Vitamin B12: prevention of human beings from lethal diseases and its food application.

Vitamin B12, a water-soluble essential micronutrient, plays a pivotal role in numerous physiological processes in the human body. This review meticulously examines the structural complexity and the diverse mechanisms through which vitamin B12 exerts its preventive effects against a spectrum of health conditions, including pernicious anaemia, neurological disorders, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and complications in foetal development. The selection of articles for this review was conducted through a systematic search across multiple scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Criteria for inclusion encompassed relevance to the biochemical impact of vitamin B12 on health, peer-reviewed status and publication within the last decade. Exclusion criteria were non-English articles and studies lacking empirical evidence. This stringent selection process ensured a comprehensive analysis of vitamin B12's multifaceted impact on health, covering its structure, bioavailable forms and mechanisms of action. Clinical studies highlighting its therapeutic potential, applications in food fortification and other utilizations are also discussed, underscoring the nutrient's versatility. This synthesis aims to provide a clear understanding of the integral role of vitamin B12 in maintaining human health and its potential in clinical and nutritional applications. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Severe Hemolytic Anemia After Mothball Ingestion Complicated by an Undiagnosed Enzyme Deficiency: A Case Report.

Ingestion of mothballs containing naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene is known to cause hemolysis and methemoglobinemia secondary to severe oxidative stress, affecting the oxygen delivery system of the body. The gradual accumulation of oxidizing radicals in the setting of restricted glutathione availability leads to the oxidization of hemoglobin and other body proteins, ultimately causing cell destruction. In the setting of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDD), more pronounced symptoms and poor prognosis are anticipated as adequate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is not generated to protect red blood cells from oxidative injury, potentiating the hemolytic process further. Here, we report the case of a young male with mothball ingestion whose presentation and management were complicated by underlying undiagnosed G6PDD.

A review on the frying process: Methods, models and their mechanism and application in the food industry.

Frying is one of the most popular and traditional processes used in the food industry and food services to manufacture products that are high in quality and with unique sensory characteristics. The most common method of frying is deep-fat frying, used worldwide due to its distinct flavor profile and sensory aspects, which leads to physio-chemical changes at both macro and micro levels. One of the major concerns with deep-fried foods is their high oil content, and a variety of metabolic disorders can be caused by overconsumption of these foods, including heart disease, obesity, and high cholesterol. Due to their enticing organoleptic properties with their delicious flavor, pleasing mouthfeel, and unique taste, making them irresistible, it is also responsible for undesirable and unacceptable characteristics for consumers. Oil absorption can be reduced by developing novel frying methods that limit the amount of oil in products, producing products with fewer calories and oil while maintaining similar quality, flavor, and edibility. In addition, different pretreatments and post-frying treatments are applied to achieve a synergistic effect. The transfer of mass and heat occurs simultaneously during frying, which helps to understand the mechanism of oil absorption in fried food. Researchers have discovered that prolonged heating of oils results in polar compounds such as polymers, dimers, free fatty acids, and acrylamide, which can alter metabolism and cause cancer. To reduce the oil content in fried food, innovative frying methods have been developed without compromising its quality which also has improved their effect on human health, product quality, and energy efficiency. The aim is to replace the conventional frying process with novel frying methods that offer fried food-like properties, higher nutritional value, and ease of use by replacing the conventional frying process. In the future, it might be possible to optimize frying technologies to substantially reduce fried foods' oil content. This review focuses on a detailed understanding of different frying techniques and attempts to focus on innovative frying techniques such as vacuum frying, microwave cooking, and hot-air frying that have shown a better potential to be used as an alternative to traditional frying.

I(III)-Mediated Arene C-H Amination Using (Hetero)Aryl Nucleophiles.

Herein, we report the metal-free oxidative C-H amination of arenes via a "heterocyclic group transfer" reaction from an I(III) N-HVI reagent. N-Heterocycles serve as oxidatively masked amine nucleophiles, and the resulting N-arylpyridinium salts are inert to further oxidation. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, and mechanistic studies indicate the intermediacy of an arene radical cation. Derivatizations of the resulting pyridinium salts to diverse aryl amine scaffolds are demonstrated.

Edge-Decorated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by an Oxidative Coupling Approach.

Oxidative phenol coupling reduces reliance on halo/metalated substrates used in conventional redox neutral couplings. A new strategy for constructing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that incorporates oxidative phenol coupling is outlined in a three-stage approach: oxidative fragment coupling, linking of the two resultant units, and oxidative cyclization. The protocol allows rapid assembly of both planar and helical systems with a high degree of edge functionalization. The incorporation of 12 alkoxy groups on systems with 12 rings gave rise to lower optical gaps compared to systems with a lesser degree of edge functionalization.

Influence of staff infection control training on infection-related quality measures in US nursing homes.

Health care-associated infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in US nursing home residents. Ongoing training of nursing home staff is vital to the implementation of infection prevention and control processes. Our aim was to describe associations between methods, frequency, and timing of staff infection prevention and control training and infection-related quality measures. In this national survey of nursing homes, timing of staff infection prevention and control training was associated with reduced indwelling urinary catheter use.

Treatment of gingival hyperpigmentation with rotary abrasive, scalpel, and laser techniques: A case series.

Melanin pigmentation often occurs in the gingiva as a result of an abnormal deposition of melanin, due to which the gums may appear black, but the principles, techniques, and management of the problems associated with gingival melanin pigmentation are still not fully established. Depigmentation procedures such as scalpel surgery, gingivectomy with free gingival autografting, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, chemical agents such as 90% phenol and 95% alcohol, abrasion with diamond bur, Nd: YAG laser, semiconductor diode laser, and CO2 laser have been employed for removal of melanin hyper pigmentation. The following case series describes three different surgical depigmentation techniques: scalpel surgery, abrasion with rotary abrasive, and a diode laser. Better results of depigmentation were achieved with diode laser than conventional scalpel and with rotary abrasion with respect to esthetics. The results point out that lasers are an effective and a safe means to removal of hyperpigmentation from the gingiva. Healing was uneventful and no repigmentation occurred.

In vitro evaluation of glass fiber post.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Techniques and recommendations for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth have changed from the use of custom cast metal post and core system to glass fiber-reinforced (GFRC) post and composite core system. Has this latest prefabricated glass fiber reinforced post and composite core system increased the fracture resistance of teeth and reduced the incidence of unrestorable root fractures. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of root fracture and mode of failure of endodontically treated teeth restored with two different post and core systems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty maxillary central incisors were randomly divided into two groups. (n=20). All teeth received endodontic treatment. First group was restored with custom cast post and core system. Second group was restored with glass fiber post and composite core system. In Both the groups posts were cemented with adhesive resin cement. Compressive load was applied at an angle of 130 to the long axis of teeth at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min until fracture occurred. Data were analyzed with student "t" test P<.001. RESULTS: The mean value for fracture resistance was (331.4025) N in Group -I Custom cast Ni-Cr post and core and (237.0625) N in Group -II Glass fiber reinforced post and composite core system. Students "t" test shows the significant difference in fracture resistance of two groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the incidence of root fracture was significantly higher in custom cast Ni-Cr post and core system than glass fiber post and composite core system. A more favourable mode of failure was observed in teeth restored with Group II glass fiber post system. Key words:Post-and-core technique, glass fiber post, cast post and-core system, fracture resistance, endodontically treated teeth.

BIAdb: a curated database of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.

BACKGROUND: Benzylisoquinoline is the structural backbone of many alkaloids with a wide variety of structures including papaverine, noscapine, codeine, morphine, apomorphine, berberine, protopine and tubocurarine. Many benzylisoquinoline alkaloids have been reported to show therapeutic properties and to act as novel medicines. Thus it is important to collect and compile benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in order to explore their usage in medicine. DESCRIPTION: We extract information about benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from various sources like PubChem, KEGG, KNApSAcK and manual curation from literature. This information was processed and compiled in order to create a comprehensive database of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, called BIAdb. The current version of BIAdb contains information about 846 unique benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, with multiple entries in term of source, function leads to total number of 2504 records. One of the major features of this database is that it provides data about 627 different plant species as a source of benzylisoquinoline and 114 different types of function performed by these compounds. A large number of online tools have been integrated, which facilitate user in exploring full potential of BIAdb. In order to provide additional information, we give external links to other resources/databases. One of the important features of this database is that it is tightly integrated with Drugpedia, which allows managing data in fixed/flexible format. CONCLUSIONS: A database of benzylisoquinoline compounds has been created, which provides comprehensive information about benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. This database will be very useful for those who are working in the field of drug discovery based on natural products. This database will also serve researchers working in the field of synthetic biology, as developing medicinally important alkaloids using synthetic process are one of important challenges. This database is available from http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/biadb/.

A recent outbreak of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa in & around Chandigarh, North India.

An outbreak of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa occurred in and around Chandigarh during July 22-31, 2002. Of the 303 patients admitted to two hospitals, 82 were confirmed by culture. Two rehabilitation colonies located at the periphery of Chandigarh were mainly affected. The isolates were biotyped as Eltor and were susceptible to many antibiotics. Thirty one (35.2%) of 88 water samples showed evidence of faecal contamination. The survey of the area revealed sewage contamination of the drinking water supply. The outbreak was controlled by providing safe drinking water to the people and correcting the defects in the sewage and water pipelines.