Fortification of Crude Protein Extract from Sung Yod and Hom Rajinee Rice Brans in the Development of Functional Jelly Products.

Rice bran protein (RBP) has shown good nutritional and biological values. The present study aimed to determine the functional properties of rice bran crude protein (RBCP) and apply RBCP to a rice jelly recipe to improve the jelly quality and make it an acceptable product for consumers. The design used in the jelly formulation was a central composite design. The freeze-dried crude protein of Sung Yod (SY; 0.00-0.50%) and Hom Rajinee (HR; 0.00-0.50%) rice brans were applied to the rice jelly recipe. The crude protein extract significantly influenced the physicochemical, sensory, and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity of the developed jellies (p < 0.05). The optimized jelly contained 0.11% SY and 0.50% HR crude protein extract. The rice jelly fortified with lyophilized RBCP presented a high content of bioactive compounds (phenolic and flavonoids) with antioxidant activity and ACE-inhibitory activity. Therefore, the crude protein extract of rice brans is a potential raw material that can be used in jelly products as a cheap material to improve the jelly's nutritional quality without affecting consumer acceptability. The outcome of the present investigation confirms that rice bran extracts may have the potential to be further exploited as ingredients in foods.

Effect of instant jasmine rice coating combining Spirulina with edible polymers on physicochemical properties, textural properties and sensory acceptance.

Coating is an effective and economic strategy to increase the functional property of food products. This study investigated the technical feasibility of adding Spirulina platensis to edible polymers, namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and maltodextrin (MD), in the coating of instant jasmine rice, using a central composite design (CCD). A total of 10 edible coating formulations comprising CMC (10-30% w/v) and MD (1-5% w/v) were evaluated to optimize the most suitable combination of physicochemical properties, textural attributes, and sensory acceptance. The resulting rice fortified with S. platensis and hydrocolloids showed improved textural and functional properties favourable for consumer acceptance. Among these, the optimum (20.0% MD, 1.0% CMC, and 2.0% S. platensis powder) increased the physicochemical properties and decreased textural properties compared with those of uncoated rice. This condition showed phycocyanin content of 1.4 mg/g, chlorophyll a of 181.5 µg/g, total phenolic compound (TPC) of 137.3 µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 3.8 mg ferrous (Fe2+)/g with overall acceptability of 7.1 (like moderately). It can be stated that masking the colour and flavour of Spirulina with an edible coating could be a healthy alternative to commercial rice and used to fortify cereal products with algae.

Development of edible Thai rice film fortified with ginger extract using microwave-assisted extraction for oral antimicrobial properties.

This study aimed to investigate microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of dried ginger and to develop a rice-based edible film incorporating ginger extract. The optimal MAE conditions of 400 W microwave power and an extraction time of 1 min were determined using a 32 full factorial design. The optimized extract showed total phenolic compounds (TPC, 198.2 ± 0.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), antioxidant activity measured by DPPH (91.4 ± 0.6% inhibition), ABTS (106.4 ± 3.1 mg Trolox/g), and FRAP (304.6 ± 5.5 mg Trolox/g), and bioactive compounds including 6-gingerol (71.5 ± 3.6 mg/g), 6-shogaol (12.5 ± 1.0 mg/g), paradol (23.1 ± 1.1 mg/g), and zingerone (5.0 ± 0.3 mg/g). Crude extract of dried ginger showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans DMST 18777, with a minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.5 and 31.2 mg/mL, respectively. The rice-based edible film incorporating 3.2% (w/v) ginger extract tested against S. mutans DMST 18777 had a mean zone of inhibition of 12.7 ± 0.1 mm. Four main phenolic compounds, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, paradol, and zingerone, and six volatile compounds, α-curcumene, α-zingiberene, γ-muurolene, α-farnesene, ß-bisabolene, and ß-sesquiphellandrene, were found in rice film fortified with crude ginger extract.

Optimization of fermented Perilla frutescens seeds for enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid and bioactive compounds by Lactobacillus casei TISTR 1500.

Select LAB, including Lactobacillus fermentum TISTR 950, Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 2265 and Lactobacillus casei TISTR 1500 were investigated for their ability to enhance GABA, TPC and the antioxidant activity of perilla seed juice. L. casei TISTR 1500 produced higher GABA and TPC contents and presented higher antioxidant activity than other strains. Furthermore, the optimal fermentation condition to perilla seeds inoculated with L. casei TISTR 1500 to improve the GABA, TPC and antioxidant activity was performed using 33 full factorial design. The final optimal values for perilla fermentation was found at fermentation time of 4.82 days (4 days 19 h 40 min), initial substrate of 5% (w/v) and fermentation temperature of 30.07 °C. Under the optimal fermentation condition, an observed values of GABA, TPC, ABTS, DPPH and FRAP were 71.46 µg/g, 3175.00 µg GAE/g, 1991.40 µg TEAC/g, 9178.29 µg TEAC/g and 7753.34 µg TEAC/g, respectively, which was 3.3, 0.9, 2.9, 10.8 and 10.2 times higher than that of unfermented perilla seeds, and 2.1, 0.8, 0.9, 10 and 9.2 times of fermented perilla seeds before the optimization. These results may provide the foundation to further target in industrial application for the production of plant-based and develop functional perilla seed products containing GABA. Highlights Improved GABA, TPC and antioxidant contents were found using Lactobacillus casei TISTR 1500 Full factorial design applied to optimize fermented perilla seeds by lactic acid fermentation The optimized conditions dramatically increased GABA and TPC contents.

Effects of ultra-high pressure on effective synthesis of fructooligosaccharides and fructotransferase activity using Pectinex Ultra SP-L and inulinase from Aspergillus niger.

In this study, various levels of ultra-high pressure (UHP) were combined with the enzymatic synthesis of the fructooligosaccharide (FOS) using Pectinex Ultra SP-L and inulinase. The combination enhanced the FOS yields up to 2.5- and 1.5-fold, respectively, compared to atmospheric condition (0.1 MPa). However, the enzymatic reaction was dependent on the levels of pressure, the reaction times, and the initial sucrose concentrations. The combined UHP and inulinase showed that the maximum FOS yield (71.81%) was obtained under UHP at 200 MPa for 20 min with 300 g/L of initial sucrose as a substrate, while the FOS yield (57.13%) using Pectinex Ultra SP-L was obtained under UHP at 300 MPa for 15 min with 600 g/L of initial sucrose as a substrate. The FOS composition produced by Pectinex Ultra SP-L under the UHP was 1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3), and 1F-fructofuranosylnystose (GF4), whereas the FOS produced by inulinase composed of only GF2 and GF3. The combined UHP is a useful tool in the industrial application for FOS production. Highlights UHP activated the activity of Pectinex Ultra SP-L yet inactivated inulinase Pressure level, time, and sucrose concentration significantly affect FOS yields under UHP UHP enhanced FOS production with time-saving benefits within 15-20 min.

Decolorization of Reactive Red 159 by a consortium of photosynthetic bacteria using an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR).

This experiment aimed to decolorize Reactive Red 159 using a high potential of a consortium of purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) with an application of response surface methodology through a central composite design in open system. The three factors of hydraulic retention time (HRT), sludge retention time (SRT) and dye concentration were applied to the design. The decolorization was operated in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor until the system reached to a pseudosteady state for 30 cycles in each experiment. The optimal condition was 6,500 mg/L of Reactive Red 159 concentration with 20 days of SRT and 8 days of HRT, achieving dye effluent of 142.62 ± 5.35 mg/L, decolorization rate of 264.54 ± 7.13 mg/L/h and decolorization efficiency of 97.68 ± 0.74%. The results revealed that PNSB efficiently decolorized the high concentration of Reactive Red 159 and they were a high potential of microorganisms for dyes contaminated wastewater treatment.

Optimization of simultaneously enzymatic fructo- and inulo-oligosaccharide production using co-substrates of sucrose and inulin from Jerusalem artichoke.

Prebiotic substances are extracted from various plant materials or enzymatic hydrolysis of different substrates. The production of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and inulo-oligosaccharide (IOS) was performed by applying two substrates, sucrose and inulin; oligosaccharide yields were maximized using central composite design to evaluate the parameters influencing oligosaccharide production. Inulin from Jerusalem artichoke (5-15% w/v), sucrose (50-70% w/v), and inulinase from Aspergillus niger (2-7 U/g) were used as variable parameters for optimization. Based on our results, the application of sucrose and inulin as co-substrates for oligosaccharide production through inulinase hydrolysis and synthesis is viable in comparative to a method using a single substrate. Maximum yields (674.82 mg/g substrate) were obtained with 5.95% of inulin, 59.87% of sucrose, and 5.68 U/g of inulinase, with an incubation period of 9 hr. The use of sucrose and inulin as co-substrates in the reaction simultaneously produced FOS and IOS from sucrose and inulin. Total conversion yield was approximately 67%. Our results support the high value-added production of oligosaccharides using Jerusalem artichoke, which is generally used as a substrate in prebiotics and/or bioethanol production.

Green and chemical-free process of enzymatic xylooligosaccharide production from corncob: Enhancement of the yields using a strategy of lignocellulosic destructuration by ultra-high pressure pretreatment.

In this study, the pressures at 50-500MPa were evaluated at different time to pretreat and further enzyme hydrolysis. The ultra-high pressure (UHP) pretreatment at 100MPa for 10min led to improved accessibility of enzyme for conversion of xylan to xylooligosaccharide (XOS). The maximum XOS yield of 35.6mg/g substrate was achieved and firstly reported at 10% (w/v) of substrate, 100U of endo-xylanase/g corncobs and incubation time of 18h. The enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency was increased by 180.3% and released a high amount of xylobiose. The UHP pretreatment relatively did not affect to the composition of corncob, but decreased 34.3% of lignin. Interestingly, antioxidant activities of XOS using UHP pretreatment were higher than untreated corncob. The UHP pretreatment improved lignocellulosic destructuration and XOS yields in a shorter time without the need of chemicals, implying that UHP could be an effective pretreatment of biomass with a chemical-free process.

Eco-friendly processing in enzymatic xylooligosaccharides production from corncob: Influence of pretreatment with sonocatalytic-synergistic Fenton reaction and its antioxidant potentials.

Delignification can be considered as a feasible process to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass in xylooligosaccharides production after the performance and efficiency has been improved through a few modifications. This study compared various pretreatment strategies such as Fenton, sonocatalytic, and sonocatalytic-synergistic Fenton employed on corncob in order to expose lignin content and saccharides to enhance the xylooligosaccharides yield by enzymatic hydrolysis. The dissolution of lignin and xylooligosaccharides production of corncob was enhanced by ultrasound assisted TiO2 and Fenton reaction. The corncob pretreated with a sonocatalytic-synergistic Fenton reaction gave the highest release of the lignin concentration level (1.03 g/L), dissolution level (80.25%), and xylooligosaccharides content (46.45 mg/g substrate). A two-step pretreatment processes consisting of the alkali treatment (pretreatment) and sonocatalytic-synergistic Fenton process (posttreatment) illustrated that subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis could be enhanced considerably. The release of the lignin concentration and xylooligosaccharides content were 33.20 g/L and 174.81 mg/g substrate, respectively. The antioxidant potential of xylooligosaccharides showed significant differences regarding the amount of xylooligosaccharides and the phenolic compounds produced.

Treatability of cheese whey for single-cell protein production in nonsterile systems: Part I. Optimal condition for lactic acid fermentation using a microaerobic sequencing batch reactor (microaerobic SBR) with immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 2265 and microbial communities.

Cheese whey contains a high organic content and causes serious problems if it is released into the environment when untreated. This study aimed to investigate the optimum condition of lactic acid production using the microaerobic sequencing batch reactor (microaerobic SBR) in a nonsterile system. The high production of lactic acid was achieved by immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 2265 to generate an acidic pH condition below 4.5 and then to support single-cell protein (SCP) production in the second aerobic sequencing batch reactor (aerobic SBR). A hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 days and a whey concentration of 80% feeding gave a high lactic acid yield of 12.58 g/L, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 62.38%, and lactose utilization of 61.54%. The microbial communities in the nonsterile system were dominated by members of lactic acid bacteria, and it was shown that the inoculum remained in the system up to 330 days.

Treatability of cheese whey for single-cell protein production in nonsterile systems: Part II. The application of aerobic sequencing batch reactor (aerobic SBR) to produce high biomass of Dioszegia sp. TISTR 5792.

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of an aerobic sequencing batch reactor (aerobic SBR) in a nonsterile system using the application of an experimental design via central composite design (CCD). The acidic whey obtained from lactic acid fermentation by immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum sp. TISTR 2265 was fed into the bioreactor of the aerobic SBR in an appropriate ratio between acidic whey and cheese whey to produce an acidic environment below 4.5 and then was used to support the growth of Dioszegia sp. TISTR 5792 by inhibiting bacterial contamination. At the optimal condition for a high yield of biomass production, the system was run with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 days, a solid retention time (SRT) of 8.22 days, and an acidic whey concentration of 80% feeding. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased from 25,230 mg/L to 6,928 mg/L, which represented a COD removal of 72.15%. The yield of biomass production and lactose utilization by Dioszegia sp. TISTR 5792 were 13.14 g/L and 33.36%, respectively, with a long run of up to 180 cycles and the pH values of effluent were rose up to 8.32 without any pH adjustment.

Application of microalgal fucoxanthin for the reduction of colon cancer risk: inhibitory activity of fucoxanthin against beta-glucuronidase and DLD-1 cancer cells.

Intestinal bacterial beta-glucuronidases are capable of retoxifying compounds that have been detoxified by liver glucuronidation and are also known to accelerate colon cancer invasion and metastasis. In this study, fucoxanthin extracted from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was investigated for its inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase and DLD-1 cancer cells. Fucoxanthin inhibited beta-glucuronidase in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 2.32 mM and a mixed inhibition type. Fucoxanthin had more potent inhibitory activity on beta-glucuronidase at 37 degrees C and in alkaline conditions. Fucoxanthin also inhibited the beta-glucuronidase activity of DLD-1 cancer cells at a concentration of 20-50 microM. The presence of beta-glucuronidase and substrate in the medium decreased the inhibitory activity of fucoxanthin against DLD-1 cancer cells. Therefore, microalgal fucoxanthin might prevent colon cancer because of its strong beta-glucuronidase inhibitory activity and could be utilized as a novel functional ingredient of food and pharmaceutical supplements.

Anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of fucoxanthin purified from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

Hot extraction with acetone was the most efficient method for the extraction of fucoxanthin from Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The purified compound resulted in three main peaks consisted of the trans form along with two isomers. The structure of microalgal fucoxanthin was similar to that of brown seaweed, but the ratio of trans- to cis-form was different. The ratio of the cis-form increased as the extraction temperature increased. Fucoxanthin was unstable at high temperature, in acidic condition, and after long period of storage. Fucoxanthin exhibited strong activity against BChE, with an IC50 value of 1.97 mM and mixed inhibition type, whereas it had weak activity against AChE. The IC50 value on reducing power was 0.01 mM, which was much stronger than those of the positive controls. When the amount of cis-isomer increased by 2%, the scavenging activity against DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and reducing power decreased by 21.0, 10.3, 16.0, and 19.7%, respectively. Therefore, fucoxanthin could be a useful approach for Alzheimer's disease treatment.