Social Capital of Parents of Children and Adolescents and Its Relation to Psychiatric Disorders; A Population-Based Study.

Social capital is a complex concept that is considered an effective factor in the development of societies. Considering the importance of burdens of psychiatric disorders in Iran, we studied the relationship between various dimensions of social capital of parents of children and adolescents and psychiatric disorders among them. In this cross-sectional study, 18,940 parents of children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years old were randomly selected from all provinces of Iran and were evaluated by the Millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III (MCMI-III) and a modified version of Nahapiet and Ghoshal questionnaire. MCMI-III was designed as a self-report tool for investigating psychiatric clinical disorders and personality traits in the general population. Modified Nahapiet and ghoshal questionnaire has 20 items and measures four components of social capital included trust, values, communication, and collaboration. Validity and reliability of both questionnaires have been approved in Iran. In the regression model, the relationship between social capital components and clinical and sever clinical syndromes, in the form of regression weight and standard weight for trust was - 0.558 and - 0.062 with p value less than 0.0001, and for values was - 0.466 and - 0.057, respectively, with p value less than 0.0001. There was a reverse correlation between social capital components of parents of children and adolescents and psychiatric disorders in Iran. In regression statistical models, the two components of values and trust were negative predictors of psychiatric disorders. Considering the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran, it seems that the strengthening of cognitive and structural aspects of social capital of parents of children and adolescents is one of the effective factors in reducing the prevalence of these disorders among them.

Gender Determines the Pattern of Correlation between Body Mass Index and Major Depressive Disorder among Children and Adolescents: Results from Iranian Children and Adolescents' Psychiatric Disorders Study.

Background: We aimed to determine the correlation of BMI with depression and to determine the role of gender in this association, in a large study sample. Methods: We used the data of participants in the Iranian Children and Adolescents' Psychiatric Disorders (IRCAP) Study, conducted in 2017. This study was a national community-based, cross-sectional study in which the urban and rural areas of all provinces of Iran were covered. Overall 30,532 children and adolescents, ages 6-18, were randomly selected with the stratified cluster sampling method. Results: Of a total of 30,532 participants, 25,321, whose BMI had been measured and who had been interviewed with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS), entered the study (12,455 boys and 12,866 girls). We categorized the participants according to the national cutoff points for BMI classification. After controlling for age, father's and mother's job and education, and place of residence, the odds ratio (OR) of depression in underweight, healthy weight, and overweight boys compared with obese boys was 2.19 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.00-4.81], 1.06 (95% CI: 0.73-1.55), and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.49-1.32), respectively. In the girls' subgroup, after controlling for the aforementioned covariates, the OR of depression in healthy weight, overweight, and obese participants compared with underweight subjects was 1.29 (95% CI: 0.52-3.19), 1.54 (95% CI: 0.59-3.98), and 1.79 (95% CI: 0.68-4.69), respectively. Conclusions: Underweight boys were more likely diagnosed with depression than normal weight and overweight boys. While in girls, the probability of depression increased by increased BMI.

The prevalence, comorbidity and socio-demographic factors of depressive disorder among Iranian children and adolescents: To identify the main predictors of depression.

BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders are a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. Recently, several risk factors have been described for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to identify the main risk factors that can affect the incidence of depression in Iranian children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 30,546 children and adolescents (between 6 and 18 years of age) participated in a cross-sectional study to identify the predictors of depressive disorders. Depressive disorders were assessed using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL). In addition, a demographic characteristics questionnaire was completed by parents of the participants. The data was analyzed using the SPSS22 software via performing the descriptive analysis and the multiple logistic regression analysis methods. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Results showed that a higher age (15-18), being female, and the father's unemployment were associated with an increased odds ratio for depressive disorders. The age of 10-14 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.57-2.81), the age of 15-18 (OR = 4.44; 95% CI, 3.38-5.83), female gender (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.2-1.73) and the father's unemployment (OR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.01-2.5) were significant positive predictors, whereas, the mother's job (as a housewife) (OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.96) and a history of psychiatric hospitalization of the father and mother (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.78 and OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.84) were negative predictors for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms are common in children and adolescents and are correlated with age and gender. The assessment of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, especially the depressive disorders and their comorbidities, may help to prevent mood disorders in children and adolescents.

A Survey on Mental Health Status of Adult Population Aged 15 and above in the Province of Kerman, Iran.

INTRODUCTION: This research aims to determine the mental health status of population aged 15 and over in the province of Kerman in 2015. METHODS: The statistical population of this cross-sectional field survey consisted of residents of urban and rural areas of Kerman in Iran. An estimated sample size of 1200 people was chosen using systematic random cluster sampling. The access was provided by the contribution of Geographical Post Office of Kerman, Jiroft and Bam cities. The General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) was used as the screening tool for mental disorders. The analysis of data in the current study was carried out using the SPSS-18 software. RESULTS: Using GHQ traditional scoring method, the results showed that 18.8% of the subjects showed to be at risk of mental disorders (22.9% of females and 14.8% of males). Urban areas (20.2%) were more at risk of mental disorders compared with rural residents (16%). Anxiety and somatization symptoms were more frequent than depression and social dysfunction among respondents. The obtained data revealed that the prevalence of mental disorders increased with age. The results also indicated that mental disorders were more common in certain subgroups; in particular women, those aged 65 years and above, the divorced and widowed, illiterate and unemployed adults. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that one fifth of the samples were suspected of psychiatric disorders and the prevalence of these disorders has decreased from 22.9% in 1999 to 18.8% in 2015; so, it is on the authorities and health managers of the province to maintain the essential elements for continuity of mental health services to people with mental disorders.

The Effectiveness of the Harm Reduction Group Therapy Based on Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory on Risky Behaviors of Drug-Dependent Sex Worker Women.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the harm reduction group therapy based on Bandura's self-efficacy theory on risky behaviors of sex workers in Kerman, Iran. METHODS: A quasi-experimental two-group design (a random selection with pre-test and post-test) was used. A risky behaviors questionnaire was used to collect. The sample was selected among sex workers referring to drop-in centers in Kerman. Subjects were allocated to two groups and were randomly classified into two experimental and control groups. The sample group consisted of 56 subjects. The experimental design was carried out during 12 sessions, and the post-test was performed one month and two weeks after the completion of the sessions. The results were analyzed statistically. FINDINGS: By reducing harm based on Bandura's self-efficacy theory, the risky behaviors of the experimental group, including injection behavior, sexual behavior, violence, and damage to the skin, were significantly reduced in the pre-test compared to the post-test (P < 0.010). CONCLUSION: The harm reduction group therapy based on Bandura's self-efficacy theory can reduce the risky behaviors of sex workers.

The Value of Perfectionism in Predicting Coping Strategies in Drug-User Women.

BACKGROUND: Positive perfectionism helps the individual to experience fewer worries and less anxiety. The aim of the present study was to assess the value of coping strategies to predict perfectionism in drug-user women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 361 consecutive drug-user women who were randomly selected from a total of 6237 women referring to the Drug Abuse Centers of Kerman, Iran, in 2013. Data were gathered using the positive and negative perfectionism scale, and coping responses questionnaire. FINDINGS: There were significant correlations between positive and negative perfectionism with coping strategies problem-focused and emotional-focused (P < 0.001). Using multivariate regression modeling, 12% of total mental health variances could be estimated from metacognition beliefs. CONCLUSION: The positive and negative perfectionism can be rolled both as the predictors of coping strategies in drug-user women.

The Relationship between Perfectionism and Coping Strategies in Drug-dependent Men.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perfectionism and coping strategies in drug-dependent men. This study is a descriptive correlational study. METHODS: The statistical population of this study consisted of all drug-dependent men (n = 6237) in years 2010-2011, who were admitted to all self-referral rehabs in Kerman, Iran. From this statistical population, 361 individuals were selected using randomized cluster sampling. The measurement tools applied in this study were positive and negative perfectionism questionnaires (Terry-Short et al) and coping responses (Blinger and Moose). FINDINGS: The data was analyzed using statistical methods, Pearson Coefficient Correlation and multivariable regression inferential statistics. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between positive and negative perfectionism and problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies (P ≤ 0.010). CONCLUSION: The results of the current study show that positive and negative perfectionism predicts problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies for drug-dependent men.