Effect of Music on Anxiety and Pain Levels of Patients Undergoing Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy: A Randomized Controlled Study.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Despite being a minimally invasive procedure, biopsy can cause pain and anxiety in patients. Therefore, it is important to reduce the pain and anxiety levels of patients. The present study aims to investigate the effect of music on patient anxiety and pain levels during thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized controlled single-blind study, a validated State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) consisting of 40 questions in total was used to evaluate patient anxiety rates. The STAI consists of two sections: the state anxiety scale (SAS) measuring instant anxiety and the trait anxiety scale measuring general anxiety. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 those who did not listen to music during a biopsy and group 2 those who listened to music. The Visual Analogue Scale was used to evaluate patient pain levels. RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 46 patients and Group 2 consisted of 45 patients. After the procedure, the mean SAS scores of Groups 1 and 2 were not significantly different (p = 0.24). However, The state anxiety scale differences, which represents the decrease in pre-procedure and post-procedure anxiety levels (SAS1-SAS2) was statistically different among the groups (p = 0.01). There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of VAS score distribution (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Music therapy is an easily applicable, cheap, and safe method that can be used to decrease anxiety and pain levels in patients during thyroid biopsy as evidenced by this research.

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Performance of Ni-Co-Coated Graphene-Based 3D Printed Electrodes.

Additive manufacturing has been a very promising topic in recent years for research and development studies and industrial applications. Its electrochemical applications are very popular due to the cost-effective rapid production from the environmentally friendly method. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) printed electrodes are prepared by Ni and Co coatings in different molar ratios. Different Ni/Co molar ratios (x:y) of the Ni/Co/x:y alloys are prepared as 1:1, 1:4, and 4:1 and they are named Ni/Co/1:1, Ni/Co/4:1, and Ni/Co/1:4, respectively. According to the results, when the 3D electrode samples are coated with Ni and Co at different molar ratios, the kinetic performance of the NiCo-coated 3D electrode samples for hydrogen evolution reaction is enhanced compared to that of the uncoated 3D electrode sample. The results indicate that the Ni/Co/1:4-coated 3D electrode has the highest kinetic activity for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs). The calculated Tafel's slope and overpotential value (η10) for HER are determined as 164.65 mV/dec and 101.92 mV, respectively. Moreover, the Ni/Co/1:4-coated 3D electrode has an 81.2% higher current density than the other electrode. It is observed that the 3D printing of the electrochemical electrodes is very promising when they are coated with Ni-Co metals in different ratios. This study provides a new perspective on the use of 3D printed electrodes for high-performance water electrolysis.

An Overview of Various Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Applications.

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have many advantages, such as design flexibility, minimal waste, manufacturing of very complex structures, cheaper production, and rapid prototyping. This technology is widely used in many fields, including health, energy, art, design, aircraft, and automotive sectors. In the manufacturing process of 3D printed products, it is possible to produce different objects with distinctive filament and powder materials using various production technologies. AM covers several 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), inkjet printing, selective laser melting (SLM), and stereolithography (SLA). The present review provides an extensive overview of the recent progress in 3D printing methods for electrochemical fields. A detailed review of polymeric and metallic 3D printing materials and their corresponding printing methods for electrodes is also presented. Finally, this paper comprehensively discusses the main benefits and the drawbacks of electrode production from AM methods for energy conversion systems.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with recurrence in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings related to recurrence of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). METHODS: Demographic data [age, number of births, duration of lactation period, body mass index (BMI) and presence of recurrence] of 71 patients who were diagnosed with IGM were analyzed retrospectively. Characteristics of IGM (maximum width, location, involvement of the retroareolar region, deep tissue, skin), fibroglandular density (FGD), background parenchymal enhancement (BPE), distribution and pattern of contrast enhancement, presence of prepectoral edema, abscesses, fistulae, axillary lymphadenopathies on MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values from the pathological area were recorded. RESULTS: The recurrence rate in patients was 59% (42/71). We found a statistically significant relationship between recurrence and BPE (p = 0.028) and mean ADC (p = 0.035) values (for the cut-off of 1.00 × 10-3 mm2/s; sensitivity = 61.9%, specificity = 69%, AUC = 0.648). However, patients' age (p = 0.346), lactation period (p = 0.470), number of births (p = 0.774), BMI (p = 0.630) maximum width of the area of enhancement (p = 0.112), involvement of the retroareolar region (p = 0.290), deep tissue (p = 0.285), skin (p = 0.230), distribution (p = 0.857) and enhancement pattern (p = 0.157), presence of prepectoral edema (p = 0.094), abscesses (p = 0.441), fistulae (p = 0.809), lymphadenopathies (p = 0.571), and FGT (p = 0.098) were not significantly associated with recurrence. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that recurrent IGM patients showed high BPE and lower mean ADC values. We think that high BPE and low mean ADC (<1.00 × 10-3 mm2/s) on MRI at the diagnosis stage may be a sign of possible future recurrence, and it will be beneficial to follow the patients more closely and arrange the treatment algorithms accordingly.

Characterization of Suspicious Microcalcifications on Mammography Using 2D Shear-Wave Elastography.

Our aim was to investigate the correlations between the findings of two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE) and the histopathologic results of microcalcifications (MCs) visualized using ultrasonography (USG). Fifty people with suspicious MCs without accompanying mass were evaluated. They underwent USG and 2D-SWE before USG-guided tru-cut biopsy. SWE values and histopathologic features were compared statistically. The variables between groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed and cut-off values determined to discriminate malignancy, invasiveness and high grade. Pathology confirmed 27 malignant lesions (18 invasive ductal carcinomas, one invasive lobular and eight ductal carcinomas in situ) and 23 benign ones. There was a statistically significant difference between the SWE values of malignant and benign MCs (p < 0.001). The diagnostic performance of SWE for malignancy, invasiveness and high grade were as follows, repectively: sensitivity (93%, 83%, 88%), specificity (91%, 88%, 53%), positive predictive value (93%, 94%, 44%), negative predictive value (91%, 70%, 90%) and area under the curve (0.952, 0.885, 0.776). Cut-off values were determined as 57 kPa for malignancy, 124 kPa for invasiveness and 124.5 kPa for high grade. In conclusion, SWE is a useful method in clinical practice for characterizing MCs that can be visualized with USG.

The role of fine needle aspiration biopsy in deep lobe parotid tumors: Comparison of preoperative cytology and postoperative histopathologic results.

PURPOSE: Major salivary gland tumors constitute almost 3% of head and neck tumors. Tumors located exclusively in the deep lobe are not common and 20% of parotid gland tumors originate from deep lobe under the branches of the facial nerve. Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) procedure in salivary gland tumors have been studied extensively, however there isn't any data regarding usefulness of FNAB in tumors located exclusively in deep lobe of parotid gland. In this study we aimed to assess the use of FNAB in deep lobe parotid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 51 patients with deep lobe parotid tumors who underwent surgery in our clinic between January 2013-December 2018. Characteristics of patients were recorded. Preoperative FNAB results and postoperative final histopathologic diagnosis were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The number of patients that met the inclusion criteria was 51. The mean age of patients were 49.2(14-86). In 40 (78.4) of the patients, tumor was reported as benign and in 11 (21.6) patients FNAB diagnosis was suspicious for malignancy, malignant or non-diagnostic. In final histopathologic diagnosis, 42 of the tumors were benign and 9 were malignant. The most common benign tumor type was pleomorphic adenoma which constitutes 27 of the cases (52.9%). Regarding detection of malignant disease, the sensitivity of FNAB was 90.4%, specificity was 77.7%, positive predictive value was 95%, negative predictive value was 63.6%. There was a substantial agreement between FNAB and final histopathologic diagnosis(kappa = 0,628). CONCLUSIONS: FNAB is a safe and reliable tool to evaluate deep lobe parotid tumors. It is an important part of preoperative surgical planning and can help the surgeon in patient counseling. FNAB with ultrasound guidance is recommended for deep lobe tumors.

4-Mercaptophenylboronic acid: conformation, FT-IR, Raman, OH stretching and theoretical studies.

4-Mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-mpba, C6H7BO2S) was investigated experimentally by vibrational spectroscopy. The molecular structure and spectroscopic parameters were studied by computational methods. The molecular dimer was investigated for intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Potential energy distribution analysis of normal modes was performed to identify characteristic frequencies. The present work provides a simple physical picture of the OH stretch vibrational spectra of 4-mpba and analogues of the compound studied. When the different computational methods are compared, there is a strong evidence of the better performance of the BLYP functional than the popular B3LYP functional to describe hydrogen bonding in the dimer. The findings of this research work should be useful to experimentalists in their quests for functionalised 4-mpba derivatives.

Vibrational spectroscopic investigation of 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene: a comparative density functional study.

Infrared and Raman spectra of 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene (1pych) have experimentally been reported in the region of 4000-100 cm(-1). The conformational analysis, optimized geometric parameters, normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 1pych (C10H17N) have theoretically been examined by means of the Becke-3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3-LYP) density functional theory (DFT) method together with the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Furthermore, reliable vibrational assignments have been made the basis of potential energy distribution (PED) and the thermodynamics functions, highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of 1pych have been predicted. Angular distribution of the probability density of populations of its conformational isomers is determined by analysis of the potential energy surface (PES). Comparison between the experimental and theoretical results indicates that B3-LYP method is provides satisfactory results for the prediction vibrational wavenumbers and structural parameters and the mixture of envelope and twist conformers is supposed to be the most stable form of 1pych.

DFT, FT-IR and Raman investigations of 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclopentene.

FT-IR and Raman spectra of 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclopentene (1py1cp) were experimentally reported in the region of 4000-10 cm(-1) and 4000-100 cm(-1), respectively. The optimized geometric parameters, normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 1py1cp (C9H15N) were theoretically examined by means of the B3LYP hybrid density functional theory (DFT) method together with the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Furthermore, reliable vibrational assignments were made on the basis of the potential energy distribution (PED) and the thermodynamics functions, the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of 1py1cp were predicted. Calculations were carried out employed for three different conformations of 1py1cp in gas phase. Comparison between the experimental and theoretical results indicates that density functional B3LYP method is able to provide satisfactory results for predicting vibrational wavenumbers and envelope conformer is predicted to be the most stable conformer of 1py1cp.

DFT, FT-Raman and FT-IR investigations of 1-cyclobutylpiperazine.

FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 1-cyclobutylpiperazine (1cbpp) have been experimentally reported in the region of 4000-10 cm(-1) and 4000-50 cm(-1), respectively. The optimized geometric parameters, conformational equilibria, normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 1cbpp (C(8)H(16)N(2)) are theoretically examined by means of B3LYP hybrid density functional theory (DFT) method together with 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Furthermore, reliable vibrational assignments have been made on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED) and the thermodynamics functions, highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of 1cbpp have been predicted. Calculations are employed for four different conformations of 1cbpp, both in gas phase and in solution. Solvent effects are investigated using chloroform and dimethylsulfoxide. All results indicate that B3LYP method is able to provide satisfactory results for predicting vibrational frequencies and the structural parameters, vibrational frequencies and assignments, IR and Raman intensities of 1cbpp are solvent dependent.