Study of Association of Erectile Dysfunction with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Correlation with Endothelial Dysfunction in an Indian Population.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS) has emerged as a new health risk, and its associated metabolic derangements have detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system. In recent years, MS has been reported to affect reproductive health in males. It has been reported to be associated with erectile dysfunction (ED) and has been attributed to be due to endothelial dysfunction. Poor endothelial function in ED usually affects small-sized vasculature, so it can be looked at as a predictor for the endothelial dysfunction of macro vasculature. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of ED in patients with MS and to determine its correlation with endothelial dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a hospital-based case-control study in which 120 male patients with MS and 120 age-matched controls were enroled. Demographic profiles, anthropometry, past illnesses, and medical history of patients were obtained. MS was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria and was measured using the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) method with the help of ultrasound used to assess endothelial dysfunction. Diagnosis of ED was based on the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scale. RESULTS: The study participants had a mean age of 40.91 ± 11.41 years. The majority of cases (57.5%) had ≤6 months of history of MS. The prevalence of ED was 31.7% in cases compared to 5% in controls, thus showing a significant difference between cases and controls. Mean IIEF scores were significantly lower in cases (18.82 ± 5.59) compared to those in controls (23.00 ± 2.57). A moderate positive and significant correlation was observed between FMD and IIEF scores. With an increasing number of MS components, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of ED. Those with ED had significantly lower mean FMD values (5.1 ± 1.1%) compared to those not having ED (10.9 ± 3.3%). CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study showed that there is a significant association between ED and MS. We observed that the increase in components of MS increased the prevalence of ED in MS. Endothelial dysfunction measured by FMD was correlated with ED.

Low Serum Levels of Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamin D3 Are Biomarkers of Airway Inflammation and Poor Asthma Control: A Two-Centre Study.

Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with its control being affected by underlying oxidative stress. Trace elements, along with vitamin D3, play an important role in immune alterations leading to an imbalance of Th1/Th2 helper cells. However, their role in asthma pathogenesis and control is inconsistent and inconclusive. The objective of our study was to assess levels of serum trace elements like zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, vitamin D3 levels, IgE, and HsCRP in asthmatic children, compare with healthy controls, and assess their association with the level of asthma control. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2019 to 2021 enrolling 100 asthmatic children and 75 healthy controls. The level of asthma control was assessed as uncontrolled, partly controlled, and controlled asthma as per GINA Guidelines. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for each element and mean differences between groups were analyzed by student t-test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results The mean age was 8.75±2.89 yrs in cases and 9.04±2.79 in controls. A total of 57.6% of cases had atopic comorbidities. The mean serum zinc levels were 51±12.8 mg/dl, which was very low in asthmatic children as compared to 60±18.2mg/dl (p-value 0.0002) in healthy controls. Serum selenium was 13±3 µg/dl in asthmatics vs. 15±4 µg/dl (p-value 0.0002) in healthy controls. Serum copper was 115.2±21.92µg/dl vs. 125.3±31.99µg/dl (p-value 0.015), Serum vitamin D3 levels were 13.07±7.82ng/ml vs. 17.82±14.62 ng/ml(p-value 0.006) in both groups, respectively. SIgE and HsCRP were high in asthmatic children suggestive of eosinophilic inflammation. Serum zinc was 49±5.45 mg/dl in the uncontrolled group, 53±6.1 in the partly controlled, and 58±8.0 in the well-controlled group (p<0.0001). Serum selenium was 10± 3.0 µg/dl in the uncontrolled group vs. 13± 2.0 and 14± 2.0 µg/dl in the partly controlled and well-controlled groups, respectively (p-value <0.0001). Vitamin D3 was significantly low (9.32±5.95ng/dl) in the uncontrolled group vs. 12.99±4.97 and 13.40±5.92 ng/dl(p<0.005) in the partly controlled and well-controlled groups respectively. Vitamin D3 showed a strong positive correlation with zinc (r=0.4,p< 0.0001) and a negative correlation with inflammatory markers like SIgE and HsCRP. Conclusion Children with asthma had low zinc, selenium, and vitamin D3 levels, and were associated with airway inflammation and poor asthma control.

Clinical profile of ankylosing spondylitis at a teaching hospital.

Introduction/Background: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a type of spondyloarthropathy, is an autoimmune disease that mainly involves spine joints, sacroiliac joints and their adjacent soft tissues, such as tendons and ligaments. Progression of disease can lead to fibrosis and calcification, resulting in the loss of flexibility and mobility of the spine. The common clinical presentation is inflammatory back pain which is often neglected. The aim of our study was to assess the demographic and clinical proflie of patients of ankylosing spondylitis diagnosed on the basis of radiographic sacroillitis. Methods: In a cross sectional hospital based study, the patients visiting to outpatient departments with inflammatory back pain were evaluated and 200 patients who had sacroiliitis according to modified New york criteria were diagnosed to have ankylosing spondylitis.The demographic and clinical profile was studied. Disease activity was assessed by using the ASDAS and BASDAI and function by BASFI and BASMI. Results: Amongst the study participants, 72 % were males and 28 % were females. The mean age of participants was 46± 12years. The mean duration of symptoms was10± 3 years. Out of all, 92% patients were HLA B27 positive. High BASDAI score (>4) was positively correlated with elevated CRP, ESR ,neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and had negative correlation with serum vitamin D levels. Conclusion: Most of the patients in our study had advanced disease might be due to delay in the diagnosis. They had high BASDAI with elevated inflammatory markers. Awareness for early and definite diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis is needed to prevent irreversible structural damage, and worsening of quality of life.

Résumé Introduction/Contexte: La spondylarthrite ankylosante (AS), un type de spondyloarthropathie, est une maladie auto-immune qui implique principalement Les articulations de la colonne vertébrale, les articulations sacroiliaques et leurs tissus mous adjacents, tels que les tendons et les ligaments. La progression de la maladie peut entraîner une fibrose et Calcification, entraînant la perte de flexibilité et de mobilité de la colonne vertébrale. La présentation clinique courante est les maux de dos inflammatoires qui est souvent négligé. Le but de notre étude était d'évaluer le proflie démographique et clinique des patients de la spondylarthrite ankylosante diagnostiquée sur la base de la sacroie radiographique. Méthodes: Dans une étude en section d'hôpital transversal, les patients visitant des services ambulatoires avec des maux de dos inflammatoires ont été évalués et 200 patients souffrant de sacro -iliite selon les critères modifiés de New York ont été diagnostiqués avoir une spondylite ankylosante. Le profil démographique et clinique a été étudié. L'activité de la maladie a été évaluée en utilisant les Asdas et Basdai et fonction par Basfi et Basmi. Résultats: Parmi les participants à l'étude, 72% étaient des hommes et 28% étaient des femmes. La moyenne L'âge des participants était de 46 ± 12 ans. La durée moyenne des symptômes était de 10 ± 3 ans. Sur tous, 92% des patients étaient positifs HLA B27. Le score de Basdai élevé (> 4) était positivement corrélé avec le rapport lymphocytaire CRP, ESR, ESR élevé et avait une corrélation négative avec taux sériques de vitamine D. Conclusion: La plupart des patients de notre étude avaient une maladie avancée pourraient être dus à un retard dans le diagnostic. Ils avaient Basdai élevé avec des marqueurs inflammatoires élevés. Une conscience pour un diagnostic précoce et définitif de la spondylarthrite ankylosante est nécessaire pour prévenir Dommages structurels irréversibles et aggravation de la qualité de vie. Mots-clés: spondylarthrite ankylosante, indice d'activité de la spondylarthrite ankylosante du bain, maux de dos inflammatoires, spondyloarthropathie.

"Unconventional" Causes of Acute Kidney Injury: A Critical Nuance of Interpretation and Intervention.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common clinical problems encountered by physicians in day-to-day practice which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The incidence of AKI is increasing so the right approach for interpretation of clinical clues and investigation may be lifesaving. AIM: The study aimed to document the variety of unusual cases of AKI and suggest a case-based approach for clinical evaluation and investigations to help physicians treat such cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of medical/electronic records of 10 patients who were admitted in medical wards between January 2020 and June 2021 and diagnosed to have AKI. RESULTS: We present the history, clinical findings, and investigations of 10 patients diagnosed with unusual causes of AKI. CONCLUSION: It is important for physicians to recognize unusual causes of AKI. A high index of suspicion and timely diagnosis and treatment interventions may bring complete recovery of renal functions in patients of AKI.

Leptospirosis in central & eastern Uttar Pradesh, an underreported disease: A prospective cross-sectional study.

Background & objective: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease associated with potentially fatal consequences and a grossly underreported disease in Uttar Pradesh. However, only a few studies are available which report the prevalence of leptospirosis in this State. Hence, this study was undertaken to know the status of the disease in central and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Methods: A total of 143 serum and urine samples were collected from patients with acute febrile illness from July 2017 to March 2019. All the serum samples were tested for Leptospira by rapid IgM antibody card and IgM ELISA and urine samples were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect Leptospira DNA. All positive and 10 per cent negative sera from ELISA and RT-PCR (all rapid test positive were also ELISA positive) were sent to the ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair for microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Results: Thirty eight (26.6%) out of 143 samples were positive for leptospirosis either by ELISA or RT-PCR. Positive results were eight (6%) by Rapid card, 32 (22%) by IgM ELISA, 10 (7%) by MAT, 10 (7%) by RT-PCR. In MAT, the most common serovar was Lai followed by Hebdomadis, Bangkinang and Pomona. Interpretation & conclusions: Leptospirosis was found to be one of the important causes for acute febrile illness in the central and eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh. The results of the present study suggest that it is necessary to increase diagnostic facility and awareness in clinicians for the screening of leptospirosis in acutely febrile patients to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.

Clinical-epidemiological Profile of Coronavirus Disease 19 Associated Mucomycosis (CAM) and Relation with Zinc and Iron Levels.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease associated mucormycosis (CAM), perturbed a lot by reaching to epidemic proportions particularly during the second wave of the pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study of patients with COVID-19-associated mucomycosis admitted in April-May 2021 at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Demographic profile, clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded Multidisciplinary treatment including antifungals and surgical interventions were noted. RESULTS: This study included 98patients of mucormycosis, diagnosed on the basis of clinical and radiological findings and later were confirmed by microbiological investigations. Out of 98 patients, 72 had rhino orbital, 24 had rhino-orbitalcerebral and 2 had pulmonary mucormycosis. Twelve had coinfection of covid 19 while 86 had developed mucormycosis within 3 weeks. CONCLUSION: CAM has posed as a continuum of challenges faced during the pandemic of covid 19. This rare and life threatening complication requires high index of suspicion for early diagnosis. Multidisciplinary involvement and timely interventions including antifungal pharmacotherapy, stringent glycemic control and surgical debridement can reduce the mortality. Mucormycosis is uniformly associated with low iron levels but role of zinc needs to be further studied.

Follow-up Study of Pulmonary Function, Exercise Capacity and Radiological Changes after Recovery from Moderate to Severe COVID Pneumonia without Mechanical Ventilation.

BACKGROUND: The long-term effects of COVID on the lungs remain unclear, but, given the extent of the pandemic, it has the potential to become a significant chronic global health problem .Aim of our study was to ascertain the proportion of patients with moderate to severe pneumonia but without mechanical ventilation who have compromised exercise capacity, pulmonary function test and presence of radiological abnormalities and to study any correlation between clinical features with radiological abnormalities. METHODS: In a hospital-based study, COVID-19 patients with moderate and severe pneumonia were followed 3 months after discharge and assessed with chest computed tomography (CT) imaging, 6 minute walk test and pulmonary function tests. RESULTS: A total of 102 participants were enrolled, including64 patients who had recovered from moderate disease and 38 patients from severe COVID-19. The patients with critical disease and who required mechanical ventilation or who had previously known chronic lung disease were excluded. High proportion of patients of both groups showed radiological abnormalities and deranged pulmonary function tests 3 months after recovery from acute illness which had significant correlation with severity of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary function and radiological abnormalities remained in significant propotion of patients 3 months after recovery from COVID-19 that needs more attention on pulmonary rehabilitation and long term follow up of these patients.

Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL) as a Marker of Renal Tubular Injury in Metabolic Syndrome Patients with Hyperuricemia.

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia has been associated with chronic kidney disease, evidence suggests that hyperuricemiamight plays a role in progression of renal damage. Whether hyperuricemia can lead to renal tubular injury remains unclear. In this study we aimed to determine serum NGAL and urinary NGAL/creatinine ratio as markers of reanal tubular injury in metabolic syndrome patientshave hyper or normouricemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this hospital based cross- sectional study,180 par ticipants with metabolic syndrome were included,90 patients had hyperuricemia and 90 were with normouricemia. Clinical biochemical parameters of serum NGAL and urinary NGAL were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was analysis was employed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of serum NGAL and urine NGAL/creatinine ratio. RESULTS: Out of all, 96 were males and 84 were females. The mean age of participants was 45 ± 7 years. Serum NGAL levels and Urinary NGAL/creatinine ratio were higher in metabolic syndrome patients with hyperuricemia. High Serum NGAL was positively correlated with presence of hypertension; HbA1c and waist-hip ratio and negatively correlated with HDL. CONCLUSION: Serum NGAL levels and urinary NGAL/creatinine ratio were higher in metabolic syndrome patients with hyperuricemia that indicates presence of renal tubular injury in these patients. High Serum NGAL was positively correlated with presence of hypertension; HbA1c and waist-hip ratio.

Study of Association of Metabolic Syndrome and Risk Factors of Nephrolithiasis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The increasing incidence of nephrolithiasis in recent decades is coinciding with rising epidemic of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. This temporal concordance suggests that a link might exist between these metabolic abnormalities and urinary stone disease. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the association between presence of risk factors of nephrolithiasis and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: In a hospital-based, case control study, hundred patients of metabolic syndrome diagnosed according to IDF criteria and hundred age and matched controls were studied for presence of risk factors of nephrolithiasis. RESULTS: Patients with metabolic syndrome had significantly higher uricosuri a,hypercalciuria,oxaluria and hypocitraturia. The prevalence of risk factors of nephrolithiasis was also higher in patients with metabolic syndrome. The most prevalent was low urinary pH in 40% patients with mean pH of 5.8±1.6. Amongst other factors, 33% had hyperuricemia, 29% had hypercalciuria, 15% had oxaluria 13% had hypocitraturia and 10% had hyperuricosuria. Significant correlation was observed between risk factors of nephrolithiasis and components of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: The present study provides an evidence of association between risk factors of nephrolithiasis and metabolic syndrome and suggests that nephrolithiasis may be a systemic disorder representing the interaction of multiple metabolic derangements. Determining common modifiable risk factors for the development of kidney stones might uncover new preventive strategies.

Clinical profile of malaria at a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India.

INTRODUCTION: Despite recent reductions in the overall malaria case incidence, malaria remains an important public health issue. There has been a change in clinical and epidemiological profile of malaria in our country and vivax malaria known to be benign has been reported to cause severe complications. Therefore, the present study was conducted to delineate the clinical profile of malaria, proportion of severity, spectrum of complications, and presence of comorbidities among adult patients admitted at a tertiary health-care center in North India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational prospective study conducted in all adult patients (>15 years of age) diagnosed to have Plasmodium vivax malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, and mixed malarial infection at a tertiary care teaching hospital on the basis of peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic tests. RESULTS: The study included 295 patients, the most common species was vivax (62%) followed by falciparum (29%) and mixed plasmodium spp. (9%). The mean age of the patients was 34.23 ± 15.7 years, with 64% male and 36% female. Out of all patients, 23% patients had at least one component of severe malaria. Severe anemia (hemoglobin <5 mg/dl), thrombocytopenia (platelet count <1 lac/cmm), and acute kidney injury were significantly greater in patients with P. vivax. Presence of comorbid conditions was observed in a significant proportion (32%) of patients. CONCLUSION: P. vivax is the plasmodium species which is responsible for most of the cases. Its potential to cause life-threatening illness is the cause of concern. The role of comorbid conditions in influencing the clinicaloutcome of malaria should be further explored.

Scrub typhus: An under-reported and emerging threat - hospital based study from central and eastern Uttar Pradesh, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Scrub typhus is a zoonotic rickettsial disease that is transmitted by the bite of the larval stage (chiggers) of trombiculid mites. The aim of this study was to determine the existence of scrub typhus in central and eastern Uttar Pradesh, India in patients with acute febrile illness (AFI) presenting to a super specialty tertiary level institute. METHODS: This prospective hospital-based study was conducted for a period of one year, from August 2018 to July 2019. About 2-5 mL of blood samples, along with clinical, epidemiological, and demographic data from a total of 125 patients presenting with acute febrile illness to outpatient and inpatient departments, were collected. ELISA testing tested the sera from blood samples for IgM antibodies against scrub typhus. Samples were also tested for dengue, leptospirosis, malaria and typhoid. RESULTS: During the study period, out of a total of 125 samples collected, 20% were found positive for IgM antibodies against scrub typhus. Demographically higher positivity was found in males, older age group, and in rural area. Rainfall was found to be important epidemiological parameter for presence of scrub typhus. Co-infection with dengue, leptospirosis and malaria was found. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Scrub typhus is found to be an important cause of acute febrile illness. It is necessary to include it in differential diagnosis of AFI cases even in absence of eschar. Diagnostic facilities of this as a screening test should be started in primary care centers or community health centers of rural areas of districts of central and eastern Uttar Pradesh, India.

Association of Genetic Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Insulin Resistance-Are we Different?

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic risk factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the development and progression of NAFLD genetic mutations also play a significant role. NAFLD associated with the rs 738409 polymorphism of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) G allele does not feature the typical metabolic abnormalities of NAFLD, including insulin resistance. In the light of rising epidemic of metaobesity in our population this study aimed to evaluate the relation of PNPLA3 polymorphism with insulin resistance. METHODS: In this case control hospital based study, 100 patients of NAFLD were recruited based on ultrasound findings of hepatic steatosis. Healthy subjects age and gender matched(n = 100) from the institute who volunteered to be part of the study were recruited as controls based on the sole criteria of the absence of fatty liver on ultrasonography and normal alanine and aspartate transaminases (ALT and AST) levels. Anthropometry, biochemical profiles and insulin resistance by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed. RESULTS: A higher frequency of CG and GG genotypes of rs738409 polymorphism of PNPLA3 was observed in patients with NAFLD than controls. These patients with G allele had increased ALT, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. The polymorphism had positive correlation with severity of hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION: The presence of the PNPLA3 G allele is associated with a risk of NAFLD. Our study shows that subjects with variant PNPLA3 are not only at increased risk for the development and progression of NAFLD, but also have increased insulin resistance.

Association of Sonographically Assessed Visceral and Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat with Insulin Resistance in Prediabetes.

INTRODUCTION: Visceral abdominal Fat, not Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat better correlates with insulin resistance. Hence the present study was undertaken to study the association of sonographically assessed visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat with insulin resistance in patients with pre-diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was a hospital based cross sectional study done in prediabetes subjects. All the subjects were called fasting overnight and were given a structured questionnaire designed by investigator. Fasting and postprandial blood sugar, lipid profile, HB1Ac and fasting insulin levels was done in every subject. Ultrasound assessment of subcutaneous and visceral abdominal fat, fatty liver and fatty pancreas was done. RESULTS: Seventy Five patients (males 35 and females 40) were studied. Twenty nine patients had fatty liver and 40 patients had fatty pancreas. Among all sonographic parameters visceral abdominal fat thickness (VAF) showed a significant positive correlation with insulin resistance (p< 0.05). Subcutaneous abdominal fat thickness (SAF) had a positive though statistically non significant correlation with insulin resistance. Visceral abdominal fat thickness correlated best with fatty pancreas and had a significant positive correlation with insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: Fatty pancreas and visceral abdominal fat prove to be two important indices which mark the risk of insulin resistance thus may be considered an important predictor for screening of metabolic syndrome.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactate in Tubercular Meningitis: Diagnostic or Prognostic Marker?

Introduction/Background: Diagnosis of tubercular meningitis (TBM) continues to be a clinical challenge and available microbiological tests fail to attain the required accuracy standards. As a result, most guidelines for the diagnosis and management of TBM depend on clinical setting, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses including adenosine deaminase activity (ADA), and imaging to guide decisionmaking. Delay in diagnosis leads to high mortality and morbidity. As there is scarcity of data on CSF lactate in TBM and its role as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, study of CSF Lactate in TBM Patients was undertaken. Methods: In this hospital based cross sectional study all admitted patients of meningo-encephalitis aged more than 15 years who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for TBM were included. Routine haematological and biochemical investigations were done in all the patients. The CSF analysis was done including all routine microscopic parameters, lactate, Gram's stain, AFB and culture. Patients included were classified as definite, probable, or possible TBM as per WHO diagnostic criteria and were classified into three clinical stages using criteria laid down by the British Medical Research Council. Results: Fifty five patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for tubercular meningitis were studied. Most of the patients were in stage II according to severity. An increase in CSF lactate and CSF ADA levels with increase in severity of clinical stage of TBM was observed. Other CSF parameters and imaging were not significantly different in various groups. Conclusion: CSF lactate levels of study patients were higher than normal and showed increasing trend from possible to definite diagnosis of TBM suggesting that CSF lactate could be a predictor of definite diagnostic class of TBM though more studies with large number of patients are needed to prove its utility as prognostic tool.

Evaluation of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and cystatin C as early markers of diabetic nephropathy.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cause of concern because of its increasing prevalence rate and related microvascular as well as macrovascular complications, including kidney disease. Microalbuminuria has been accepted as the earliest marker for diabetic nephropathy; however, a large proportion of renal impairment occurs in nonalbuminuric state. We planned to investigate the serum and urinary levels of the tubular damage markers (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL] and cystatin C [Cys C]) in patients of type 2 diabetes to detect early kidney injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional hospital-based study included 180 patients with type 2 DM according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Serum NGAL (S.NGAL) and urine NGAL (U.NGAL) and Cys C were measured in all study participants and investigated for correlation with microalbuminuria. RESULTS: Our results showed that U.NGAL and S.NGAL levels were significantly high in patients with microalbuminuria as compared to normoalbuminuric controls. Serum Cys C was also higher in microalbuminuric patients than who had normoalbuminuria. A positive correlation of urinary albumin excretion with S.NGAL and U.NGAL was noted. U.NGAL also showed positive correlation with duration of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin, and dyslipidemia. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve for U.NGAL and S.NGAL were 1 and 0.8, respectively, which indicates that they are sensitive markers for early renal damage. CONCLUSION: Urinary biomarkers were significantly elevated in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic controls and could be used as markers of nephropathy at a very early stage even before the development of microalbuminuria, the current gold standard for early diagnosis. Despite the promise of these new biomarkers, further large, multicenter prospective studies are still needed.

Soft Drinks Consumption and the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

INTRODUCTION: The increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been implicated in the increased incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome Little of the research on sugar-sweetened beverage intake has examined the consumption patterns of sugared beverages by college students, despite the vulnerabilities of this population to weight gain. The current study sought to characterize sugar-sweetened beverage intake of undergraduate students who belong to high socio-economic strata and to study its correlation with presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a cross sectional, a self reported questionnaire based study about soft drink consumption (≥2/day, 1/day, <1/day). That included undergraduate medical students. Anthropometry and blood pressure were recorded and fasting glucose, insulin and lipid profile and abdominal ultrasonography for the presence of fatty liver was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 242 students were studied. The students in group 1 (≥2/day) had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure than students of other groups. They also had higher triglycerides, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and significantly lower levels of HDL-cholesterol. Overall (40%) students had metabolic syndromes in group 1 compared to 8% and 3% in other groups while presence of NAFLD was observed in 75%, 16% and 4% in three groups respectively. Duration of soft drink consumption had positive correlation with presence of NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial consumption of soft drinks is leading to increased obesity and cardio-metabolic risk factors in young adults. Artificially sweetened diet soft drinks have been posed as a healthier alternative due to their lack of calories but they do not guarantee protection against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome in a Eunatremic Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Osmotic demyelination syndrome is classically associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia. However, it can occur in normonatremic patients with other electrolyte abnormalities. One must suspect osmotic demyelination syndrome in susceptible patients with other electrolyte abnormalities like hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia.

Cardio-metabolic Risk Profile in Women with Previous History of Pre-Eclampsia.

INTRODUCTION: Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. However there is growing evidence that there are differences during the post partum period between subjects with prior preeclampsia and prior uncomplicated pregnancy and women with a history of preeclampsia are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease later in life. The aim of our study was to assess the cardio- metabolic risk profile in women with previous history of pre-eclampsia and to their counterparts who had normal pregnancy. METHODS & MATERIAL: In a hospital based case-control study, 50 women aged 20-45 years who had history of preeclampsia and equal numbers of age matched women who had normal pregnancy were included. Apart from routine anthropometric and biochemical parameters, they were assessed for insulin resistance, Hs CRP (High sensitive C reactive protein) and flow mediated vasodilatation (FMD). RESULTS: Significant difference was noted with regard to BMI and waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and HOMA-IR which were higher and HDL and FMD were lower in women the previous preeclampsia than women with normal pregnancy. The prevalence of various cardio-metabolic risk factors increased in with increase in duration from index pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Women with previous history of preeclampsia had adverse cardio-metabolic profile than those who had normal pregnancy. They had higher insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. They also have high prevalence of chronic metabolic disorders with increased duration since index pregnancy.

Simple Renal Cysts: Can They be Overlooked?

BACKGROUND / OBJECTIVE: The availability and use of abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography for diagnostic purposes has led to frequent detection of asymptomatic renal cysts. Recent evidence suggests their association with hypertension. The aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of simple renal cysts in patients with hypertension and prehypertension. METHODS: In a hospital based cross-sectional study, all consecutive adult patients aged > 25 years were enrolled. Detailed medical history and physical examination was done in all the study participants. Abdominal ultrasonography and biochemical parameters were also performed. All the patients who had history or evidence of structural or functional kidney disease were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 6230 patients were enrolled and divided into three groups: normotension (n=3510), prehypertension (n=1850) and hypertension (n=870) groups. There were significant differences in age, gender, prevalence of diabetes, family history of hypertension, regular exercise, smoking, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate in three groups. Simple renal cysts (SRCs) were present in significantly greater numbers in patients with prehypertension and hypertension. SRCs ≥2 in number or ≥2 cm in size were significantly associated with both prehypertension and hypertension independent to other risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of SRCs should not be overlooked. In present study, SRCs ≥2 in number or ≥2 cm in size are important determinants of prehypertension and hypertension.

Study of Hepatic Osteodystrophy in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It involves haemodynamic and metabolic complications. Hepatic Osteodystrophy is a metabolic bone disease that may occur in individuals with chronic liver disease. It can significantly affect morbidity and quality of life of these patients. Fractures are also associated with an excess mortality. It has been an under recognized and inadequately studied complication among Indian population. An early diagnosis is essential to correct reversible risk factors which predispose to bone mass loss. AIM: To assess the prevalence of metabolic bone disease and identify the risk factors associated with hepatic osteodystrophy in patients with cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional, hospital based study conducted at a medical college hospital. All patients more than 20-year-old, diagnosed with chronic liver disease/Cirrhosis were enrolled. They were subjected to haematological, biochemical investigations, evaluation of Vitamin D and other hormonal parameters. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) was estimated by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS: A total of 72 patients with mean age 50.04±11.24 years were included in the study. Amongst causes of chronic liver disease were alcoholic liver disease 22 (30.6%), CLD due to hepatitis B 24 (33.3%) and chronic hepatitis C 26 (36.1%). Twenty one (29.2%) patients had normal BMD while 51 (70.8%) had a low BMD. Out of these 51 patients, 36 (70.6%) were diagnosed of osteopenia and 15 (29.4%) others were found to have osteoporosis. Vitamin D levels and severity of liver disease had correlation with low BMD. CONCLUSION: Low BMD is highly prevalent in patients with chronic liver disease of variable aetiologies. We advocate more randomised and prospective studies to be conducted on homogeneous groups with chronic liver disease in its various stages. In view of numerous therapeutic options available both for liver disease and bone disease, it is prudent to characterize this condition in order to give these patients a better chance of survival with good quality of life.