Evaluation of MMP-9, IL-6, TNF-α levels and peripheral blood mononuclear cells genes expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in Iranian patients with coronary artery disease.

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main cause of death and is characterized by atherosclerosis in coronary arteries. Inflammation plays a crucial role in the progression and development of atherosclerosis. Methods: The present study consisted of 132 Iranian individuals who underwent coronary angiography, 65 patients with CAD, and 67 controls. The matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), TNF-α, IL-6, and vitamin D serum levels were measured by the ELISA technique. The gene expression of MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) was estimated by real-time PCR assay. Results: A considerable increase in levels and PBMC gene expression of MMP-9 and serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were found in CAD patients compared with controls. A significant decrease was detected in vitamin D levels of CAD patients in comparison with controls. A considerable direct correlation was found between MMP-9 levels and MMP-9 and TIMP1 gene expression in CAD patients. MMP-9 levels positively correlated with LDL-C in CAD patients. The correlation between TIMP1 gene expression and IL-6 levels was also negatively significant. There were positive correlations between MMP-9 levels with IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels in CAD patients. Conclusion: This study showed that the interaction between MMPs, TIMP1, and cytokines could play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The present study suggested that high levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and vitamin D deficiency in our studied patients could disturb the MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance and lipid metabolism, leading to plaque formation/ rupture in predisposed CAD patients.

Klotho, FOXO1 and cytokines associations in patients with coronary artery disease.

INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerosis is one of the main reasons for adult mortality in advanced populations and countries with high stress levels. Klotho family are single-pass trans-membrane proteins that involve in the genesis and progression of various diseases, including acardiovascular disease, apoptosis and stress oxidative imbalance. Present study, investigates the pattern of changes in Klotho and FOXO1 gene expressions and levels in atherosclerosis. METHODS: Present case control study consisted of 79 patients with atherosclerosis and 78 healthy controls. PBMC (peripheral mono-nuclear blood cells) expression levels of Klotho and FOXO1 were assayed, using qPCR method. Serum concentration of Klotho and FOXO1 were measured by ELISA method. RESULTS: A significant reduction was found in PBMC genes expression levels of Klotho (P < 0.01) of patients as comparison with controls. PBMC Gene expression of FOXO1 in patients was increased significantly (P < 0.01) when compared with controls. Pearson analysis showed a positive correlation between PBMC Klotho gene expression and Klotho levels of patients (P < 0.01). The correlation between serum concentrations of Klotho and FOXO1 of patients was also positive significantly (P < 0.01). AUC of ROC for gene expression and serum concentration of Klotho in patients were 0.701 and 0.737 respectively. CONCLUSION: Investigating the PBMC gene expression and serum concentration of Klotho in patients with atherosclerosis is suggested could be a convenient novel biomarker for predicting, prognosis, monitoring the disease progression and designing a suitable drug for patients with atherosclerosis.

Evaluation of IP10 and miRNA 296-a Expression Levels in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell of Coronary Artery Disease Patients and Controls.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the leading underlying cause of CAD, is a progressive inflammatory disease. miRNAs play a substantial role in inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) gene expression of IP10 and miRNA 296-a and serum levels of IP10 and serum inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) in CAD patients and controls. This is a case-control study conducted on 82 angiography confirmed CAD patients and 82 controls. PBMC expressions of miR-296a and IP10 were evaluated by real-time method, and serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the study population. A significant increase was found for serum IP10, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, and PBMC expression of IP10 and miRNA 296-a genes expression of CAD as comparison with controls. No significant correlation was found between IP10 gene expression and miRNA 296-a. A significant positive correlation was found between PBMC gene expression level of IP10 and serum concentrations of IP10 and cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Taking together, in PBMC of CAD patients, the IP10 and 296-a miRNA genes expression levels were increased significantly than controls. IP10, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in CAD patients were more than those in controls significantly. Concerning positive relationship between miRNA 296-a gene expression level and serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in CAD patients, it is proposed that IL-6 and TNF-α inhibitor could be the main targets of miRNA 296a and, thereby the IL-6 and TNF-α levels were increased; however, further study is needed.

Captopril and Spironolactone Can Attenuate Diabetic Nephropathy in Wistar Rats by Targeting microRNA-192 and microRNA-29a/b/c.

Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive kidney disease, which results in mortality in diabetic patients. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of applying spironolactone (S), captopril (C), and their combination (S+C) on some renal performance indices and microRNAs' (miRNAs) expression. A total of 35 two-month-old male Wistar rats were provided for the study. Intraperitoneal injection of freshly dissolved streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) in cold citrate buffer was used to induce diabetes. Blood samples were examined through calorimetry to assess serum concentrations of glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. To measure the microalbuminuria and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) levels and to evaluate the miRNAs expression levels of the kidney tissue, the ELISA method and the real-time PCR were used. The obtained results serve as in vivo evidence for the positive relationship between miR-192 and TGF-ß levels in the DN rats. A significant increase and decrease were found for miR-29a/b/c and the miR-192 expression of DN after treatment with S, C, and S+C. TGF-ß levels and microalbuminuria of diabetic rats also increased. The results obtained from this research study suggest that S, C, and S + C can improve DN by targeting miR-192 and miR-29 family and changing their expression. These findings suggest that miR-192 and miRs-29a/b/c can be potential targets for DN remediation.