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For many years, the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) had involved exfoliating graphite flakes, and the methods applied were expensive and time-consuming. Thus, an attempt had been made to create an inventive, less expensive method for the synthesis of GO using unrefined, raw carbon-containing material. Modified Hummer's method was used to prepare GO from banana peel. In addition, the metallic silver nanocomposite was also synthesized along with laoding of drug Rocephin where they interact with each other through electrostatic hydrogen bond interaction. The degree of crystallinity and the crystallite size were through x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and the crystallite size of AgNPs was found to be 40.40 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the morphology of the GO gradually changes with the addition of AgNPs and Rocephin. A blue shift was seen in the absorbance maxima of the raw carbon upon the conjugation of Rocephin in UV analysis. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical composition of the samples. Furthermore, a broad biological screening of the synthesized samples had been carried out following the total reducing power (TRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), antibacterial, antifungal, MTT (Cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells) cell viability, brine shrimp lethality, and hemolytic protocols. Significant results were obtained, and the Rocephin-GO-AgNPs had depicted promising activity as compared with their counterparts. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The GO was prepared from the raw carbon extracted from banana peels and was used as a substrate for the synthesis Graphene oxide silver nanoparticles (GO-AgNPs) and Rocephin-loaded graphene oxide silver nanoparticles (Rocephin-GO-AgNPs) The structural and compositional analysis of the nanomaterial was carried out, and they were screened for several biomedical applications. The Rocephin-GO-AgNPs exhibit the highest activity as compared with their counterparts.
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Unfortunately, Fig. 1 was incorrectly published in the original publication. The corrected Fig. 1 is given as below.
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Chronic inflammation is pathologically associated with various clinical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Several anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs currently available in market presents a wide range of problems. Therefore, the current study was aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of newly synthesized compound 2-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-propylbenzenesulphonamide (MOPBS). Carrageenan and CFA-induced models were developed for evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators. Pain behaviours were evaluated by performing Von Frey, Randall Selitto, cold acetone and hot plate test respectively. X-ray imaging and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were performed for examination of soft tissues of treated mice paw. Additionally, Kodzeila's screen test and weight test were performed for determination of any side effects on motor function and muscle strength. Acute pretreatment of animals with MOPBS (1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a significant reduction of paw oedema against carrageenan-induced acute inflammation as well as notable inhibition of mechanical hyperalgesia, allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Similarly, in chronic inflammation model, administration of MOPBS (50 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a remarkable reduction of paw oedema. Additionally, MOPBS pretreatment showed a significant inhibition of thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and mechanical hyperalgesia in chronic arthritis model. Several pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukins (IL-1ß, IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were inhibited by MOPBS treatment in blood plasma and paw tissues, respectively. MOPBS also enhanced the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) and in turn reduced arthritis severity and inflammation. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory data were confirmed by X-rays and histological analysis. MOPBS pretreatment did not produce any apparent toxic effect on gastric, kidney and liver function and on muscle strength and motor function. Hence, the present data suggest that MOPBS might be a candidate for several chronic inflammatory diseases such RA and other auto-immune diseases.
