation process were conducted according to predefined guidelines. Seventy-eight patients with surgically treated distal radius fractures completed the translated version of the questionnaire on their six-week follow-up visit. RESULTS: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process revealed no major linguistic or cultural issues. The internal consistency of the MHQ-Swe ranged from 0.77 to 0.94 at test 1 and from 0.81 to 0.96 at test 2 for all subscales, which indicates good internal consistency in the subscales. The hand function subscale revealed the lowest results and work performance the highest. The ICCs showed excellent test-retest reliability, ranging from 0.77 to 0.90 on all MHQ subscales and 0.92 on total score. The highest results for the ICC were seen in the satisfaction subscale (ICC = 0.90), while the lowest were seen in the aesthetic subscale (ICC = 0.77). The correlation analysis between the MHQ-Swe, PRWE and VAS showed a generally moderate to high correlation for all the subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The Swedish version of the MHQ, the MHQ-Swe, showed good validity and reliability and it is therefore an appropriate and relevant questionnaire for use in patients with surgically treated distal radius fractures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: FoU i VGR, Projectnumber: 208491 , registered December 9, 2015.

Milk fatty acids as indicators of negative energy balance of dairy cows in early lactation.

Most dairy cows experience negative energy balance (NEB) in early lactation because energy demand for milk synthesis is not met by energy intake. Excessive NEB may lead to metabolic disorders and impaired fertility. To optimize herd management, it is useful to detect cows in NEB in early lactation, but direct calculation of NEB is not feasible in commercial herds. Alternative methods rely on fat-to-protein ratio in milk or on concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in blood. Here, we considered methods to assess energy balance (EB) of dairy cows based on the fatty acid (FA) composition in milk. Short- and medium-chain FAs (primarily, C14:0) are typically synthesized de novo in the mammary gland and their proportions in milk fat decrease during NEB. Long-chain FAs C18:0 and C18:1 cis-9 are typically released from body fat depots during NEB, and their proportions increase. In this study, these FAs were routinely determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of individual milk samples. We performed an experiment on 85 dairy cows in early lactation, fed the same concentrate ration of up to 5 kg per day and forage ad libitum. Daily milk yield and feed intake were automatically recorded. During lactation weeks 2, 4, and 6 after calving, two milk samples were collected for FTIR spectroscopy, Tuesday evening and Wednesday morning, blood plasma samples were collected Thursday morning. Net energy content in feed and net energy required for maintenance and lactation were estimated to derive EB, which was used to compare alternative indicators of severe NEB. Linear univariate models for EB based on NEFA concentration (deviance explained = 0.13) and other metabolites in blood plasma were outperformed by models based on concentrations of metabolites in milk: fat (0.27), fat-to-protein ratio (0.18), BHB (0.20), and especially C18:0 (0.28) and C18:1 cis-9 (0.39). Analysis of generalized additive models (GAM) revealed that models based on milk variables performed better than those based on blood plasma (deviance explained 0.46 vs. 0.21). C18:0 and C18:1 cis-9 also performed better in severe NEB prediction for EB cut-off values ranging from -50 to 0 MJ NEL/d. Overall, concentrations of C18:0 and C18:1 cis-9 in milk, milk fat, and milk BHB were the best variables for early detection of cows in severe NEB. Thus, milk FA concentrations in whole milk can be useful to identify NEB in early-lactation cows.

Measuring sustainability in healthcare: an analysis of two systems providing insoles to patients with diabetes.

There is an increasing demand to quantify the footprints, ecological, economic and social, in terms of the effect of different interventions in healthcare. The aim of this study was to compare two systems providing patients with diabetes with insoles in terms of their ecological, economic and social footprints. Prefabricated insoles (PRI) were compared with custom-made insoles (CMI). Using a welfare-economic monetary approach, costs were estimated for (1) treatment, (2) travelling to and from the hospital in terms of both fuel and time consumed by the patients and (3) society through emissions contributing to climate change. The proportion of patients/year that could be supplied within the same budget, for each individual treatment, was calculated. The cost of the insoles was 825 SEK (PRI) and 1450 SEK (CMI), respectively. The cost, mean value/patient due to the consumption of patients' time at the department, was 754 SEK (PRI) and 1508 SEK (CMI), respectively. Emissions, in terms of CO2 equivalent, were 13.7 (PRI) and 27.4 (CMI), respectively. Using PRI, a total of 928 patients could be provided/year compared with 500 patients if CMI are used. By using PRI, the cost/treatment was reduced by 46%. The cost of treatment dominated and the cost of time consumed by patients were also substantial. The societal cost of contributing to climate change was of low importance. By using PRI, the needs of 86% more patients could be met within the same budget. Using these methods, the contribution of healthcare systems to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals approved by the UN can be quantified.

Dissolved organic matter biodegradation along a hydrological continuum in permafrost peatlands.

Arctic regions contain large amounts of organic carbon (OC) trapped in soil and wetland permafrost. With climate warming, part of this OC is released to aquatic systems and degraded by microorganisms, thus resulting in positive feedback due to carbon (C) emission. In wetland areas, water bodies are spatially heterogenic and separated by landscape position and water residence time. This represents a hydrological continuum, from depressions, smaller water bodies and lakes to the receiving streams and rivers. Yet, the effect of this heterogeneity on the OC release from the soil and its processing in waters is largely unknown and not accounted for in C cycle models of Arctic regions. Here we investigated the dissolved OC (DOC) biodegradation of aquatic systems along a hydrological continuum located in two discontinuous permafrost sites: in western Siberia and northern Sweden. The biodegradable dissolved OC (BDOC15; % DOC lost relative to the initial DOC concentration after 15 days incubation at 20 °C) ranged from 0 to 20% for small water bodies located at the beginning of the continuum (soil solutions, small ponds, fen and lakes) and from 10 to 20% for streams and rivers. While the BDOC15 increased, the removal rate of DOC decreased along the hydrological continuum. The potential maximum CO2 production from DOC biodegradation was estimated to account for only a small part of in-situ CO2 emissions measured in peatland aquatic systems of northern Sweden and western Siberia. This suggests that other sources, such as sediment respiration and soil input, largely contribute to CO2 emissions from small surface waters of permafrost peatlands. Our results highlight the need to account for large heterogeneity of dissolved OC concentration and biodegradability in order to quantify C cycling in arctic water bodies susceptible to permafrost thaw.

Diel cycles of carbon, nutrient and metal in humic lakes of permafrost peatlands.

Despite the importance of surface waters of permafrost landscapes in carbon (C) emission and dissolved C and metal storage and export, the majority of available observations in high latitude aquatic systems deal with punctual or seasonal sampling without accounting for diurnal variations in temperature and primary productivity-respiration cycles. Towards providing comprehensive understanding of diel variations in CO2 emission, organic C and element concentrations in lakes of frozen peatlands, we monitored, each 2 h over 2 days, the water temperature, pH, CO2 fluxes, CO2, CH4, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC, respectively), nutrients, carboxylic acids, bacterial number, and major and trace elements in two acidic (pH = 3.6 and 4.0) and humic (DOC = 15 and 35 mg L-1) thermokarst lakes of discontinuous permafrost zone in Western Siberia. We discovered a factor of 2 to 3 higher CO2 concentrations and fluxes during the night compared to daytime in the high-DOC lake. The emission fluxes in the low-DOC lake increased from zero to negative values during the day to highly positive values during the end of night and early morning. The methane concentration varied within a factor of 5 without any link to the diurnal cycle. The bulk of dissolved (< 0.45 µm) hydrochemical parameters remained highly stable with ±10% variation in concentration over 2 days of observation (DOC, DIC, SUVA254nm, carboxylates (formate, oxalate, puryvate and glutarate), Mn, Fe, Al, other trace elements). Concentrations of Si, P, K, Cu varied within ±20% whereas those of Zn and Ni ranged by a factor of 2 to 4 without any link to diurnal pattern. Overall, the impact of diel cycle on CH4, DOC, nutrient and metal concentration was below 10%. However, neglecting night-time period may underestimate net CO2 emission by ca. 30 to 50% in small organic-rich thaw ponds and switch the CO2 exchange from uptake/zero to net emission in larger thermokarst lakes. Given the dominance of large lakes in permafrost regions, the global underestimation of the emission flux may be quite high. As such, monitoring CO2 concentrations and fluxes in thermokarst lakes during months of extended night time (August to October) is mandatory for assessing the net emissions from lentic waters of frozen peatlands.

Supporting clinical decision making in advanced melanoma by preclinical testing in personalized immune-humanized xenograft mouse models.

BACKGROUND: The mouse strains usually used to generate patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are immunocompromised, rendering them unsuitable for immunotherapy studies. Here we assessed the value of immune-PDX mouse models for predicting responses to anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Melanoma biopsies contained in a retrospective biobank were transplanted into NOG mice or NOG mice expressing interleukin 2 (hIL2-NOG mice). Tumor growth was monitored, and comparisons were made with clinical data, sequencing data, and current in silico predictive tools. RESULTS: Biopsies grew readily in NOG mice but growth was heterogeneous in hIL2-NOG mice. IL2 appears to activate T-cell immunity in the biopsies to block tumor growth. Biopsy growth in hIL2-NOG mice was negatively associated with survival in patients previously treated with PD-1 checkpoint blockade. In two cases, the prospective clinical decisions of anti-PD-1 therapy or targeted BRAF/MEK inhibitors were supported by the observed responses in mice. CONCLUSIONS: Immune-PDX models represent a promising addition to future biomarker discovery studies and for clinical decision making in patients receiving immunotherapy.

The anterior tibiofibular ligament has a constant distal fascicle that contacts the anterolateral part of the talus.

PURPOSE: The anterior tibiofibular ligament (ATiFL) and its distal fascicle have been the subject of numerous studies, mainly due to the involvement of this ligament in anterolateral soft-tissue impingement of the ankle. There is currently no firm evidence related to the incidence of the distal fascicle or the frequency with which it is in contact with the talus, or whether this is a constant anatomic finding. In addition, the terminology used to refer to this structure is not accurate and varies widely in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to perform an anatomic study on a large number of specimens to clarify the anatomy of the anterior tibiofibular ligament, and specifically its distal fascicle, and its possible role in anterior ankle impingement syndrome. METHODS: During a 7-year period (2010-2016), cadaveric ankle specimens dissected at our Anatomy Department were included in this study, accounting for a total of 154 ankles. The incidence of the distal fascicle and its contact with the talus were documented. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen ankles were included [78 men, 39 women, with a median age of 79.3 years (range 51-100 years)]. The ATiFL was found to have a distal fascicle in 100% of ankles, contacting the anterolateral part of the talus in all cases. The contact was increased in plantarflexion and reduced in dorsiflexion and finally disappeared completely in maximum dorsiflexion. CONCLUSIONS: The ATiFL has a constant distal fascicle that is in contact with the talus in the neutral position and in plantar flexion. Contact disappears in maximum dorsiflexion.

Anatomic lectures on structures at risk prior to cadaveric courses reduce injury to the superficial peroneal nerve, the commonest complication in ankle arthroscopy.

PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of cadaveric ankle arthroscopy courses in reducing iatrogenic injuries. METHODS: A total of 60 novice surgeons enrolled in a basic cadaveric ankle arthroscopy course were divided into two groups. Group A (n = 32) was lectured on portal placement and use of the arthroscope, whereas group B (n = 28) was in addition lectured on specific portal-related complications. Following the performance of anterior ankle arthroscopy and hindfoot endoscopy, the specimens were dissected and carefully assessed for detection of any iatrogenic injuries. RESULTS: The rate of injury to the superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) was reduced from 25 to 3.6%, in group A compared with B (p = 0.033). Injuries to the peroneus tertius or extensor digitorum longus, the flexor hallucis longus and the tibial nerve or the Achilles tendon were also reduced in group B. Overall, the number of uninjured specimens was 50% (n = 30) and higher in group B (57%) than group A (44%). Lesions to the plantaris tendon, the sural nerve or the posterior tibial artery were more common in group B, however, without reaching statistical significance. Overall, 25 (13.9%) anatomic structures were injured in anterior arthroscopy compared to 18 (5%) in hindfoot endoscopy, out of a potential total of 180 and 360, respectively (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Dedicated lectures on portal-related complications have proven useful in reducing the risk of injury to the SPN, the commonest iatrogenic injury encountered in ankle arthroscopy. Hindfoot endoscopy is significantly safer than anterior ankle arthroscopy in terms of injury to anatomical structures.

Redefining anterior ankle arthroscopic anatomy: medial and lateral ankle collateral ligaments are visible through dorsiflexion and non-distraction anterior ankle arthroscopy.

PURPOSE: A thorough understanding of the arthroscopic anatomy is important to recognise pathological conditions. Although some ankle ligaments have been described as intra-articular structures, no studies have assessed the full visibility of these structures. The purpose of this study was to assess arthroscopic visibility of medial and lateral ankle collateral ligaments. METHODS: Arthroscopy was performed in 20 fresh frozen ankles. The arthroscope was introduced through the anteromedial portal and the anterior compartment was explored in ankle dorsiflexion without distraction. Intra-articular structures were tagged using a suture-passer introduced percutaneously and they were listed in a table according to the surgeon's identification. After the arthroscopic procedure, the ankles were dissected to identify the suture-tagged structures. RESULTS: According to the suture-tagged structures, 100% correlation was found between arthroscopy and dissection. In the anterior compartment, the superior fascicle of the anterior talofibular ligament, the distal fascicle of the anterior tibiofibular ligament and the anterior tibiotalar ligament on the medial side were observed. The deep fascicle of the posterior tibiofibular ligament and the intermalleolar ligament were tagged at the posterior compartment. CONCLUSION: Ankle dorsiflexion and non-distraction arthroscopic technique allows full visualisation of the medial and lateral ankle collateral ligaments: the superior fascicle of the anterior talofibular ligament, the distal fascicle of the anterior tibiofibular ligament and the anterior tibiotalar ligament. When using distraction, posterior structures as the deep fascicle of the posterior tibiofibular ligament and the intermalleolar ligament can be observed with anterior arthroscopy.

A step-by-step arthroscopic examination of the anterior ankle compartment.

PURPOSE: Despite the increased use of ankle dorsiflexion without distraction, no reports have specifically addressed the arthroscopic anatomy of the ankle in this position. The purpose of this study was to describe the normal arthroscopic anatomy of the ankle joint, when using the ankle dorsiflexion and the dynamic distraction technique, and to propose an arthroscopic examination system for the anterior ankle compartment. METHODS: Ankle arthroscopy was performed in 20 fresh frozen specimens. Arthroscopic examination was performed with the arthroscope introduced through the anteromedial portal. The anterior compartment was examined in ankle dorsiflexion without distraction. The compartment was examined in four steps: (1) lateral area including the lateral gutter; (2) the central area of the anterior tibial rim; (3) the medial area including the medial gutter; (4) the talar neck. Next, distraction was applied to visualise the anterior compartment again and to examine the central and posterior ankle compartments. RESULTS: Anatomic intra-articular structures were visualised in all specimens. Four intra-articular fat pads, one anteromedial, two syndesmotic and another posteromedial, were constantly observed. A description of the normal arthroscopic anatomy of the ankle using the ankle dorsiflexion and the dynamic distraction technique is detailed for the anterior, central and posterior compartments. CONCLUSION: The ankle arthroscopic procedure without distraction allows constant visualisation of the ATFL's superior fascicle on the floor of the lateral gutter, the ATiFL's distal fascicle laterally and the most anterior margin of the deltoid ligament in the medial gutter (anterior tibiotalar ligament). However, ankle distraction is required to observe the central and posterior compartments, but it does not provide optimal visualisation of the anterior ankle compartment structures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.

Associations between Problematic Gambling, Gaming, and Internet Use: A Cross-Sectional Population Survey.

BACKGROUND: While pathological gambling, or gambling disorder, is an established diagnosis, a link to other potential behavioural addictions has been suggested. The present study aimed to investigate whether signs of problem gaming and problematic internet use are related to problem gambling in the general population, while including other potential risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design, using an electronical questionnaire, administered through a marketing survey company for relative representativeness with respect to age and gender. Potential correlates of problem gambling were measured in binary analyses, and significant associations were entered in a logistic regression analysis controlling them for one another. Problem gambling, gaming, and internet use were measured through established screening instruments (the CLiP, the GAS, and the PRIUSS). RESULTS: Statistically significant associations were found between problem gambling and both problem gaming and problematic internet use, as well as with male gender. In logistic regression, problem gaming, problematic internet use, and male gender remained associated with problem gambling. CONCLUSION: After controlling for potential demographic risk factors, problem gaming and problematic internet use may be related to problem gambling, suggesting that these constructs may interact or may share similar risk factors. More research is needed to clarify factors mediating the links between these conditions.

Decreased physical health-related quality of life-a persisting state for older women with clinical vertebral fracture.

In a population-based study of older Swedish women, we investigated if clinical vertebral fracture was associated with lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and determined whether the association remained over time. Clinical vertebral fracture was associated with lower HRQoL and the effect persisted for up to 18.9 years. INTRODUCTION: Vertebral fractures are often associated with back pain and reduced physical function, which might result in isolation and depression. As a result, women with vertebral fractures often have lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL), but during what time frame the decrease lingers is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if clinical vertebral fracture and hip fracture were associated with lower HRQoL and to determine whether the associations remained over time. METHODS: Vertebral fracture assessments (VFA) were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data regarding prior fractures, medications, medical history, and physical activity was collected using a questionnaire. Self-rated physical HRQoL was assessed using the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). Women with clinical vertebral fractures were divided into tertiles according to time since fracture onset and their HRQoL was compared with non-fractured women. RESULTS: In a population-based cross-sectional study of 3028 women aged 77.8 ± 1.63 (mean ± SD), a total of 130 (4.3%) women reported at least one clinical vertebral fracture. Women with a clinical vertebral fracture, divided into tertiles (T1-T3) depending on time since the fracture occurred, had lower HRQoL (T1: 36.3 ± 10.8; T2: 41.0 ± 9.94; and T3:41.6 ± 11.4) than women without fracture (46.2 ± 10.6; p < 0.001). Using linear regression analysis, clinical vertebral fracture was associated with reduced physical HRQoL for up to 18.9 years, independently of covariates (age, height, weight, smoking, prior stroke, mental HRQoL, grip strength, and lumbar spine BMD). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical vertebral fracture was associated with lower self-rated physical HRQoL, for up to 18.9 years after time of fracture.

High carbon emissions from thermokarst lakes of Western Siberia.

The Western Siberia Lowland (WSL), the world's largest permafrost peatland, is of importance for understanding the high-latitude carbon (C) cycle and its response to climate change. Warming temperatures increase permafrost thaw and production of greenhouse gases. Also, permafrost thaw leads to the formation of lakes which are hotspots for atmospheric C emissions. Although lakes occupy ~6% of WSL, lake C emissions from WSL remain poorly quantified. Here we show high C emissions from lakes across all permafrost zones of WSL. The C emissions were especially high in shoulder seasons and in colder permafrost-rich regions. The total C emission from permafrost-affected lakes of WSL equals ~12 ± 2.6 Tg C yr-1 and is 2-times greater than region's C export to the Arctic coast. The results show that C emission from WSL lakes is a significant component in the high-latitude C cycle, but also suggest that C emission may decrease with warming.