Risk and time preferences in individuals with lifestyle-related and non-lifestyle-related cardiovascular diseases: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: To (1) pilot a study of behavioural characterisation based on risk and time preferences in clinically well-characterised individuals, (2) assess the distribution of preferences in this population and (3) explore differences in preferences between individuals with 'lifestyle-related' (LS) and 'non-lifestyle-related' (NLS) cardiovascular diseases. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with an economic online experiment to collect risk and time preferences, a detailed clinical characterisation and a sociodemographic and lifestyle survey. A definition of LS and NLS groups was developed. SETTING: Specialist outpatient clinics of the clinic for cardiology and pneumology of the University Hospital Düsseldorf and patients from a cardiology practice in Düsseldorf. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 74 individuals with cardiovascular diseases. OUTCOMES: Risk and time preferences. RESULTS: The implementation of the study process, including participant recruitment and data collection, ran smoothly. The medical checklist, the survey and the time preference instrument were well received. However, the conceptual understanding of the risk preference instrument resulted in inconsistent choices for many participants (47%). The remaining individuals were more risk averse (27%) than risk seeking (16%) and risk neutral (10%). Individuals in our sample were also more impatient (49%) than patient (42%). The participant classification showed that 65% belonged to the LS group, 19% to the NLS group and 16% could not be assigned (unclear allocation to lifestyle (ULS) group). Excluding the ULS group, we show that individuals in the LS group were more risk seeking, and unexpectedly, more patient than those in the NLS group. CONCLUSIONS: The process of the pilot study and its results can be used as a basis for the design of the main study. The differences in risk and time preferences between the LS and NLS groups provide us with a novel hypothesis for unhealthy behaviours: individuals never give up a bad habit, they simply postpone the latter, which can be tested alongside other additional research questions.

A comparison of conventional and advanced 3D imaging techniques for percutaneous left atrial appendage closure.

Background: Understanding complex cardiac anatomy is essential for percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure. Conventional multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) are now supported by advanced 3D printing and virtual reality (VR) techniques for three-dimensional visualization of volumetric data sets. This study aimed to investigate their added value for LAA closure procedures. Methods: Ten patients scheduled for interventional LAA closure were evaluated with MSCT and TEE. Patient-specific 3D printings and VR models were fabricated based on MSCT data. Ten cardiologists then comparatively assessed LAA anatomy and its procedure relevant surrounding structures with all four imaging modalities and rated their procedural utility on a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire (from 1 = strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree). Results: Device sizing was rated highest in MSCT (MSCT: 1.9 ± 0.8; TEE: 2.6 ± 0.9; 3D printing: 2.5 ± 1.0; VR: 2.5 ± 1.1; p < 0.01); TEE, VR, and 3D printing were superior in the visualization of the Fossa ovalis compared to MSCT (MSCT: 3.3 ± 1.4; TEE: 2.2 ± 1.3; 3D printing: 2.2 ± 1.4; VR: 1.9 ± 1.3; all p < 0.01). The major strength of VR and 3D printing techniques was a superior depth perception (VR: 1.6 ± 0.5; 3D printing: 1.8 ± 0.4; TEE: 2.9 ± 0.7; MSCT: 2.6 ± 0.8; p < 0.01). The visualization of extracardiac structures was rated less accurate in TEE than MSCT (TEE: 2.6 ± 0.9; MSCT: 1.9 ± 0.8, p < 0.01). However, 3D printing and VR insufficiently visualized extracardiac structures in the present study. Conclusion: A true 3D visualization in VR or 3D printing provides an additional value in the evaluation of the LAA for the planning of percutaneous closure. In particular, the superior perception of depth was seen as a strength of a 3D visualization. This may contribute to a better overall understanding of the anatomy. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate whether a more comprehensive understanding through advanced multimodal imaging of patient-specific anatomy using VR may translate into improved procedural outcomes.

Assessing the potential for precision medicine in body weight reduction with regard to type 2 diabetes mellitus therapies: A meta-regression analysis of 120 randomized controlled trials.

AIMS: To assess the potential for precision medicine in type 2 diabetes by quantifying the variability of body weight as response to pharmacological treatment and to identify predictors which could explain this variability. METHODS: We used randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing glucose-lowering drugs (including but not limited to sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and thiazolidinediones) to placebo from four recent systematic reviews. RCTs reporting on body weight after treatment to allow for calculation of its logarithmic standard deviation (log[SD], i.e., treatment response heterogeneity) in verum (i.e., treatment) and placebo groups were included. Meta-regression analyses were performed with respect to variability of body weight after treatment and potential predictors. RESULTS: A total of 120 RCTs with a total of 43 663 participants were analysed. A slightly larger treatment response heterogeneity was shown in the verum groups, with a median log(SD) of 2.83 compared to 2.79 from placebo. After full adjustment in the meta-regression model, the difference in body weight log(SD) was -0.026 (95% confidence interval -0.044; 0.008), with greater variability in the placebo groups. Scatterplots did not show any slope divergence (i.e., interaction) between clinical predictors and the respective treatment (verum or placebo). CONCLUSIONS: We found no major treatment response heterogeneity in RCTs of glucose-lowering drugs for body weight reduction in type 2 diabetes. The precision medicine approach may thus be of limited value in this setting.

Acute and short-term fluctuations in gravity are associated with changes in circulatory plasma protein levels.

Gravitational changes between micro- and hypergravity cause several adaptations and alterations in the human body. Besides muscular atrophy and immune system impairment, effects on the circulatory system have been described, which can be associated with a wide range of blood biomarker changes. This study examined nine individuals (seven males, two females) during a parabolic flight campaign (PFC). Thirty-one parabolas were performed in one flight day, resulting in ~22 s of microgravity during each parabola. Each participant was subjected to a single flight day with a total of 31 parabolas, totaling 11 min of microgravity during one parabolic flight. Before and after (1 hour (h) and 24 h), the flights blood was sampled to examine potential gravity-induced changes of circulating plasma proteins. Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) offers a proteomic solution, enabling the simultaneous analysis of a wide variety of plasma proteins. From 2925 unique proteins analyzed, 251 (8.58%) proteins demonstrated a differential regulation between baseline, 1 h and 24 h post flight. Pathway analysis indicated that parabolic flights led to altered levels of proteins associated with vesicle organization and apoptosis up to 24 h post microgravity exposure. Varying gravity conditions are associated with poorly understood physiological changes, including stress responses and fluid shifts. We provide a publicly available library of gravity-modulated circulating protein levels illustrating numerous changes in cellular pathways relevant for inter-organ function and communication.

Recombinant Acetylcholine Receptor Immunization Induces a Robust Model of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis in Mice.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypical autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The study of the underlying pathophysiology has provided novel insights into the interplay of autoantibodies and complement-mediated tissue damage. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) emerged as a valuable animal model, designed to gain further insight and to test novel therapeutic approaches for MG. However, the availability of native acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein is limited favouring the use of recombinant proteins. To provide a simplified platform for the study of MG, we established a model of EAMG using a recombinant protein containing the immunogenic sequence of AChR in mice. This model recapitulates key features of EAMG, including fatigable muscle weakness, the presence of anti-AChR-antibodies, and engagement of the NMJ by complement and a reduced NMJ density. Further characterization of this model demonstrated a prominent B cell immunopathology supported by T follicular helper cells. Taken together, the herein-presented EAMG model may be a valuable tool for the study of MG pathophysiology and the pre-clinical testing of therapeutic applications.

Echocardiographic-Fluoroscopic Fusion Imaging Improves Interventionalists' Learning Curve for Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure-Initial, Single-Center, Retrospective Observations.

Due to the complex and variable anatomy of the left atrial appendage, percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) can be challenging. In this study, we investigated the impact of fusion imaging (FI) on the LAAC learning curve of two interventionalists. The first interventionalist (IC 1) was initially trained without FI and continued his training with FI. The second interventionalist (IC 2) performed all procedures with FI. We compared the first 36 procedures without FI of IC 1 (group 1) with his next 36 interventions with FI (group 2). Furthermore, group 1 was compared to 36 procedures of IC 2 who directly started his training with FI (group 3). Group 1 demonstrated that the learning curve without FI has a flat course with weak correlations for fluoroscopy time, contrast volume, and procedure time, but not for dose area product. Group 2 with FI showed improvement with a steep course and strong correlations for all four parameters. In group 3, we also saw a steep progression with strong correlations. Furthermore, the mean measurements of the parameters in the groups with FI decreased significantly as an indicator of procedural efficacy. We demonstrated that FI may improve the learning curve of experienced and non-experienced ICs.

A zero-exchange approach for left atrial access in pulmonary vein isolation with pulsed field ablation.

INTRODUCTION: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as an innovative technique for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Typically, a transeptal puncture (TSP) with a standard sheath precedes a switch to the larger diameter sheath in the left atrium. This study aimed to describe the safety and feasibility of direct TSP using the large diameter Faradrive sheath before performing PVI with PFA. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 166 consecutive patients with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing PVI with PFA at our institution. TSP was performed in all cases with transesophageal echocardiography guidance, using the Faradrive sheath and a 98 cm matched Brockenbrough needle. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of pericardial tamponade during or within the first 48 h after the procedure. The secondary endpoint was the occurrence of any major complication. RESULTS: All 166 patients were included into the final analysis (44% female): 64% of patients had paroxysmal AF and 36% persistent AF (68 ± 11 years old, median CHA2DS2Vasc Score 3, median left atrial volume index 31). The median duration of the procedure was 60 min, median time to TSP was 15 min, and the median fluoroscopy dose was 595 cGy × cm2. The primary endpoint occurred in one patient: a non-TSP related pericardial tamponade, which was managed with pericardial puncture. CONCLUSION: Direct TSP with skipping sheath exchange using the large diameter Faradrive sheath for PVI with PFA was safe, feasible, and reduced costs in all patients. Large scale studies and registries are needed to verify this workflow.

Absolute treatment effects of novel antidiabetic drugs on a composite renal outcome: meta-analysis of digitalized individual patient data.

BACKGROUND: Absolute treatment benefits-expressed as numbers needed to treat-of the glucose lowering and cardiovascular drugs, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on renal outcomes remain uncertain. With the present meta-analysis of digitalized individual patient data, we aimed to display and compare numbers needed to treat of both drugs on a composite renal outcome. METHODS: From Kaplan-Meier plots of major cardiovascular outcome trials of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors vs. placebo, we digitalized individual patient time-to-event information on composite renal outcomes with WebPlotDigitizer 4.2; numbers needed to treat from individual cardiovascular outcome trials were estimated using parametric Weibull regression models and compared to original data. Random-effects meta-analysis generated meta-numbers needed to treat with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Twelve cardiovascular outcome trials (three for GLP-1 receptor agonists, nine for SGLT2 inhibitors) comprising 90,865 participants were included. Eight trials were conducted in primary type 2 diabetes populations, two in a primary heart failure and two in a primary chronic kidney disease population. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at baseline ranged between 37.3 and 85.3 ml/min/1.73 m2. Meta-analyses estimated meta-numbers needed to treat of 85 (95% CI 60; 145) for GLP-1 receptor agonists and 104 (95% CI 81; 147) for SGLT2 inhibitors for the composite renal outcome at the overall median follow-up time of 36 months. CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis of digitalized individual patient data revealed moderate and similar absolute treatment benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors compared to placebo for a composite renal outcome.

Transformation or replacement - Effects of hormone therapy on cardiovascular risk.

Hormone therapy (HT) is important and frequently used both regarding replacement therapy (HRT) and gender affirming therapy (GAHT). While HRT has been effective in addressing symptoms related to hormone shortage, several side effects have been described. In this context, there are some studies that show increased cardiovascular risk. However, there are also studies reporting protective aspects of HT. Nevertheless, the exact impact of HT on cardiovascular risk and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This article explores the relationship between diverse types of HT and cardiovascular risk, focusing on mechanistic insights of the underlying hormones on platelet and leukocyte function as well as on effects on endothelial and adipose tissue cells.

Roadmap fusion imaging in percutaneous coronary intervention reduces contrast medium exposure irrespective of investigator's experience level.

OBJECTIVES: Dynamic Coronary Roadmap (DCR) is a software tool that creates a real-time dynamic coronary artery overlay on fluoroscopic images. The efficacy of DCR in significantly reducing contrast medium use during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) has previously been shown. In this study, we aimed to determine if DCR is equally effective irrespective of the performing investigator's experience level. METHODS: In this sub-analysis of a monocentric, open-label, randomized trial, 130 patients with hemodynamic relevant coronary type A and B lesions were randomized and contrast medium use was conducted with (+) or without (-) DCR software. PCI was randomly allocated and performed by an investigator with high (A) or medium (B) experience level. RESULTS: Overall, contrast medium use was significantly reduced by both investigators in the +DCR group, and Investigator B used significantly less contrast medium with the software than Investigator A. The DCR software was not accompanied by increased radiation exposure for the patients or the teams. On the contrary, dose area product was reduced by both investigators, but was significantly reduced by the highly experienced investigator when using DCR. Fluoroscopy time was not different between investigators. Procedural success was 100%. Serious in-hospital adverse events were not observed. One of Investigator A's patients suffered from post-procedural acute kidney injury in the -DCR group. CONCLUSIONS: DCR significantly reduces contrast medium use during PCI irrespective of investigator's experience level.

Cholesterol Crystal Dissolution Rate of Serum Predicts Outcomes in Patients With Aortic Stenosis Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Aortic stenosis has pathophysiological similarities with atherosclerosis, including the deposition of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins. The resulting cholesterol crystals activate the NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3) inflammasome, leading to inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to investigate the cholesterol crystal dissolution rate (CCDR) of serum in patients with aortic stenosis and to assess the prognostic value of this biomarker. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study included 348 patients with aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. The CCDR was measured using flow cytometry to enumerate cholesterol crystals that were added to a serum solution, at baseline and after 2 hours of incubation. Based on the median CCDR, the cohort was stratified into high and low cholesterol crystal dissolvers. The incidence of the primary end point, a composite of 1-year all-cause mortality and major vascular complication, was significantly lower in the high CCDR group (7.3 per 100 person-years) compared with the low CCDR group (17.0 per 100 person-years, P=0.01). This was mainly driven by a lower 1-year mortality rate in patients with a high CCDR (7.3 versus 15.1 per 100 person-years, P=0.04). Unplanned endovascular interventions were significantly less frequent in high cholesterol crystal dissolvers (12.8 versus 22.6 per 100 person-years, P=0.04). Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were comparable in both groups (101.8±37.3 mg/dL versus 97.9±37.6 mg/dL, P=0.35), only patients with a low CCDR showed a benefit from statin treatment. In multivariate analysis, low CCDR (hazard ratio, 2.21 [95% CI, 0.99-4.92], P=0.04) was significantly associated with 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The CCDR is a novel biomarker associated with outcome in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. It may provide new insights into patients' anti-inflammatory capacity and additional prognostic information beyond classic risk assessment.

Accredited cardiac arrest centers facilitate eCPR and improve neurological outcome.

BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains a frequent medical emergency with low survival rates even after a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Growing evidence supports formation of dedicated teams in scenarios like cardiogenic shock to improve prognosis. Thus, the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) recommended introduction of Cardiac Arrest Centers (CAC) in their 2015 guidelines. Here, we aimed to elucidate the effects of newly introduced CACs in Germany regarding survival rate and neurological outcome. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective observational cohort study was performed at three university hospitals and outcomes after OHCA were compared before and after CAC accreditation. Primary outcomes were survival until discharge and favorable neurological status (CPC 1 or 2) at discharge. RESULTS: In total 784 patients (368 before and 416 after CAC accreditation) were analyzed. Rates of immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (40 vs. 52%, p = 0.01) and implementation of extracorporeal CPR (8 vs. 13%, p < 0.05) increased after CAC accreditation. Likelihood of favorable neurological status at discharge was higher after CAC accreditation (71 vs. 87%, p < 0.01), whereas overall survival remained similar (35 vs. 35%, p > 0.99). CONCLUSION: CAC accreditation is linked to higher rates of favorable neurological outcome and unchanged overall survival.

Prevalence, mechanisms, and prognostic impact of dynamic mitral regurgitation assessed by isometric handgrip exercise.

AIMS: The extent of mitral regurgitation (MR) may vary depending on the haemodynamic situation; thus, exercise testing plays an important role in assessing the haemodynamic relevance of MR. We aim to assess prevalence, mechanisms, and prognostic impact of exercise-induced changes in MR in patients with degenerative MR (DegMR) and functional MR (FMR). METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 367 patients with at least mild MR who underwent standardized echocardiography at rest and during handgrip exercise. Handgrip exercise led to an increase in MR by one grade or more in 19% of DegMR and 28% of FMR patients. In FMR, patients with exercise-induced increases in MR, handgrip exercise led to a reduction in left ventricular stroke volume index, being maintained in DegMR patients. Exercise-induced changes in systolic pulmonary artery pressure were linked to changes in effective regurgitant orifice area (DegMR: r = 0.456; P < 0.001; FMR: r = 0.326; P < 0.001). Thus, 26% of patients with DegMR and FMR developed pulmonary hypertension during exercise. In both cohorts, a significant proportion of patients with non-severe MR at rest and exercise-induced severe MR underwent mitral valve surgery/intervention during follow-up. In FMR patients (but not in DegMR patients), early mitral valve surgery/intervention was independently associated with lower event rates during follow-up [0.177 (0.027-0.643); P = 0.025]. CONCLUSIONS: Handgrip exercise echocardiography provides important information regarding the dynamic nature of MR, exercise-induced changes in left ventricular function, and pulmonary circulation with subsequent consequences for further therapeutic decision making. Thus, it should be considered as a diagnostic tool in symptomatic patients with non-severe MR at rest.

Outcomes of patients undergoing edge-to-edge mitral valve repair with the Edwards PASCAL transcatheter valve repair system under conscious sedation.

BACKGROUND: The development of the PASCAL transcatheter valve repair system for treating mitral regurgitation (MR) greatly extends therapeutic options. AIMS: To assess the safety, efficacy, and time efficiency of the PASCAL system in transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) under conscious sedation (CS). METHODS: This is a retrospective, two-center, German registry study consisting of 211 patients who underwent TEER using the PASCAL system under CS. The endpoints were to assess (1) technical, device, and procedural success as per Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium (MVARC), (2) conversion rate to general anesthesia (GA), (3) hospital length of stay (LoS), (4) New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, and (5) MR compared to baseline at 30-day. RESULTS: A total of 211 patients with a mean age of 78.4 ± 8.9 years, with 51.4% being female and 86.7% belonging to NYHA functional class III/IV and EuroSCORE II 6.3 ± 4.9%, were enrolled. Procedural success attained was 96.9%, and six patients (2.8%) required conversion from CS to GA. At 30 days follow-up, a significant improvement in MR was found in 96 patients (54.2%) patients with 0/1 grade MR and 45 patients (29.5%) were in NYHA functional class III + IV. Moreover, TEER under CS has a short hospital LoS (6.71 ± 5.29 days) and intensive care unit LoS (1.34 ± 3.49 days) with a 2.8% mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Performing TEER with the PASCAL system under CS resulted in appreciable (96.9%) procedural success with low mortality and is a safe and promising alternative to GA with positive clinical outcomes.

Outcome of Patients Managed by Percutaneous Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation During On-Hours and Off-Hours.

Percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (pVADs) may be used in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) to stabilize hemodynamics and maintain sufficient end-organ perfusion. Vascular complications are commonly observed in patients with pVAD support. We aimed to assess the relationship between pVAD implantation time and access-site complication rates. This retrospective observational study included all patients who underwent pVAD insertion for the treatment of CS at our university hospital between 2014 and 2021 (n = 224). Depending on the pVAD insertion time, the patients were assigned to the on-hours (n = 120) or off-hours group (n = 104). Both groups had comparable baseline characteristics and comorbidities. The rate of access-site-related complications was higher in the off-hours group than in the on-hours group (26% vs. 10%, p = 0.002). Premature discontinuation of pVAD support to prevent limb ischemia or manage access-site bleeding was required more often in the off-hours group than in the on-hours group (14% vs. 5%, p = 0.016). Pre-existing peripheral artery disease and implantation time off-hours were independent predictors for access-siterelated vascular complications. In conclusion, patients with CS in whom pVAD was inserted during off-hours had higher rates of access-site-related complications and premature discontinuation of pVAD support than those in whom pVAD was inserted during on-hours.

Heparin dosing in patients with Impella-supported cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND: Impella™ is increasingly used in cardiogenic shock. However, thromboembolic and bleeding events are frequent during percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (pMCS). OBJECTIVE: Therefore, we aimed to explore the optimal anticoagulation regime for pMCS to prevent thromboembolism and bleedings. METHODS: This hypothesis-generating multi-center cohort study investigated 170 patients with left-Impella™ support. We (A) compared bleeding/thrombotic events in two centers with therapeutic range (TR-aPTT) activated partial thromboplastin time (60-80s) and (B) compared events of these centers with one center with intermediate range aPTT (40-60s). RESULTS: After matching, there were no differences in patients' characteristics. In centers aiming at TR-aPTT, major bleeding was numerically lower with aPTT <60s within 48 h of left-Impella™ support, versus patients that achieved the aimed aPTT of ≥60s [aPTT ≥60s: 22 (37.3%) vs. aPTT<60s 14 (23.7%); Hazard ratio [HR], 0.62 (95%) CI, 0.28-1.38; p = 0.234]. Major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular adverse events (MACCE) did not differ between groups. In comparison of centers, TR-aPTT strategy showed higher major bleeding rates [TR: 8 (47.1%) vs. intermediate range: 1 (5.9%); HR, 0.06 (95%) CI, 0.01-0.45; p = 0.006]. MACCE were lower in the intermediate range aPTT group as well [TR 12 (70.6%) vs. intermediate range 5 (29.4%) HR, 0.32 (95%) CI, 0.11-0.92; p = 0.034]. CONCLUSION: This pilot analysis showed that lowering UFH-targets in left-Impella™ supported CS patients seems to be a safe and promising strategy for reducing major bleedings without increasing MACCE. This needs to be validated in larger, randomized clinical trials.

Frailty's influence on 30-day mortality in old critically ill ICU patients: a bayesian analysis evaluating the clinical frailty scale.

INTRODUCTION: Frailty is widely acknowledged as influencing health outcomes among critically ill old patients. Yet, the traditional understanding of its impact has predominantly been through frequentist statistics. We endeavored to explore this association using Bayesian statistics aiming to provide a more nuanced understanding of this multifaceted relationship. METHODS: Our analysis incorporated a cohort of 10,363 older (median age 82 years) patients from three international prospective studies, with 30-day all-cause mortality as the primary outcome. We defined frailty as Clinical Frailty Scale ≥ 5. A hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression model was employed, adjusting for covariables, using a range of priors. An international steering committee of registry members reached a consensus on a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). RESULTS: In our study, the 30-day mortality was 43%, with rates of 38% in non-frail and 51% in frail groups. Post-adjustment, the median odds ratio (OR) for frailty was 1.60 (95% CI 1.45-1.76). Frailty was invariably linked to adverse outcomes (OR > 1) with 100% probability and had a 90% chance of exceeding the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) (OR > 1.5). For the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) as a continuous variable, the median OR was 1.19 (1.16-1.22), with over 99% probability of the effect being more significant than 1.5 times the MCID. Frailty remained outside the region of practical equivalence (ROPE) in all analyses, underscoring its clinical importance regardless of how it is measured. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates the significant impact of frailty on short-term mortality in critically ill elderly patients, particularly when the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is used as a continuous measure. This approach, which views frailty as a spectrum, enables more effective, personalized care for this vulnerable group. Significantly, frailty was consistently outside the region of practical equivalence (ROPE) in our analysis, highlighting its clinical importance.