Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern is positively associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case control study.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, is influenced by various factors. Because there is evidence linking inflammation with chronic diseases, we hypothesized that there is a relationship between an empirical dietary inflammatory pattern score (EDIP) with odds of PCOS among the adult population. This case control study was conducted on Tehranian women in Iran. A total of 494 participants (203 women with PCOS in the case group and 291 healthy people in the control group), aged 18 to 45 years, were recruited for the study. Demographic information, anthropometric indices, physical activity level, and dietary intake were collected by a trained nutritionist. EDIP score was calculated to estimate overall dietary inflammatory potential based on 18 food groups. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 19. Based on the results, the mean age of participants in the case and control groups were 28.98 ± 5.43 and 30.15 ± 6.21 years, respectively. Individuals with PCOS had a significantly higher difference in EDIP score compared with healthy participants (2.03 ± 1.13 vs 1.70 ± 0.93, P < .001). Also, the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the risk of PCOS across quartiles of EDIP showed a significant direct relationship (P = .003). In conclusion, our study showed that there was a direct association between PCOS risk and EDIP score. Findings suggest that inflammatory index might be a potential mechanism linking diet and PCOS development.

The association between plant and animal protein intake and quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Background: Hemodialysis (HD) patients often experience a significant reduction in quality of life (QOL). The source of dietary protein intake may influence the renal function and complications of HD patients. The present study assessed the relationship between plant and animal protein intake and QOL in HD patients. Methods: 264 adult patients under dialysis for at least three months were included in this cross-sectional study. Dietary intakes were collected using a valid and reliable 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) over the past year. Total, animal, and plant proteins were calculated for each patient. To evaluate QOL, Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SF 1/3) was used. Anthropometric measures were assessed according to standard protocols. Results: In this study, the average age of participants was 58.62 ± 15.26 years old; most (73.5%) were men. The mean of total, plant, and animal proteins intake were 66.40 ± 34.29 g/d, 34.60 ± 18.24 g/d, and 31.80 ± 22.21 g/d. Furthermore, the mean score of QOL was 59.29 ± 18.68. After adjustment for potential confounders, a significant positive association was found between total dietary protein intake and QOL (ß = 0.12; p = 0.03). Moreover, there was a significant association between plant-based protein intake and QOL (ß = 0.26; p < 0.001). However, the association between animal protein intake and QOL was insignificant (ß = 0.03; p = 0.60). Conclusion: Higher total and plant proteins intake were associated with better QOL in HD patients. Further studies, particularly prospective ones, are needed to corroborate these associations.

Interactions Between Genetic Risk Score and Healthy Plant Diet Index on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Obese and Overweight Women.

People with higher genetic predisposition to obesity are more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and healthy plant-based foods may be associated with reduced risks of obesity and other metabolic markers. We investigated whether healthy plant-foods-rich dietary patterns might have inverse associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in participants at genetically elevated risk of obesity. For this cross-sectional study, 377 obese and overweight women were chosen from health centers in Tehran, Iran. We calculated a healthy plant-based diet index (h-PDI) in which healthy plant foods received positive scores, and unhealthy plant and animal foods received reversed scores. A genetic risk score (GRS) was developed based on 3 polymorphisms. The interaction between GRS and h-PDI on cardiometabolic traits was analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM). We found significant interactions between GRS and h-PDI on body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.02), body fat mass (p = 0.04), and waist circumference (p = 0.056). There were significant gene-diet interactions for healthful plant-derived diets and BMI-GRS on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p = 0.03), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.04), alanine transaminase (p = 0.05), insulin (p = 0.04), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (p = 0.002). Adherence to h-PDI was more strongly related to decreased levels of the aforementioned markers among participants in the second or top tertile of GRS than those with low GRS. These results highlight that following a plant-based dietary pattern considering genetics appears to be a protective factor against the risks of cardiometabolic abnormalities.

The association between dietary pattern and visceral adiposity index, triglyceride-glucose index, inflammation, and body composition among Iranian overweight and obese women.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns, derived through latent class analysis (LCA), with visceral adiposity index (VAI), Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), inflammation biomarkers, and body composition in overweight and obese Iranian women. For this cross-sectional study, dietary exposure was assessed using a validated 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were derived through LCA. Binary logistic was performed to test the associations of dietary patterns with VAI, TyG, inflammation biomarkers, and body composition. Health centers in Tehran, Iran. 376 obese and overweight women, aged > 18 years. Two dietary patterns were identified using LCA modeling: healthy and unhealthy. Women in the unhealthy class were characterized by higher consumption of fast food, sweetened beverages, grains, unhealthy oils, butter and margarine, and snacks. Compared with the healthy class, the unhealthy class was associated with an increased risk of higher fasting blood sugar (FBS) (OR = 6.07; 95% CI: 1.33-27.74, P value = 0.02), c-reactive protein (CRP) (OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.05-2.80; P value = 0.02), and lower fat free mass index (FFMI) (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.35-0.88, P value = 0.01), after adjusting for confounders. We found that adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with decreased FFMI and increased FBS and CRP using LCA, but not with the rest of the variables. Further studies should be conducted to confirm the veracity of these findings.

Association Between Infants Anthropometric Outcomes With Maternal AHEI-P and DII Scores.

The present study sought to examine the association between an infant's anthropometric outcomes with maternal Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P) scores during the third trimester of pregnancy. This prospective cohort study was applying 130 pregnant women, at the pregnancy training center in west Tehran, Iran (November 2020 to July 2021). The maternal dietary intake, and body mass index (BMI), and social economic level were evaluated. The data about birth weight, birth height, head circumference, and, gestational age at birth were extracted from each child's health records. The ultimate sample included 122 (93.8%) pairs of women/newborn children. The participants, mean age was 28.13 ± 4.66 years with gestational age between 28 to 40 weeks and the mean of BMI was 24.62 ± 3.51. Our outcomes, after adjustment for confounding factors, suggested that those newborn infants in the highest quartile of maternal DII score had a significantly lower weight (p < 0.001) and height (p = 0.05), in comparison to those in the lowest quartile, but not head circumference (p = 0.18). Moreover, after adjustment for confounding factors, results suggested that those newborn infants in the First quartile of maternal AHEI-P score had a significantly lower weight (p = 0.018) and, in comparison to those in the higher quartile. It appears that newborn infants with lower maternal DII and higher AHEI-P scores may have a better anthropometric outcome. Further longitudinal and in-depth qualitative and quantitative studies, with a longer-term follow-up, is warranted to support the integrity of our outcomes.

Effect of a moderately carbohydrate-restricted diet on liver enzymes, steatosis and fibrosis in normal-weight individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: study protocol for a parallel randomised controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic condition that is considerably prevalent across the world. Dietary intakes, in which macronutrient composition is precisely planned, might be able to reduce inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis among patients with NAFLD. A moderately carbohydrate restricted diet with weight loss has been demonstrated to improve liver fat content among overweight or obese patients. However, there is no information about the appropriateness of such a restriction, without weight loss, in normal-weight patients. This randomised clinical trial will be aimed at assessing the effect of moderate carbohydrate restriction on liver enzymes, liver steatosis and fibrosis in normal-weight patients with NAFLD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This randomised controlled clinical trial will be conducted to evaluate the impact of a moderately carbohydrate restricted diet on liver enzymes, steatosis and fibrosis in 52 eligible normal-weight individuals with NAFLD. Transient elastography and controlled attenuation parameter with FibroScan will be applied to diagnose NAFLD. After individual matching based on body mass index, age and sex, patients will be randomly assigned to receive a moderately carbohydrate restricted diet or an isocaloric diet without carbohydrate restriction for 12 weeks. The primary and secondary outcomes in this study will be liver function indices, including liver steatosis and fibrosis, metabolic parameters and anthropometric measures. All these variables will be assessed at study baseline and postintervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The present clinical trial study was accepted by the ethics committee of TUMS (Tehran University of Medical Sciences) (code: IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1400.116). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT20210119050086N1.

Association of dietary acid load with metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women.

Background: There is increasing evidence supporting the association between dietary acid load and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are rare and inconsistent studies to examine the association of dietary acid load and MetS score. The aim of this research was to assess dietary acid loads as measured by potential renal acid load (PRAL) in relation to MetS. Methods: The current study involved 246 overweight or obese women. Dietary assessment was performed using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Remer's equation was used to calculate PRAL score. MetS was defined as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)/Adult Treatment Panel ΙΙΙ (ATP). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to find the association between PRAL score and MetS. Results: The mean age and BMI of participants were 36.49±8.38 years old and 31.04±4.31 kg/m2, respectively. Overall, 32 percent of participants had MetS. According to the final model, although not statistically significant, there was a trend which suggested that being in the highest quartile of adherence to dietary acid load, evaluated by PRAL score, compared to the lowest quartile was associated with higher odds of MetS [(OR: 2.80; 95% CI: 0.95-8.26), (P=0.06)]. Conclusions: Our study shows a borderline non-significant association between PRAL and odds of MetS in overweight or obese women. However, definitive clarification of this relationship requires future intervention studies.

The Relationship between Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern with Anthropometric Measures in Women with Overweight and Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: The increasing trend of obesity prevalence is a serious health warning for people worldwide. Evaluation of anthropometric measures is essential for explaining individual's health status. Studies have investigated the effect of diet on inflammation. Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern (EDIP) was recently developed to empirically create a score for overall inflammatory potential of diet. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between EDIP with anthropometric measures in women with overweight and obesity. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the EDIP score was calculated for 301 participants from their food frequency questionnaire, who referred to health centers in Tehran, Iran in 2018. Anthropometric measures was assessed through multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Results: 49% (95% CI: 40.8 - 57.2) had positive EDIP score. A significant relationship was found between EDIP quartiles with weight (P=0.004), BMI (P=0.012), FM (P=0.013), WC (P=0.003) and WHR (P=0.031). Those individuals in the lowest group of EDIP score had significantly lower weight, Body Mass Index, Fat Mass, Waist Circumference and Waist to Hip Ratio, compared to those with highest inflammation score. Conclusion: A significant relationship was found between EDIP with anthropometric measures in women with overweight and obesity, supporting the hypothesis that an anti-inflammatory diet is associated with decreasing trend of weight, Body Mass Index, Fat Mass, Waist Circumference and Waist to Hip Ratio.

Evaluation of the predictive value of different dietary antioxidant capacity assessment methods on healthy and unhealthy phenotype in overweight and obese women.

Purpose: Predictive value of different dietary antioxidant capacity assessment methods on healthy and unhealthy phenotypes in overweight and obese women is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of different dietary antioxidant capacity assessment methods on healthy and unhealthy phenotypes in overweight and obese women. Methods: A total of 290 overweight and obese women were included in this cross-sectional study. Food intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary antioxidant capacity was calculated using valid databases of antioxidant value. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method was used to evaluate the predictive value of antioxidant capacity indices, including dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Results: The results showed that the highest area under the ROC curve for predicting metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) belongs to the TRAP method (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.53). In addition, this method had the highest AUC for predicting inflammatory marker of C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (AUC = 0.54) and the index of the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (AUC = 0.59). The highest AUC for triglyceride prediction was related to the DAQS method (AUC = 0.56). Moreover, a significant correlation of FRAP (r = -0.15, P = 0.02), TRAP (r = -0.19, P < 0.001), TEAC (r = -0.18, P< 0.001) with HOMA-IR was reached. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that the best way to predict the status of MHO is TRAP method. This method is also the best predictor of hs-CRP and HOMA-IR. DAQS method is the best predictor for TG.

The relationship of genetic risk score with cardiometabolic risk factors: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: For more than eight decades, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has remained the leading cause of death in the world. CVD risk factors are multifaceted, with genetics and lifestyle both playing a role. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between a genetic profile risk score for obesity GRS and cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese women. METHODS: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 391 overweight and obese women. The genetic risk score was created by combining three single nucleotide polymorphisms [MC4R (rs17782313), CAV-1 (rs3807992), and Cry-1 (rs2287161)]. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and some blood parameters were measured by standard protocols. RESULTS: A significant association between the GRS and some of cardiometabolic risk factors variables such as body mass index (ß = 0. 49, 95%CI = 0.22 to 0.76, p < 0.001), waist circumference (ß = 0. 86, 95%CI = 0.18 to 1.54, p = 0.01), body fat mass (ß = 0. 82, 95%CI = 0.25 to 1.39, p = 0.005), %body fat (ß = 0. 44, 95%CI = 0.06 to 0.82, p = 0.02), and hs-CRP (ß = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.78, p = 0.005) was observed in crude model. After adjustment for confounding factors (age, BMI, and physical activity), a significant positive association was observed between BMI (p = 0.004), WC (p = 0.02), body fat mass (p = 0.01), %BF (p = 0.01), hs-CRP (p = 0.009), and GRS. In addition, we discovered a significant negative association between the GRS and BMC (= -0.02, 95%CI = -0.05 to -0.001, p = 0.04). But other variables did not show any significant association with GRS among obese and overweight women. CONCLUSION: We found a significant positive association between GRS, including MC4R (rs17782313), CAV-1 (rs3807992), and Cry-1 (rs2287161) and cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and obese Iranian women.

Association between dietary intake of fatty acids and colorectal cancer, a case-control study.

Background: The association of dietary fat and colorectal cancer (CRC) was frequently reported. However, few studies assessed the effects of different types of dietary fats on CRC. This study aimed to investigate the association between intakes of different types of dietary fatty acids with colorectal cancer risk. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 480 participants including 160 CRC cases and 320 healthy controls in Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The intake of dietary fatty acids of the participants was assessed using a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results: The mean intake of cholesterol (273.07 ± 53.63 vs. 254.17 ± 61.12, P = 0.001), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (16.54 ± 4.20 vs. 15.41 ± 4.44, P = 0.012), and calorie (2,568.76 ± 404.48 vs. 2,493.38 ± 176.03, P = 0.006) was higher and the mean intake of oleic acid (5.59 ± 3.17 vs. 8.21 ± 5.46) and linoleic acid (6.03 ± 3.44 vs. 7.02 ± 4.08, P = 0.01) was lower in the case group compared to the control group. An inverse association was found between colorectal cancer (CRC) and dietary intake of oleic acid (OR: 0.85, CI 95% 0.80-0.90, P = 0.001), linoleic acid (OR: 0.85, CI 95% 0.78-0.93, P = 0.001), and α-linolenic acid (OR: 0.75, CI 95% 0.57-0.98, P = 0.04). The association remained significant after adjusting for age and sex, sleep, smoking, and alcohol consumption, and BMI. Conclusions: The results of this study support a protective effect of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid against CRC. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these results.

The Association Between Different Types of Dietary Carbohydrates and Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study.

Background: Several factors such as genetics and dietary intake are involved in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Higher intake of dietary carbohydrates may be associated with an increased risk of CRC. This study aimed to investigate the association between different types of dietary carbohydrates and CRC. Methods: This hospital-based case-control study was carried out from June 2020 to May 2021 on 480 randomly selected participants including 160 CRC patients and 320 healthy controls aged 35-70 years in Firoozgar hospital, Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Nutritionist IV software was used to determine the intake of calorie and various forms of dietary carbohydrates including total carbohydrate, simple sugar, glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Results: The average daily intake of calorie, carbohydrates, sugar, glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose were significantly higher among CRC cases compared to the controls (All P < 0.05). The logistic regression found significant associations between CRC with dietary intake of carbohydrates (OR = 1.009, CI 95%: 1.003-1.01, P = 0.002), sugar (OR = 1.02, CI 95%: 1.01-1.03, P < 0.001), glucose (OR = 1.06, CI 95%: 1.01-1.11, P = 0.009), fructose (OR = 1.31, CI 95%: 1.19-1.43, P < 0.001), sucrose (OR = 1.19, CI 95%: 1.12.-1.25, P < 0.001), maltose (OR = 9.03, CI 95%: 3.93-20.78, P < 0.001), galactose (OR = 1.31, CI 95%: 1.07-1.6, P = 0.008), and lactose (OR = 1.009, CI 95%: 1.01-1.18, P = 0.02). This association remained significant after adjustment for sex and age (except for galactose and lactose), and additional adjustment for sleep, tobacco, and alcohol level, and further adjustment for calorie intake and body mass index (BMI) (except for glucose). Conclusions: A positive association was found between CRC and dietary intake of carbohydrates, sugar, fructose, sucrose, and maltose. Following a low-carbohydrate, low-sugar diet may help prevent CRC. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Interaction of Cry1 Gene Polymorphisms and Dominant Food Patterns on Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Evidence suggests that there is some relationship between circadian clock gene variants and obesity. However, there are few examinations supporting this observation in human subjects. This study was aimed to investigate the interaction between Cry1 circadian gene polymorphism and major dietary patterns on obesity measurements. Methods: Healthy overweight and obese women aged 18-53 years old were recruited from health centers in Tehran, Iran by a multistage cluster random sampling method (n = 377). Major dietary patterns were elicited after assessing the intake of 16 food groups using a valid and reliable 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measurements were performed for each and every participant. Body composition was analyzed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Socio-demographic and physical activity data were also collected by a validated Farsi demographic questionnaire and the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). The Cry1 rs2287161 polymorphism were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Generalized linear models were used for interaction analysis. Results: Two major dietary patterns, including healthy and unhealthy dietary pattern (HDP and UDP, respectively) were determined using factor analysis. Our study showed a significant higher weight (P = 0.003), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.042), hip circumference (P = 0.052), and body fat mass (P = 0.028) in carriers of C allele compared with G allele. Moreover, a significant gene-diet interaction was observed between being a carrier of C allele and BMI (P = 0.099 for CC genotype; P = 0.1 for CG genotype) and fat mass (P = 0.1 for CG genotype). Conclusions: The current study suggests a significant interaction of Cry1 rs2287161 gene polymorphisms in people following a healthy dietary pattern on BMI and fat mass among carriers of C allele compared to carriers of G allele.

The Effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet on Sleep, Mental Health, and Hormonal Changes: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Women With Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Some dietary patterns may improve diabetes complications through scavenging oxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated the effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on sleep status, mental health, and hormonal changes among Iranian women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) included 66 diabetic women. Participants were randomly divided into the two different diet groups (the DASH diet and control diet; 33 patients in each group) for 3 months. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 items were used to assess sleep and mental disorders, respectively. Fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), as well as several sex hormones were evaluated at the beginning and the end of the trial. Results: Anthropometric indices, HbA1c (control: 8.77 ± 0.82 vs. 8.04 ± 1.03; the DASH diet 8.70 ± 1.05 vs.7.41 ± 1.03), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (control: 72.16 ± 26.02 vs. 68.12 ± 27.63; the DASH diet: 72.99 ± 25.19 vs. 67.43 ± 27.63) significantly decreased over 12 weeks in both the groups (P < .0001). Testosterone, 2-h postprandial glucose (2hPPG), and AGEs significantly decreased over 12 weeks in the DASH diet group. Sleep, depression, and anxiety scores significantly decreased over 12 weeks in the DASH diet group. Night sleep duration significantly increased over 12 weeks in the DASH diet group (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: A 12-week DASH diet significantly decreases testosterone, 2hPPG, AGEs level, as well as sleep, depression, and anxiety scores in women with type 2 diabetes. However, more RCTs are needed to confirm these findings.

Effects of alpha lipoic acid supplementation on serum lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is considered a strong antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, a number of previous studies have shown its lipid-lowering properties. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate the effects of ALA on lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), which can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality. METHODS: A total 46 patients with MetS were randomly divided into two groups. They received either 600 mg ALA (n = 23) or 600 mg placebo (n = 23) for 12 weeks. The body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), and blood pressure (BP) were assessed at baseline of the study. Physical activity level and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and end of the study. Serum lipid profile including triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) were measured before and after 12 weeks of intervention. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar in the ALA and placebo groups (P > 0.05). However, there were statistically significant differences in plasma levels of TG (-36.82 ± 42.48 versus 6.15 ± 25.04 mg/dl, P = 0.001) and TC (-8.91 ± 20.65 versus 10.84 ± 22.97 mg/dl, P = 0.01) after 12 weeks between the ALA group and the placebo group. Yet, there were no statistically significant differences in plasma levels of HDL-C and LDL-C after 12 weeks between the ALA group and the placebo group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that daily supplementation of 600 mg ALA for 12 weeks may improve the lipid profile in patients with MetS.

Dietary diversity score is inversely related to the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome in Tehranian women: a case-control study.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age and is affected by various dietary factors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary diversity score (DDS) and the risk of PCOS. Our case-control study was conducted in the summer and autumn of 2019 in Taleghani and Arash hospitals in Tehran, Iran. A total of 494 participants (203 cases and 291 controls) were included in the study. Thereafter, their demographic information, dietary intake, and anthropometric and physical activity assessments were gathered. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was then used to calculate the DDS by scoring 5 food groups. To evaluate the risk of PCOS in association with DDS, the subjects were categorized based on the quartile cut-off points of the DDS. The mean ± SD age of the participants in both the case and control groups was 28.98 ± 5.43 and 30.15 ± 6.21 years, while mean ± SD body mass index was 25.74 ± 5.44 and 23.65 ± 3.90 kg/m2, respectively. The comparison between the case and control groups indicated that total DDS was 5.19 ± 1.19 for the cases and 5.51 ± 1.19 for the controls. The comparison of DDS in the highest versus the lowest quartiles showed a decreased risk of PCOS (p < 0.05). We demonstrated an inverse association between DDS and PCOS compared with the control group. Furthermore, a higher DDS was significantly associated with a lower risk of PCOS (odds ratio = 0.40). Novelty: This is the first investigation on the relationship between DDS and PCOS. Results depicted an inverse relationship between DDS and PCOS.

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index with Bioelectrical Impedance Parameters and Characteristics Health in Overweight/Obese Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Diet quality has been suggested as an important factor in disorders such as obesity and mental health as it controls inflammatory biomarkers. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) with bioelectrical impedance parameters and characteristics of health in overweight\obese women. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we calculated DII for 301 participants from their food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Body composition was assessed through a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA). Depression, anxiety and stress scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to assess the level of characteristics of health. RESULTS: The mean percentage ± SD of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) was 46.81 ± 5.65 and 34.05 ± 8.69, respectively. In this study, 49% (95% CI: 40.8-57.2) of participants had positive DII. Linear regression analysis revealed that FFM (P = 0.004) and total body water (TBW) (P = 0.004) were significantly associated with DII. CONCLUSIONS: A significant relationship was found between DII with FFM and TBW in overweight\obese women, supporting the hypothesis that an anti-inflammatory diet is associated with elevated FFM and TBW.

Dietary inflammatory index (DII) may be associated with hypertriglyceridemia waist circumference phenotype in overweight and obese Iranian women: a cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have shown that increased dietary inflammatory index (DII) score or consumption of pro-inflammatory foods can lead to increased waist circumference (WC) as well as triglyceride (TG) concentrations in obese people. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between DII and hypertriglyceridemic waist circumference phenotype (HTGWCP) in women with overweight and obesity. RESULTS: There was a positive significant correlation between DII and HTGWCPs. In other words, with an increase in DII score or higher consumption of pro-inflammatory foods, the odds of having abnormal phenotypes including; enlarged waist normal TG (EWNT) (OR = 2.85, 95% CI 1.02 to 7.98, P for trend = 0.04), normal waist enlarged TG (NWET) (OR = 5.85, 95% CI 1.1 to 31.11, P for trend = 0.03) and enlarged waist enlarged TG (EWET) (OR = 3.13, 95% CI 0.95 to 10.27, P for trend = 0.05) increase compared to normal waist normal TG (NWNT) phenotype. In conclusion; increasing DII scores can increase abnormal phenotypes and therefore may increase WC and TG levels in overweight and obese women.

Dietary diversity modifies the association between FTO polymorphisms and obesity phenotypes.

The current study aimed to evaluate the interaction of the dietary diversity score (DDS) and FTO polymorphisms concerning obesity phenotypes. The 4480 subjects of this cohort study were selected. The polymorphisms rs1121980, rs14211085 and rs8050136 were selected and genotyped. The weighted method was used to calculate the genetic risk score (GRS). Obesity marker changes were calculated. Those with minor allele carriers of rs1121980 had lower body mass index changes (Q1: 1.58 ± 0.60 vs. Q4: 0.13 ± 0.59) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) (Q1: -0.00 ± 0.02 vs. Q4: -0.04 ± 0.02) when they had higher DDS (P interaction = 0.05). Carriers of the minor allele of rs8050136 had significant VAI change across DDS quartiles (Q1: -0.01 ± 0.02 vs. Q4: -0.02 ± 0.02, P interaction = 0.05). No significant interaction was found between the GRS and DDS on general obesity. The pattern of dietary diversity may have a mediatory role in improving obesity markers in subjects with a more genetic predisposition to adiposity.

The effects of Chlorella supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and anthropometric measures on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a chronic disease and the prevalence of it is rapidly increasing. Recently, the use of natural products in chronic diseases such as diabetes has gained more attention. Chlorella, a single-celled green alga, is one of them. There have been some studies on the effects of chlorella supplementation in chronic diseases such as NAFLD, prediabetes, and diabetic mice, but none of them examined the effects of chlorella in patients with T2DM. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of chlorella supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile, and anthropometric indices in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: This study is a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. 84 patients with T2DM assigned into two groups, receiving 1500 mg/day C. vulgaris or placebo for 8 weeks. Anthropometric information, blood pressure, 24-h food intake recall, and blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the study to determine the changes of FBS, HbA1c, insulin concentration, insulin resistance, and lipid profile. RESULTS: None of the variables investigated in this study showed a significant change after 8 weeks of intervention with C. vulgaris. CONCLUSION: According to the findings of this study, supplementation with C. vulgaris with a dosage of 1500 mg/day for 8 weeks, does not improve the anthropometric measurements, glycemic status, and lipid profile as well. Thus, it cannot be considered as a complementary therapeutic approach to common medications at this dosage and duration. However, future studies with a higher dosage of C. vulgaris and more prolonged than 8 weeks are needed to be done.