Prevalence and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with schizophrenia 2 years after an earthquake in Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: High rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been observed in earthquake survivors many years after the event. However, its prevalence among patients with schizophrenia is largely unknown. This study, which was conducted two years after the 2020 Elazig earthquake, sought to identify risk factors for earthquake-related PTSD among patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. METHODS: Adult patients with schizophrenia (N = 103) and healthy subjects (N = 103) who had survived the earthquake were recruited from affected areas in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey, Elazig. A detailed questionnaire of earthquake-related risk factors, the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale for DSM-V (CAPS-5) scale were administered to participants. RESULTS: Twelve percent of the patients with schizophrenia and 25% of the healthy subjects had earthquake-related PTSD diagnoses two years after the 2020 Elazig earthquake. Healthy subjects had a significantly higher rate of earthquake-related PTSD when compared to patients with schizophrenia. Religious coping, self-blaming, less emotional support seeking, and going to a safer place on the night of the earthquake were found to be associated with PTSD in patients with schizophrenia. History of traumatic events, self-blaming, and less social support from family were found to be associated with a PTSD diagnosis in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The earthquake in Turkey created a situation such that significant symptoms of PTSD remained present at two years following the event in both patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Patients with schizophrenia have different risk factors for the development of PTSD when compared with healthy subjects. Clinical interventions should consider risk factors, coping strategies, and perceived social support when seeking to prevent earthquake-related PTSD.

Elevated C-reactive protein/albumin ratio in patients with methamphetamine use disorder.

BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine use disorder causes significant crises, which have individual, familial, and social consequences. Identifying inflammatory biomarkers for methamphetamine use disorder may be useful for following the inflammatory status of patients in clinical assessment. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) and neutrophil/albumin ratio (NAR) levels can be used as inflammatory biomarkers in methamphetamine use disorder. METHODS: The sample comprised 139 treatment-seeking participants who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for methamphetamine use disorder and 139 sociodemographically matched controls. Only hospitalised patients were included. An independent sample t-test, Pearson's correlation test, and binominal logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: CAR (p = 0.016) and NAR (p = 0.048) levels were significantly higher in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder when compared with healthy controls. The CAR level was found to be a significant predictor of group membership in regression analysis for methamphetamine use disorder. CONCLUSION: CAR may be a potential inflammatory biomarker for patients with methamphetamine use disorder. CAR as a relatively easier-to-measure biomarker could be beneficial to follow the inflammatory status and treatment response of patients.

This study showed the increased inflammatory response in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder.C- Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio (CAR) may be a potential inflammatory biomarker in methamphetamine use disorder.CAR may be used to measure the inflammatory status at different phases of treatment and follow treatment response in patients with methamphetamine use disorder.

Exploring genetic diversity and population structure of a large grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm collection in Türkiye.

Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L.) has been one of the significant perennial crops in widespread temperate climate regions since its domestication around 6000 years ago. Grapevine and its products, particularly wine, table grapes, and raisins, have significant economic importance not only in grapevine-growing countries but also worldwide. Grapevine cultivation in Türkiye dates back to ancient times, and Anatolia is considered one of the main grapevine migration routes around the Mediterranean basin. Turkish germplasm collection, conserved at the Turkish Viticulture Research Institutes, includes cultivars and wild relatives mainly collected in Türkiye, breeding lines, rootstock varieties, and mutants, but also cultivars of international origin. Genotyping with high-throughput markers enables the investigation of genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium, which are crucial for applying genomic-assisted breeding. Here, we present the results of a high-throughput genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) study of 341 genotypes from grapevine germplasm collection at Manisa Viticulture Research Institute. A total of 272,962 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers on the nineteen chromosomes were identified using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology. The high-density coverage of SNPs resulted in an average of 14,366 markers per chromosome, an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.23 and an expected heterozygosity (He) value of 0.28 indicating the genetic diversity within 341 genotypes. LD decayed very fast when r2 was between 0.45 and 0.2 and became flat when r2 was 0.05. The average LD decay for the entire genome was 30 kb when r2 = 0.2. The PCA and structure analysis did not distinguish the grapevine genotypes based on different origins, highlighting the occurrence of gene flow and a high amount of admixture. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results indicated a high level of genetic differentiation within populations, while variation among populations was extremely low. This study provides comprehensive information on the genetic diversity and population structure of Turkish grapevine genotypes.

The predictors of COVID-19 anxiety and helping behaviour during the pandemic: An investigation within the framework of individual and national level resources.

Governments have developed different policies against the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, individuals' political trust, as well as their coping styles, seems to play a role in society's reactions to this process. This study aims to examine the determinants of both the COVID-19 anxiety and the helping behavior during the pandemic within the framework of political trust and coping styles. The sample consists of 529 participants (340 females 189 males) from different cities in Turkey between the ages of 18-68. Coping Style Scale, Political Trust Inventory, Flourishing Scale and questionnaires measuring helping behaviour, perceived risk and COVID-19-related anxiety were used for data collection. The results showed that self-confident coping style and competence evaluations towards politicians predicted COVID-19 anxiety through perceived risk, while various coping styles and positive expectations towards politicians predicted helping behaviour through psychological well-being. This research contributes to literature by revealing the importance of individual and national level resources coping with COVID-19 crisis.

Norm Determination Study of Trail Making Test, Enhanced Cued Recall Test and Clock Drawing Test for Turkish Sample Between 6-18 Years of Age.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the developmental stages-specific normative values of Trial Making Test (TMT), Enhanced Cued Recall Test (ECRT) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) which are commonly used in adults for the evaluation of cognitive functions affected by psychiatric and neurological diseases and developmental disorders for a healthy Turkish sample between 6-18 years of age. METHOD: A total of 249 primary and secondary school students between 6-18 years of age and living in Ankara and educated in public and/or private schools participated in the study. Primary analysis was conducted by appropriate ANOVA and/or MANOVA for 2 (Developmental Stage: Middle-Late Childhood (6-11 years) and Adolescence (12-18 years)) x 2 (Gender: Female and Male) factorial design. In addition, another group of ANOVA and/or MANOVA analyses for 3 (Adolescence Sub-Stages) x 2 (Gender) was also performed for the adolescence stage that was sub-grouped as early (12-13 years), middle (14-15 years) and late (16+ years). RESULTS: Normative values were determined both for two different developmental stages and for the adolescence sub-stages. Comparisons indicated that main effect of gender and interactions were non-significant for all tests. On the other hand, the main effects of the developmental stage and adolescence sub-stages were significant for many of the test scores. CONCLUSION: As a result of the study, three neuropsychological tests and their normative values for children and adolescents were presented as available for use in future research.

Spelling Changes and Fluorescent Tagging With Prime Editing Vectors for Plants.

Prime editing is an adaptation of the CRISPR-Cas system that uses a Cas9(H840A)-reverse transcriptase fusion and a guide RNA amended with template and primer binding site sequences to achieve RNA-templated conversion of the target DNA, allowing specified substitutions, insertions, and deletions. In the first report of prime editing in plants, a variety of edits in rice and wheat were described, including insertions up to 15 bp. Several studies in rice quickly followed, but none reported a larger insertion. Here, we report easy-to-use vectors for prime editing in dicots as well as monocots, their validation in Nicotiana benthamiana, rice, and Arabidopsis, and an insertion of 66 bp that enabled split-GFP fluorescent tagging.

A Novel Framework Using Deep Auto-Encoders Based Linear Model for Data Classification.

This paper proposes a novel data classification framework, combining sparse auto-encoders (SAEs) and a post-processing system consisting of a linear system model relying on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. All the sensitive and high-level features are extracted by using the first auto-encoder which is wired to the second auto-encoder, followed by a Softmax function layer to classify the extracted features obtained from the second layer. The two auto-encoders and the Softmax classifier are stacked in order to be trained in a supervised approach using the well-known backpropagation algorithm to enhance the performance of the neural network. Afterwards, the linear model transforms the calculated output of the deep stacked sparse auto-encoder to a value close to the anticipated output. This simple transformation increases the overall data classification performance of the stacked sparse auto-encoder architecture. The PSO algorithm allows the estimation of the parameters of the linear model in a metaheuristic policy. The proposed framework is validated by using three public datasets, which present promising results when compared with the current literature. Furthermore, the framework can be applied to any data classification problem by considering minor updates such as altering some parameters including input features, hidden neurons and output classes.

Interaction of apelin, elabela and nitric oxide in schizophrenia patients.

BACKGROUND: Apelin (APLN), elabela (ELA), and nitric oxide (NO) have effects on physiological and behavioural properties in biological systems. This study was designed to determine APLN, ELA and NO levels in schizophrenia patients and assess whether these molecules are of diagnostic value. METHODS: A total of 33 schizophrenic patients and 32 ageand sex-adjusted healthy participants were included in the study. ELA, APLN and NO levels were measured using ELISA methods. RESULTS: Although the ELA and NO levels of the patients were lower than the control group, APLN levels were higher (p = 0.039, p = 0.019, p = 0.048, respectively). There was a significant negative correlation between APLN levels and triglyceride (TG) and body mass index (BMI) levels (r = -0.426, p = < 0.001 and r = -0.330, p = 0.007, respectively). Respectively, the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the ELA/APLN, ELA/NO and APLN/NO ratios were 0.628, 0.590 and 0.709, 95% confident intervals (CI): 0.491-0.764, 0.450-0.730 and 0.579-0.840. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased levels of ELA and NO and increased APLN levels in schizophrenia suggest that these molecules may be involved in its etiopathology. The APLN/NO ratio also seems to show promise in the diagnosis of the disease and may be used in future.

Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis on Pool-Seq and Low-Coverage Retinoblastoma Data.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is related to massively parallel or deep deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing technology which has revolutionized genomic researches in recent years. Although the cost of generating NGS data was decreased compared to the one at the time of emerging this technology, its cost might still be somewhat a problem. Hence, new strategies as pool-seq and low-coverage NGS data have been developed to overcome the cost problem. Despite decreasing cost, it is important to elucidate whether they are efficient in NGS studies. We applied a bioinformatics pipeline on pool-seq and low-coverage retinoblastoma data retrieved from only tumor data. Retinoblastoma is an eye malignancy in childhood that is initiated by RB1 mutation or MYCN amplification and can lead to the loss of vision of eye(s), and even sometimes life. We applied our pipeline on both retinoblastoma disease data and two other particular data to testify the validity and also for comparison purposes in the aspect of performance. High-confidence variant calls from Genome in a Bottle Consortium were used for fulfilling these purposes. We observed that our pipeline successfully called higher number of variants than a standard pipeline for all these three different data. Besides, the recall and F-score values were quite better in our pipeline as being noteworthy. We further presented our results on disease data in the aspects of the variants, variant types and disease-related genes. This study provides a guideline for performing NGS data analysis pipeline on pool-seq and low-coverage sequencing data in conjunction. To get more conclusive outcomes of these two strategies, we recommend using cancer data having higher mutation rates and larger pools.

A novel approach to the diagnostic assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome based on the frequency domain of the compound muscle action potential.

Conventional electrophysiological (EP) tests may yield ambiguous or false-negative results in some patients with signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Therefore, researchers tend to investigate new parameters to improve the sensitivity and specificity of EP tests. We aimed to investigate the mean and maximum power of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) as a novel diagnostic parameter, by evaluating diagnosis and classification performance using the supervised Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM) network models. The CMAPs were analyzed using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The mean and maximum power parameters were calculated from the power spectrum. A counter-propagation artificial neural network (CPANN), supervised Kohonen network (SKN) and XY-fused network (XYF) were compared to evaluate the classification and diagnostic performance of the parameters using the confusion matrix. The mean and maximum power of the CMAP were significantly lower in patients with CTS than in the normal group (p < 0.05), and the XYF network had the best total performance of classification with 91.4%. This study suggests that the mean and maximum power of the CMAP can be considered as less time-consuming parameters for the diagnosis of CTS without using additional EP tests which can be uncomfortable for the patient due to poor tolerance to electrical stimulation.

Genome wide association study of 5 agronomic traits in olive (Olea europaea L.).

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most economically and historically important fruit crops worldwide. Genetic progress for valuable agronomic traits has been slow in olive despite its importance and benefits. Advances in next generation sequencing technologies provide inexpensive and highly reproducible genotyping approaches such as Genotyping by Sequencing, enabling genome wide association study (GWAS). Here we present the first comprehensive GWAS study on olive using GBS. A total of 183 accessions (FULL panel) were genotyped using GBS, 94 from the Turkish Olive GenBank Resource (TOGR panel) and 89 from the USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR panel) in the USA. After filtering low quality and redundant markers, GWAS was conducted using 24,977 SNPs in FULL, TOGR and NCGR panels. In total, 52 significant associations were detected for leaf length, fruit weight, stone weight and fruit flesh to pit ratio using the MLM_K. Significant GWAS hits were mapped to their positions and 19 candidate genes were identified within a 10-kb distance of the most significant SNP. Our findings provide a framework for the development of markers and identification of candidate genes that could be used in olive breeding programs.

A Novel Biomarker Renalase and Its Relationship with its Substrates in Schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia, particularly the form related to excessive dopamine (DA), is a chronic psychotic disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Renalase metabolizes its catecholamine (CA) substrates, including DA, suggesting that there might be an association between renalase levels and schizophrenia occurrence. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the renalase and CA levels in the serum of patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: The study was conducted with thirty-three schizophrenia patients and an age- and gender-matched group of thirty-one controls. Renalase and CA levels were measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Renalase levels were significantly lower in the schizophrenia patients than in the control group (p<0.05), whereas DA levels were significantly higher (p<0.05). The epinephrine (Epi) levels of both groups were similar (p=0.186), while the norepinephrine levels in patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05). The areas under the curves for the renalase-dopamine, renalase-norepinephrine and renalase-epinephrine ratios were 0.805, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.699-0.912 (p<0.001); 0.726, 95% CI: 0.594-0.859 (p=0.032); and 0.656, 95% CI: 0.520-0.791 (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The high DA levels in patients with schizophrenia might be due to low renalase levels. Renalase enzyme levels may play a substantial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Thus, this enzyme might be a new future target for the treatment and diagnosis of schizophrenia after intrabrain renalase and DA dynamics have been further evaluated.

Association Mapping in Turkish Olive Cultivars Revealed Significant Markers Related to Some Important Agronomic Traits.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit trees especially in the Mediterranean countries due to high consumption of table olive and olive oil. In olive breeding, the phenotypic traits associated to fruit are the key factors that determine productivity. Association mapping has been used in some tree species and a lot of crop plant species, and here, we perform an initial effort to detect marker-trait associations in olive tree. In the current study, a total of 96 olive genotypes, including both oil and table olive genotypes from Turkish Olive GenBank Resources, were used to examine marker-trait associations. For olive genotyping, SNP, AFLP, and SSR marker data were selected from previously published study and association analysis was performed between these markers and 5 yield-related traits. Three different approaches were used to check for false-positive results in association tests, and association results obtained from these models were compared. Using the model utilizing both population structure and relative kinship, eleven associations were significant with FDR ≤ 0.05. The largest number of significant associations was detected for fruit weight and stone weight. Our results suggested that association mapping could be an effective approach for identifying marker-trait associations in olive genotypes, without the development of mapping populations. This study shows for the first time the use of association mapping for identifying molecular markers linked to important traits in olive tree.

Identification QTLs Controlling Genes for Se Uptake in Lentil Seeds.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an excellent source of protein and carbohydrates and is also rich in essential trace elements for the human diet. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for human health and nutrition, providing protection against several diseases and regulating important biological systems. Dietary intake of 55 µg of Se per day is recommended for adults, with inadequate Se intake causing significant health problems. The objective of this study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) of genes controlling Se accumulation in lentil seeds using a population of 96 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the cross "PI 320937" × "Eston" grown in three different environments for two years (2012 and 2013). Se concentration in seed varied between 119 and 883 µg/kg. A linkage map consisting of 1,784 markers (4 SSRs, and 1,780 SNPs) was developed. The map spanned a total length of 4,060.6 cM, consisting of 7 linkage groups (LGs) with an average distance of 2.3 cM between adjacent markers. Four QTL regions and 36 putative QTL markers, with LOD scores ranging from 3.00 to 4.97, distributed across two linkage groups (LG2 and LG5) were associated with seed Se concentration, explaining 6.3-16.9% of the phenotypic variation.

Development of a medical module for disaster information systems.

This study aims to improve a medical module which provides a real-time medical information flow about pre-hospital processes that gives health care in disasters; transferring, storing and processing the records that are in electronic media and over internet as a part of disaster information systems. In this study which is handled within the frame of providing information flow among professionals in a disaster case, to supply the coordination of healthcare team and transferring complete information to specified people at real time, Microsoft Access database and SQL query language were used to inform database applications. System was prepared on Microsoft .Net platform using C# language. Disaster information system-medical module was designed to be used in disaster area, field hospital, nearby hospitals, temporary inhabiting areas like tent city, vehicles that are used for dispatch, and providing information flow between medical officials and data centres. For fast recording of the disaster victim data, accessing to database which was used by health care professionals was provided (or granted) among analysing process steps and creating minimal datasets. Database fields were created in the manner of giving opportunity to enter new data and search old data which is recorded before disaster. Web application which provides access such as data entry to the database and searching towards the designed interfaces according to the login credentials access level. In this study, homepage and users' interfaces which were built on database in consequence of system analyses were provided with www.afmedinfo.com web site to the user access. With this study, a recommendation was made about how to use disaster-based information systems in the field of health. Awareness has been developed about the fact that disaster information system should not be perceived only as an early warning system. Contents and the differences of the health care practices of disaster information systems were revealed. A web application was developed supplying a link between the user and the database to make date entry and data query practices by the help of the developed interfaces.

Association mapping for five agronomic traits in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

BACKGROUND: The common bean is the most important grain legume and a major source of protein in many developing countries. We analysed the following traits: pod fibre (PF), seeds per pod (SPP), plant type (PT), growth habit (GH), and days to flowering (DF) for a set of diverse common bean accessions and determined whether such traits were associated with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. RESULTS: In this study, 66 common bean genotypes were used and genotyped with 233 AFLP, 105 SNP and 80 SSR markers. The association analysis between markers and five traits was performed using a General Linear Model (GLM) in Trait Analysis by aSSociation, Evolution and Linkage (TASSEL). The population structure was determined using the STRUCTURE software, and seven groups (K = 7) were identified among genotypes. The associations for such traits were identified and quantified; 62 markers were associated with the five traits. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that association mapping using a reasonable number of markers, distributed across the genome and with the appropriate number of individuals harboured to detect DNA markers linked to the traits of PF, SPP, PT, GH and DF in common bean.

Anxiety score as a risk factor for radial artery vasospasm during radial interventions: a pilot study.

We determined the role of anxiety level on radial artery spasm during transradial coronary angiography. Eighty-one patients who had an indication for coronary angiography were enrolled. Radial artery vasospasm was determined by addressing 5 signs: persistent forearm pain, pain response to catheter manipulation, pain response to sheath withdrawal, difficult catheter manipulation after being "trapped" by the radial artery, and considerable resistance on withdrawal of sheath. Radial spasm defined as at least 2 of the 5 signs. The Hamilton Anxiety scale questionnaire was used to determine the level of anxiety. Vasospasm was observed in 19.1% of the patients. Anxiety score was significantly higher in women (11.1 ± 7.2 vs 17.6 ± 7.3; P < .001). Vasospasm was significantly correlated with female sex (P < .001, r = .43) and anxiety score (P = .007, r = .29). Female sex was associated with higher anxiety scores (P < .001, r = .43). In conclusion, higher anxiety scores and female sex are important risk factors for radial artery vasospasm.

Genetic assessment of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) accessions by peroxidase gene-based markers.

BACKGROUND: Peroxidase, a plant-specific oxidoreductase, is a heme-containing glycoprotein encoded by a large multigenic family in plants. Plant peroxidases (POXs, EC 1.11.1.7) play important roles in many self-defense interactions in plants. Here, 67 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes were studied using a POX gene-based marker method. Comparison of POX genes could resolve evolutionary relationships in common bean. RESULTS: Eighty fragments were obtained with 20 primer pairs that amplified one (POX8c) to eight (ATP29) bands, with a mean of four bands per primer pair. The average (polymorphic information content) PIC value for the POX products was 0.40. The maximum variation (93%) was found between Turkey (#33) and India (#52) and between Antalya (#33) and India (#53). The minimum variation (0%) was found among four pairs: Bozdag (#2) and Karadeniz (#38), Kirklareli (#11) and Turkey (#15, 16, 43), Bandirma (#13) and Turkey (#15, 16, 43), and Kirklareli (#10) and Bandirma (#22). UPGMA was used to discriminate the common bean genotypes into five clusters, while STRUCTURE software was used to investigate the genetic population structure. CONCLUSION: The results showed that POX gene family markers can be used to study genotypic diversity and provide new information for breeding programs and common bean improvement practices.

SNP discovery by illumina-based transcriptome sequencing of the olive and the genetic characterization of Turkish olive genotypes revealed by AFLP, SSR and SNP markers.

BACKGROUND: The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a diploid (2n = 2x = 46) outcrossing species mainly grown in the Mediterranean area, where it is the most important oil-producing crop. Because of its economic, cultural and ecological importance, various DNA markers have been used in the olive to characterize and elucidate homonyms, synonyms and unknown accessions. However, a comprehensive characterization and a full sequence of its transcriptome are unavailable, leading to the importance of an efficient large-scale single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in olive. The objectives of this study were (1) to discover olive SNPs using next-generation sequencing and to identify SNP primers for cultivar identification and (2) to characterize 96 olive genotypes originating from different regions of Turkey. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Next-generation sequencing technology was used with five distinct olive genotypes and generated cDNA, producing 126,542,413 reads using an Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx. Following quality and size trimming, the high-quality reads were assembled into 22,052 contigs with an average length of 1,321 bases and 45 singletons. The SNPs were filtered and 2,987 high-quality putative SNP primers were identified. The assembled sequences and singletons were subjected to BLAST similarity searches and annotated with a Gene Ontology identifier. To identify the 96 olive genotypes, these SNP primers were applied to the genotypes in combination with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study marks the highest number of SNP markers discovered to date from olive genotypes using transcriptome sequencing. The developed SNP markers will provide a useful source for molecular genetic studies, such as genetic diversity and characterization, high density quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, association mapping and map-based gene cloning in the olive. High levels of genetic variation among Turkish olive genotypes revealed by SNPs, AFLPs and SSRs allowed us to characterize the Turkish olive genotype.