Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation from dog grooming products used by private owners or by professional pet grooming salons: prevalence and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most commonly isolated bacterium from skin lesions of dogs with post-grooming furunculosis (PGF). It is frequently found in human hair and skin care products, and may pose a health risk to consumers. Information regarding the prevalence of P. aeruginosa contamination of dog grooming products is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of P. aeruginosa contamination in nonmedicated dog grooming products after either home or professional use in pet grooming salons, and to identify risk factors that may be associated with contamination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 117 bottles of grooming products sampled for bacterial culture, 97 were used by pet grooming salons and 20 were used by private individuals. The following suspected risk factors were recorded: bottle size, relative remaining volume, content dilution, expiration date and ingredient list. RESULTS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 14 of 117 samples [11.97%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.97-19.3%]. Diluted products were contaminated significantly more often compared to undiluted products (odds ratio = 15.5, 95%CI 2.05-117.23; P < 0.01). None of the other variables was significantly associated with P. aeruginosa contamination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination of dog grooming shampoos and conditioners was significantly associated with product dilution. Contaminated grooming products may predispose dogs to severe bacterial skin infections such as PGF.

Contexte - Pseudomonas aeruginosa est la bactérie la plus couramment isolée des lésions cutanées des chiens atteints de furonculose post-toilettage (PGF). On la trouve fréquemment dans les cheveux humains et les produits de soin de la peau et peut présenter un risque pour la santé des consommateurs. Les informations concernant la prévalence de la contamination par P. aeruginosa des produits de toilettage pour chiens font défaut. Objectifs - Étudier la prévalence de la contamination par P. aeruginosa des produits de toilettage pour chiens non médicamenteux après un usage domestique ou professionnel dans les salons de toilettage pour animaux de compagnie, et identifier les facteurs de risque pouvant être associés à la contamination. Matériels et méthodes - Sur 117 flacons de produits de toilettage prélevés pour culture bactérienne, 97 étaient utilisés par des salons de toilettage et 20 par des particuliers. Les facteurs de risque suspectés suivants ont été enregistrés : taille de la bouteille, volume restant relatif, dilution du contenu, date de péremption et liste des ingrédients. Résultats - Pseudomonas aeruginosa a été isolé dans 14 des 117 échantillons [11,97 %, intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 % 6,97-19,3 %]. Les produits dilués étaient significativement plus souvent contaminés que les produits non dilués (odds ratio = 15,5, IC à 95 % 2,05-117,23 ; P < 0,01). Aucune des autres variables n'était significativement associée à la contamination par P. aeruginosa. Conclusions et pertinence clinique - La contamination par Pseudomonas aeruginosa des shampoings et après shampoings pour chiens était significativement associée à la dilution du produit. Les produits de toilettage contaminés peuvent prédisposer les chiens à de graves infections cutanées bactériennes telles que la PGF.

Introducción- Pseudomonas aeruginosa es la bacteria más comúnmente aislada de las lesiones cutáneas de perros con furunculosis posterior al aseado (PGF). Se encuentra con frecuencia en productos para el cuidado de la piel y el cabello humano, y puede representar un riesgo para la salud de los consumidores. Falta información sobre la prevalencia de la contaminación por P. aeruginosa en los productos de aseo para perros. Objetivos- investigar la prevalencia de la contaminación por P. aeruginosa en productos de aseo canino no medicados después del uso doméstico o profesional en salones de aseo de mascotas, e identificar los factores de riesgo que pueden estar asociados con la contaminación. Materiales y métodos- de 117 botellas de productos de aseo muestreados para cultivo bacteriano, 97 fueron utilizados por salones de aseo de mascotas y 20 fueron utilizados por particulares. Se registraron los siguientes factores de riesgo sospechosos: tamaño de la botella, volumen restante relativo, dilución del contenido, fecha de caducidad y lista de ingredientes. Resultados- se aisló Pseudomonas aeruginosa en 14 de 117 muestras [11,97 %, intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 %: 6,97-19,3 %]. Los productos diluidos se contaminaron significativamente más a menudo en comparación con los productos sin diluir (odds ratio = 15,5, IC del 95 %: 2,05-117,23; P < 0,01). Ninguna de las otras variables se asoció significativamente con la contaminación por P. aeruginosa. Conclusiones y relevancia clínica- la contaminación por Pseudomonas aeruginosa de los champús y acondicionadores de aseo para perros se asoció significativamente con la dilución del producto. Los productos de aseo contaminados pueden predisponer a los perros a infecciones cutáneas bacterianas graves como la PGF.

Contexto - Pseudomonas aeruginosa é a bactéria mais frequentemente isolada de lesões cutâneas de cães com furunculose pós-banho (FPB). É frequentemente encontrada em cabelos humanos e cosméticos e pode causar malefícios à saúde dos consumidores. Informações sobre a prevalência de contaminação de produtos de banho caninos por P. aeruginosa são escassas. Objetivos - Investigar a prevalência de contaminação de cosméticos de banho não medicamentosos para cães por P. aeruginosa após uso caseiro ou profissional em pet shops, e identificar os fatores de risco que podem estar associados à contaminação. Materiais e métodos - Dos 117 frascos de cosméticos testados por cultura bacteriana, 97 foram utilizados por pet shops e 20 foram de uso doméstico individual. Os seguintes fatores de risco foram registrados: tamanho do frasco, volume remanescente relativo, diluição do conteúdo, data de validade e lista de ingredientes. Resultados - Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi isolada de 14 das 117 amostras [11,97%, 95% intervalo de confiança (IC) 6,97-19,3%]. Produtos diluídos apresentaram contaminação significativamente mais frequentemente, comparado a produtos não diluídos (odds ratio = 15,5; 95% IC 2,05-117,23; P < 0,01). Nenhuma das outras variáveis foi significativamente associada à contaminação por P.aeruginosa. Conclusões e relevância clínica - A contaminação de shampoos e condicionadores caninos por Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi significativamente associada à diluição do produto. Cosméticos veterinários contaminados podem predispor cães a infecções cutâneas bacterianas como a FPB.

A Splice Defect in the EDA Gene in Dogs with an X-Linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia (XLHED) Phenotype.

X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) caused by variants in the EDA gene represents the most common ectodermal dysplasia in humans. We investigated three male mixed-breed dogs with an ectodermal dysplasia phenotype characterized by marked hypotrichosis and multifocal complete alopecia, almost complete absence of sweat and sebaceous glands, and altered dentition with missing and abnormally shaped teeth. Analysis of SNP chip genotypes and whole genome sequence data from the three affected dogs revealed that the affected dogs shared the same haplotype on a large segment of the X-chromosome, including the EDA gene. Unexpectedly, the whole genome sequence data did not reveal any nonsynonymous EDA variant in the affected dogs. We therefore performed an RNA-seq experiment on skin biopsies to search for changes in the transcriptome. This analysis revealed that the EDA transcript in the affected dogs lacked 103 nucleotides encoded by exon 2. We speculate that this exon skipping is caused by a genetic variant located in one of the large introns flanking this exon, which was missed by whole genome sequencing with the illumina short read technology. The altered EDA transcript splicing most likely causes the observed ectodermal dysplasia in the affected dogs. These dogs thus offer an excellent opportunity to gain insights into the complex splicing processes required for expression of the EDA gene, and other genes with large introns.

Comparison between point-of-care dermatophyte test medium and mycology laboratory culture for diagnosis of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats.

BACKGROUND: Point-of-care Dermatophyte Test Medium (PoC-DTM) is a diagnostic procedure to rule in/rule out dermatophytosis in veterinary clinics. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of PoC-DTM in the clinic compared to DTM plate culture in a mycology laboratory and to compare results obtained by general practitioners and referral clinicians. ANIMALS: Hair samples were collected from 47 cats and 54 dogs with suspected dermatophytosis and from nine healthy controls (seven cats and two dogs). METHODS: This was a multicentre blinded study. In one group (65 suspected cases, 9 healthy controls), PoC-DTM results were evaluated by clinicians in a referral clinic (SP group) who examined the colony morphology macroscopically and microscopically. In the other group (36 suspected cases) PoC-DTM results were evaluated by clinicians from general practice for colour change only, with no macroscopic or microscopic examination (GP group). All hair samples were also cultured on DTM plates in a mycology laboratory. Laboratory culture was considered the gold standard for comparison. RESULTS: Agreements between tests were 97% (two false positive; κ = 0.839) and 80.6% (five false positives and two false negatives; κ = 0.466) in the SP and GP groups, respectively. This difference between groups was significant (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: When applying macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the colony, PoC-DTM is accurate for diagnosing dermatophytes with only a 3% chance of error. However, when macroscopic and microscopic examination is not included there is significant (19.4%) chance for an incorrect diagnosis.