Systemic inflammation and Oxidative stress with stroke mortality among patients admitted in tertiary Hospital in Uganda: a prospective cohort study in southwestern Uganda.

Background: Stroke is an inflammatory state that causes death and chronic disability. Inflammation and oxidative stress are a predictor of poor clinical outcome, its effects are controversial and has not been evaluated in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of CT head confirmed ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke admitted within 7 days of onset of motor weakness. Baseline CRP, NLR and baseline glucose was measured with subsequent modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score on day 14 post-stroke. Cox proportional hazard model was fitted to determine hazard ratios of mortality with CRP, NLR and blood glucose. Results: Out of 120 patients, 51.7% were female, 52.5% had ischemic stroke and the overall median age was 65 (IQR 54-80) years. Nineteen (15.8%) patients died within a median survival time of 7 days, while 32 (25.8%) died by day 14 after stroke. Conclusion: High C-reactive protein and stroke related hyperglycemia conferred statistically significant hazards of mortality among patients with acute and subacute stroke.

Blood pressure variability and early neurological outcomes in acute and subacute stroke in Southwestern Uganda.

Background: Greater blood pressure variability has detrimental effects on clinical outcome after a stroke; its effects are controversial and have not been evaluated in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: We conducted a prospective study of patients with CT head confirmed ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes admitted to a tertiary hospital within 7 days of onset of unilateral neurological deficits. Blood pressure variability indices, standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between day 0 and day 7, were calculated with a subsequent modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score on day 14 post-stroke. Linear regression was performed to determine the exponential coefficients of mortality at 14 days post- stroke. Results: Out of 120 patients, 51.7% were female, 52.5% had ischemic stroke and the overall median age was 65 (IQR 54-80) years. Twenty (16.7%) patients died within a median survival time of 7 days, while 32 (26.7%) died by day 14 post-stroke. Patients with hemorrhagic stroke had an overall SDSBP of 16.44 mmHg while those with ischemic stroke had an overall SDSBP of 14.05 mmHg. In patients with ischemic stroke, SDSBP had adjusted coefficients of 1, p = 0.004 with C·I: 1.01-1.04 and NIHSS had adjusted coefficients of 1, p = 0.019 with C·I: 1.00-1.03 while in patients with hemorrhagic stroke, SDSBP had adjusted coefficients of 1, p = 0.045 with C·I: 1.00-1.04 and NIHSS had adjusted coefficients of 1, p ≤0.001 with C·I: 1.01-1.03. Conclusion: Exponential increase in Blood Pressure Variability (BPV) and stroke severity scale were independently associated with early mortality among all stroke patients in our study. We recommend future studies to evaluate whether controlling BPV among patients with stroke in Sub-Saharan Africa can reduce mortality.

"Walking the Journey Together": Creating a unique learning module in provider-patient communication for the care of epilepsy in Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: This report documents the creation of a practical communication skills module about epilepsy care, specifically targeted at first-line care providers who treat patients with epilepsy in Uganda. METHODS: Our team conducted semi-structured interviews, utilizing Zoom video conferencing, with Ugandan physicians specializing in epilepsy care. Our interview guide promoted a semi-structured conversational interview that explored aspects related to developing a patient-provider relationship, how epilepsy is described in a culturally appropriate manner, exploration of alternative treatments, the impact of the stigma of epilepsy, and facilitators and barriers to antiepileptic drug treatment adherence. Each interview was then transcribed, and an inductive thematic content analysis approach was utilized to facilitate the development of thematic communication and care subcategories. The resulting PowerPoint presentation included numerous short audio clips of our Ugandan experts suggesting effective ways of communicating with patients and their families. RESULTS: Our interviews with experts yielded valuable results to customize the WHO mhGAP v2.0 training program to be culturally relevant and effective in Uganda. The educational content consisted of topic summaries integrated with audio clips taken directly from our interviews with the Ugandan providers. Six themes emerged that would serve as the outline for the communication module we co-created with our Ugandan colleagues: The six major themes of the module included: (1) Greeting the patient, (2) Getting the story, (3) Traditional healers, (4) Stigma of epilepsy, (5) Explaining epilepsy, and (6) Treatment adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The communications skills teaching module addresses the most critical aspects of communicating with patients and families living with epilepsy. The format of the presentation, which includes the written and spoken words of experts in epilepsy care, provides a practical approach to the provider-patient interaction, and confronts the stigma associated with this disease. This formatting highlights an effective way for international groups to co-create content in a culturally effective manner.

HIV Infection and 90-Day Stroke Outcomes in Uganda: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

Background and Objectives: Little is known about the impact of HIV infection on the clinical presentation and outcomes after stroke in the modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. We aimed to compare stroke characteristics and outcomes between persons with HIV (PWH) and without HIV (PWOH) presenting with stroke in Uganda. Methods: We conducted a matched cohort study at Mulago National Referral Hospital and Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital between January 2018 and November 2020. We enrolled consecutive PWH presenting with CT-confirmed acute or subacute stroke (symptom onset ≤14 days) and matched them by sex and stroke type to 2 consecutive available PWOH admitted to the same hospital. We obtained baseline clinical data and followed participants for 90 days from the day of clinical presentation. We compared stroke severity (defined by the NIH stroke scale [NIHSS]) and 90-day all-cause mortality and morbidity (using the modified Rankin Scale [mRS]) by HIV serostatus with and without adjustment for confounders. Results: We enrolled 105 PWH and 157 PWOH with stroke. PWH were younger (mean [SD] age 49 [14] vs 59 [16] years, p < 0.001), and nearly 80% (82/105) were on ART for a median of 5 years and a median CD4 count of 214 cells/uL (interquartile range 140, 337). Compared with PWOH, PWH presented with a 3-point lower median NIHSS (16 vs 19, p = 0.011), a 20% lower proportion of all-cause mortality at 90 days (p = 0.001), and had less disability at 90 days (median mRS 4 vs 5, p = 0.004). Age and NIHSS-adjusted odds ratio of 90-day all-cause mortality in PWH compared with PWOH was 0.45 (95% CI 0.22-0.96, p = 0.037). Discussion: In the modern ART era, PWH with acute stroke in Uganda present with modest stroke and are significantly less likely to die within 90 days than PWOH. This potentially reflects the protective effects of ART, enhanced health care access, and their younger age at stroke presentation.

An Analysis of Stroke Risk Factors by HIV Serostatus in Uganda: Implications for Stroke Prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa.

OBJECTIVE: HIV infection is an important stroke risk factor in sub-Saharan Africa.  However, data on stroke risk factors in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are sparse. We aimed to determine if stroke risk factors differed by HIV serostatus in Uganda. METHODS: We conducted a matched cohort study, enrolling persons living with HIV (PWH) with acute stroke, matched by sex and stroke type to HIV uninfected (HIV-) individuals. We collected data on stroke risk factors and fitted logistic regression models for analysis. RESULTS: We enrolled 262 participants:105 PWH and 157 HIV-. The median ART duration was 5 years, and the median CD4 cell count was 214 cells/uL. PWH with ischemic stroke had higher odds of hypertriglyceridemia (AOR 1.63; 95% CI 1.04, 2.55, p=0.03), alcohol consumption (AOR 2.84; 95% CI 1.32, 6.14, p=0.008), and depression (AOR 5.64; 95%CI 1.32, 24.02, p=0.02) while HIV- persons with ischemic stroke were more likely to be > 55 years of age (AOR 0.43; 95%CI 0.20-0.95, p=0.037), have an irregular heart rhythm (AOR 0.31; 95%CI 0.10-0.98, p=0.047) and report low fruit consumption (AOR 0.39; 95%CI 0.18-0.83, p=0.014).  Among all participants with hemorrhagic stroke (n=78) we found no differences in the prevalence of risk factors between PWH and HIV-. CONCLUSIONS: PWH with ischemic stroke in Uganda present at a younger age, and with a combination of traditional and psychosocial risk factors. By contrast, HIV- persons more commonly present with arrhythmia. A differential approach to stroke prevention might be needed in these populations.

HIV Infection Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality Among Adults with Reduced Level of Consciousness in Uganda.

The clinical epidemiology of adults admitted with reduced level of consciousness (LOC) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the impact of HIV infection on the risk of mortality in this population is unknown. We secondarily analyzed data from a cohort study that enrolled 359 consecutive adults with reduced LOC presenting to Mbarara Regional Hospital in Uganda with the aim of comparing the prognostic utility of the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) score to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Score. For this analysis, we included 336 individuals with known HIV serostatus, obtaining clinical, laboratory, and follow-up data. We recorded investigations and treatments deemed critical by clinicians for patient care but were unavailable. We computed mortality rates and used logistic regression to determine predictors of 30-day mortality. The median GCS was 10. Persons living with HIV infection (PLWH) accounted for 97 of 336 (29%) of the cohort. The 30-day mortality rate in the total cohort was 148 of 329 (45%), and this was significantly higher in PLWH (57% versus 40%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.39: 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31-4.35, P = 0.0046). Other predictors of mortality were presence of any unmet clinical need (aOR 1.72; 95% CIL 1.04-2.84, P = 0.0346), anemia (aOR 1.68; 95% CI: 1.01-2.81, P = 0.047), and admission FOUR score < 12 [aOR 4.26; 95% CI: 2.36-7.7, P < 0.0001). Presentation with reduced LOC in Uganda is associated with high mortality rates, with worse outcomes in PLWH. Improvement of existing acute care services is likely to improve outcomes.

Stroke Mortality Outcomes in Uganda.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke outcome data in Uganda is lacking. The objective of this study was to capture 30-day mortality outcomes in patients presenting with acute and subacute stroke to Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Uganda. METHODS: A prospective study enrolling consecutive adults presenting to MRRH with abrupt onset of focal neurologic deficits suspicious for stroke, from August 2014 to March 2015. All patients had head computed tomography (CT) confirmation of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Data was collected on mortality, morbidity, risk factors, and imaging characteristics. RESULTS: Investigators screened 134 potential subjects and enrolled 108 patients. Sixty-two percent had ischemic and 38% hemorrhagic stroke. The mean age of all patients was 62.5 (SD 17.4), and 52% were female. More patients had hypertension in the hemorrhagic stroke group than in the ischemic stroke group (53% vs. 32%, p = 0.0376). Thirty-day mortality was 38.1% (p = 0.0472), and significant risk factors were National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, female sex, anemia, and HIV infection. A one unit increase of the NIHSS on admission increased the risk of death at 30 days by 6%. Patients with hemorrhagic stroke had statistically higher NIHSS scores (p = 0.0408) on admission compared to patients with ischemic stroke, and also had statistically higher Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at discharge (p = 0.0063), and mRS score change from baseline (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights an overall 30-day stroke mortality of 38.1% in southwestern Uganda, and identifies NIHSS at admission, female sex, anemia, and HIV infection as predictors of mortality.

Healthcare provider perspectives regarding epilepsy care in Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder in the world and imposes a large economic burden on global healthcare systems, especially in low-income settings and rural areas as is found in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite the high epilepsy prevalence, there are no systematic descriptions of healthcare provider (HCP) perceptions and needs in managing people with epilepsy (PWE) in Uganda. Identifying these perceptions and needs is crucial for understanding community priorities, thereby enhancing the development of culturally sensitive communications, interventions, and research approaches. METHODS: In this qualitative study, we used semistructured interview guides to conduct focus group discussions that explored the perspectives of 32 providers of epilepsy care from health facilities around Mbarara, Uganda. Our sample included nonspecialized general physicians (n = 3), medical residents (n = 8), medical clinical officers (n = 3), psychiatric clinical nurses (n = 6), medical nurses and nursing assistants (n = 9), and other providers (n = 3), who were loosely grouped into discussion groups based on level or type of training. Self-assessed proficiency ratings were also administered to gain a better understanding of participants' confidence in their training, preparedness, and capabilities regarding epilepsy care. Thematic analysis of the focus group transcripts was conducted to ascertain commonly occurring themes about perceptions and challenges in epilepsy care. RESULTS: Our analyses identified nine major themes that dominated the perspectives of the study participants: care management, medications, diagnostics, HCP training, human resources, location, patient education, social support, and community knowledge and beliefs. Proficiency ratings prioritized areas of confidence as knowledge related to referrals, psychosocial impacts, and seizure neurophysiology. Areas of need were revealed as knowledge of diagnostic tools and antiepileptic drug (AED) regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings delineate the perspectives of providers caring for PWE, with consistent recognition of challenges centering around resource augmentation, infrastructure strengthening, and education. Participants emphasized the urgent need to augment these resources to address limitations in medication types and access, trained human resources, and diagnostic tools. They overwhelmingly recognized the need for infrastructure strengthening to address human, diagnostic, medicinal, and capital resource limitations that place undue burden on patients with epilepsy and physicians. Providers indicated a clear desire to learn more about different diagnostic tools and medical management practices, potentially through continuing education, specialized training, or more intentional in-school diagnostic preparation. They also advocated for the powerful influence of patient and family education and clearly articulated the need for community sensitization and support. This article is part of the Special Issue "The Intersection of Culture, Resources, and Disease: Epilepsy Care in Uganda".

Clinical Conditions of Hospitalized Older Adult Patients and Their Outcomes in a Regional Referral Hospital in Southwestern Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in medicine have caused positive impact on the life expectancy of most countries, resulting in increased older adult population. Aging comes with a number of health challenges. This study investigated health conditions of older adults at admission and clinical outcomes in a regional referral hospital in southwestern Uganda. METHODS: A retrospective study reviewed clinical data of older adult patients admitted between January 2016 and December 2017. Demographic data, cause of admission, length, and outcomes of hospitalization are described. RESULTS: Up to 813 patient files were reviewed. The patients had been hospitalized to emergency, 371 (45.6%); medical, 355 (43.7%); surgical, 84 (10.3%); psychiatry, 2 (0.3%); and obstetrics and gynecology, 1 (0.1%) wards. The majority, 427 (52.5%), of the patients were females. Cancer was the most common reason for hospitalization, 130/889 (14.6%), followed by stroke, 94/889 (10.6%); heart failure, 76/889 (8.6%); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 56/889 (6.3%); pneumonia, 47/889 (5.3%); and head injury, 45/889 (5.1%), whilst 560 (68.9%) of the hospitalized patients were discharged, 197 (24.2%) died, 18 (2.2%) were referred for advanced care, and 38 (4.7%) escaped from the facility. The emergency ward had the highest deaths, 101 (51.3%), then medical, 56 (28.4%), and surgical, 39 (19.8%), wards. Mortality of those who died was admitted with stroke, 30 (15.2%), cancer, 21 (10.7%), head injury, 16 (8.1%), heart failure, 14 (7.1%), sepsis, 14 (7.1%), and renal disease, 12 (6.1%). On average, patients were admitted for 5 days (IQR: 3-8). CONCLUSIONS: The high proportion of mortality in this group is worrying and requires further investigations.