New Trends of Warthin Tumor Management: A Systematic Review of Nonsurgical Modalities.

Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of nonsurgical approaches for the management of Warthin's tumors (WTs) and evaluate their safety and efficacy as alternatives to surgical intervention. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases using specific keywords related to WT and nonsurgical treatments. Studies published before 2012, non-English publications, and mixed methodology articles were excluded. The selection process involved title and abstract screening, followed by a thorough assessment of the remaining articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data regarding study characteristics, participants, interventions, and outcomes were collected. Results: A total of 1582 records were analyzed, and 6 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated different nonsurgical interventions for WT management, including microwave ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy. The findings demonstrated that microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation led to a significant reduction in tumor size and improved cosmetic appearance. Ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy also resulted in a notable decrease in tumor size without complications. The included studies supported the safety and efficacy of these nonsurgical options for the treatment of WTs. Conclusion: Nonsurgical approaches, such as microwave ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy, have emerged as viable alternatives to surgical intervention for the management of WTs. These interventions offer promising outcomes in terms of tumor size reduction and cosmetic improvement. Further research with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up is warranted to validate these findings and establish standardized protocols for nonsurgical management of WTs.

Highly efficient mica-incorporated graphene oxide-based membranes for water purification and desalination.

Graphene oxide (GO) has become the most attractive material for membrane technology owing to its potential application as a nanofiller in water treatment, purification, and desalination. In this study, we incorporated mica as a cross-linking reagent to increase the interlayer spacing and stability of GO sheets and fabricated a mica/GO (MGO) membrane for the first time. The MGO membrane (260 ± 10 nm) exhibits 100% rejection for biomolecules such as tannic acid (TA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and >99% rejection for multiple probe molecules, such as methylene blue, methyl orange, congo red, and rhodamine B. The high rejection of membranes can be attributed to the surface interaction of mica with GO nanosheets through covalent interaction, which enhances the stability and separation efficiency of the membranes for probe ions and molecules. This ultrathin MGO membrane also exhibits much better water permeability at 870 ± 5 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, which is 10-100 times greater than that reported for pure GO and GO-based composite membranes. Additionally, the membrane shows high rejection for salt ions (70%). Furthermore, the stability of the MGO membranes was evaluated under various conditions, and the membranes demonstrated remarkable stability for up to 60 days in a neutral environment.

Renal cell carcinoma metastasizing to salivary glands: Systematic review.

Distant metastasis to salivary glands is a very rare event. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been known for its high propensity of metastasis to unusual locations and salivary glands are one among those sites. Approximately 0.1% of all salivary gland metastatic neoplasms originate from renal malignancies Literature has reported several studies analysing the metastatic tumors to the oral region. However, very little research work has been published to date to analyse solely the RCC metastasizing to the salivary glands. Thus, this review was conducted to examine the published cases of RCC metastasizing to salivary glands in the literature to date and to learn about their characteristics. An electronic search of the published literature was performed without publication year limitation in PubMed/ Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, and Research Gate databases, using mesh keywords like ('Renal cancer', OR 'Renal carcinoma' OR 'Renal cell cancer' OR 'Renal cell carcinoma'), AND ('Metastasis' OR 'Metastases'), And ('Salivary glands' OR 'Parotid gland' OR 'Submandibular gland' OR 'Sublingual gland'). We also searched all related journals manually. The reference list of all articles was also checked. Our research revealed a total of 83 relevant papers (1965-2022) with 100 patients. Parotid was the most predominant gland affected. 8% of patients died with a mean survival time of 1.3 yr. From this research, it can be concluded that RCC metastasizing to salivary glands is a rare occurrence. Careful evaluation of these cases is needed in order to raise awareness of these lesions and gain a better understanding of their characteristics for clinical as well as global implications.

Evaluation of Child Preference for Dentist Attire and Usage of a Camouflage Syringe in Reduction of Anxiety.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of child-friendly dentist attire and camouflage syringes on reducing dental anxiety in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 120 pediatric patients aged 6 to 12 years. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: group A (child-friendly dentist attire), group B (camouflage syringe), or group C (control group). Child preference for dentist attire was assessed using a visual analog scale, while dental anxiety was measured using the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale and the Facial Image Scale. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in dental anxiety scores in both group 2 and group 3 compared to group 1 (P < 0.001). Children in group A exhibited a higher preference for child-friendly dentist attire [mean score: 8.7, standard deviation (SD): 1.2] compared to group 1 (mean score: 3.2, SD: 1.5) (P < 0.001). Similarly, children in group 2 showed a higher preference for a camouflage syringe (mean score: 8.5, SD: 1.3) compared to group 1 (mean score: 3.4, SD: 1.6) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Child-friendly dentist attire and camouflage syringes were found to be effective in reducing dental anxiety among pediatric patients. These interventions were well received by children and their parents, highlighting the importance of considering child preferences in dental settings.

Immediate impacts of COVID-19 vaccination on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: COVID-19 vaccination is recommended in diabetic patients since diabetes is associated with worse clinical outcomes in COVID-19 infection. The safety profile of different types of COVID-19 vaccines, especially on glycemic control, can be explored due to availability of data from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. This meta-analysis aimed to quantify the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar was conducted using a search strategy for studies published till January 2023 in English language. Comparative observational studies reporting glycemic control obtained from CGM before and after COVID-19 vaccination in T1DM patients were included. The primary outcome was time in range (TIR) metric of proportion of glucose results falling within the range: 3.9-10 mmol/l. Other outcomes were time above range (TAR) (>10 mmol/l), time below range (TBR) (<3.9 mmol/l), coefficient of variation (CV), and mean blood glucose levels. The pooled outcomes were compared pre-vaccination and post-vaccination using Hedges' g (HG) with 95% CI. Results: A total of seven studies (632 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. COVID-19 vaccination caused small and statistically insignificant decrease in TIR after both the first (HG = 0.21, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.44, P=0.07) and second dose (HG = 0.09, 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.21, P = 0.19). Likewise, TAR was not affected after neither first (HG = -0.09, 95% CI: -0.22 to 0.03, P = 0.12) nor second vaccine dose (HG = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.21 to 0.06, P = 0.30). Likewise, TBR, mean blood glucose levels, and CV were not significantly altered following uptake of either of the doses. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination has an excellent safety profile in T1DM patients owing to its minimal impacts on immediate glycemic control.

A NiO-nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor functionalized with supramolecular structures for the ultra-sensitive detection of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol S in an aquatic environment.

Herein, NiO nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with a para-hexanitrocalix[6]arene derivative (p-HNC6/NiO) were synthesized by using a facile method and applied as a selective electrochemical sensor for the determination of bisphenol S (BPS) in real samples. Moreover, the functional interactions, phase purities, surface morphologies and elemental compositions of the synthesized p-HNC6/NiO NPs were investigated via advanced analytical tools, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Additionally, the synthesized p-HNC6/NiO NPs were cast on the surface of a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via a drop casting method, which resulted in uniform deposition of p-HNC6/NiO/GCE over the surface of the GCE. Additionally, the developed p-HNC6/NiO/GCE sensor demonstrated an outstanding electrochemical response to BPS under optimized conditions, including a supporting electrolyte, a Briton-Robinson buffer electrolyte at pH 4, a scan rate of 110 mV s-1 and a potential window of between -0.2 and 1.0 V. The wide linear dynamic range was optimized to 0.8-70 µM to obtain a brilliant linear calibration curve for BPS. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the developed sensor were estimated to be 0.0059 and 0.019 µM, respectively, which are lower than those of reported sensors for BPS. The feasibility of the developed method was successfully assessed by analyzing the content of BPS in waste water samples, and good recoveries were achieved.

Nanodiamonds: A Cutting-Edge Approach to Enhancing Biomedical Therapies and Diagnostics in Biosensing.

Nanodiamonds (NDs) have garnered attention in the field of nanomedicine due to their unique properties. This review offers a comprehensive overview of NDs synthesis methods, properties, and their uses in biomedical applications. Various synthesis techniques, such as detonation, high-pressure, high-temperature, and chemical vapor deposition, offer distinct advantages in tailoring NDs' size, shape, and surface properties. Surface modification methods further enhance NDs' biocompatibility and enable the attachment of bioactive molecules, expanding their applicability in biological systems. NDs serve as promising nanocarriers for drug delivery, showcasing biocompatibility and the ability to encapsulate therapeutic agents for targeted delivery. Additionally, NDs demonstrate potential in cancer treatment through hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement for improved immune responses. Functionalization of NDs facilitates their utilization in biosensors for sensitive biomolecule detection, aiding in precise diagnostics and rapid detection of infectious diseases. This review underscores the multifaceted role of NDs in advancing biomedical applications. By synthesizing NDs through various methods and modifying their surfaces, researchers can tailor their properties for specific biomedical needs. The ability of NDs to serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles holds promise for targeted therapy, while their applications in hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement offer innovative approaches to cancer treatment and immunization. Furthermore, the integration of NDs into biosensors enhances diagnostic capabilities, enabling rapid and sensitive detection of biomolecules and infectious diseases. Overall, the diverse functionalities of NDs underscore their potential as valuable tools in nanomedicine, paving the way for advancements in healthcare and biotechnology.

Exploring the aspirations, expectations and impediments of 'dental anaesthesiology' as a medical and dental speciality: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Local anaesthesia is the anaesthetic technique most frequently used in dentistry. Advanced anaesthetic treatments like conscious sedation and/or general anaesthesia are required for major dental surgical procedures. Although general dentists are capable of administering local anaesthesia, additional training is needed for advanced anaesthetic procedures. It is generally disputed whether advanced anaesthetic techniques should be related to one or two dental specialties or whether they should receive a separate degree. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims at introducing the field of 'dental anaesthesiology' in routine dental practice as applicable within laws laid down for dental and medical specialities. METHODS: Publications, articles and mouthpieces relevant to the topic of dental anaesthesiology were identified using various search engines like MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, and Web of Science. The terms used for the search were 'Dental anaesthesiology', 'General anaesthesia', and 'Dental care'. Articles about dental treatment done under anaesthesia were only considered describing various anaesthesia techniques. Additionally, the authors being regular caregivers of dentistry including oral and maxillofacial surgeon have shared their personal experiences and information on the said theme. RESULTS: In total, 127 articles were found of which 33 were available as full texts. Unrelated articles from the available full text were excluded. Finally, 17 studies were incorporated into the review. Majority of dental anaesthesiologist has a positive and favourable attitude towards the profession. Pediatric dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and special needs dentistry are the fields with the highest service demand. Also, the field is lucrative if the practitioner is refined and provides sophisticated services. It is easier and time saving to train the dentists, especially the ones with oral and maxillofacial surgery background. CONCLUSION: A degree of dental anaesthesiologist will open new doors to the budding dentist seeking for jobs or wanting to provide the best outcome.

Assessment and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Water, Fish (wild and Farmed) and Associated Human Health Risk.

Worldwide, anthropogenic activities are causing the natural environment and aquaculture systems to become heavily contaminated with heavy metals, which can lead to consumer's health problems. In the current study, wild and farmed fish (n = 30) and water samples (n = 6) have been collected from the Chashma barrage and fish farm to assess the heavy metals concentration, i.e., Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cr, in the water and some important organs (gills, liver, muscle, brain and bones) of wild and farmed fish (Labeo rohita) using Graphite furnace Atomic absorption spectrometry. Bioaccumulation factor and human health risk assessment were calculated to measure the health status of both fish and humans. Results show that in wild and farm fish's gills, muscles and bones, the trend of the heavy metals was Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd > Cr. On the other hand, the brain and liver show Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr trend. Comparatively, the heavy metals concentration was mostly higher (P < 0.05) in wild fish. Further; in both fish habitats (water) the heavy metals (Cd and Pb) concentration was higher than the WHO standard level, while in the body, Cd was higher (P < 0.05) in all studied organs except the muscle, Cr was only lower (P > 0.05) in muscle and brain. Pb was higher (P < 0.05) in all studied organs of both fish. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals was mostly higher (P < 0.05) in wild fish than in farmed. EDI and THQ were higher in wild fish, but the HI value was lower than 1 for both fish. Moreover, the PCA analysis suggests a positive correlation between heavy metals concentration in fish organs and the water of both fish (wild and farmed). Results indicated that farmed fish showed less potential risk to humans than wild fish.

Highly Efficient Arginine Intercalated Graphene Oxide Composite Membranes for Water Desalination.

Graphene oxide-based composite membranes have received enormous attention for highly efficient water desalination. Herein, we prepare arginine/graphene oxide (Arg/GO) composite membranes by surface functionalizing GO nanosheets with arginine amino acid. Arginine has a unique combination of hydroxyl and amino functional groups that cross-link GO nanosheets through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The as-prepared Arg@GO composite membranes with different thicknesses are used to separate the salt and dye molecules. The 900-nm-thick Arg@GO composite membrane shows high rejection of 98% for NaCl and 99.8% for MgCl2, Ni(NO3)2, and Pb(NO3)2 with good water permeance. Such a membrane also shows a high separation efficiency (100%) for methylene blue, rhodamine B, and Evans blue dyes. At the same time, the ultrathin Arg@GO composite membrane (220 ± 10 nm) exhibits high water permeance of up to 2100 ± 10 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. Furthermore, the 900-nm-thick Arg@GO composite membrane is stable in an aqueous environment for 40 days with significantly less swelling. Therefore, these membranes can be utilized in future desalination and separation applications.

Fabrication of para-dimethylamine calix[4]arene functionalized self-assembled graphene oxide composite material for effective removal of 2, 4, 6-tri-Cholorphenol from aqueous environment.

Water pollution caused by the release of organic pollutants is a major environmental concern worldwide. These pollutants can have harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems and the organisms living within them, as well as on human health when contaminated water is consumed. It is essential to implement proper treatment and management strategies to prevent and mitigate water pollution. Moreover, the major untreated industrial effluents are synthetic organic compounds especially 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) which cause several environmental issues and heath related problems in humans. To cope with this problem, an excellent 2D porous material based on p-DMAC4/GO composite has been synthesized as adsorbent material for the effective removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol pollutant from wastewater. In this regard, the advanced analytical tools such as Fourier-Transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used for its characterization. The results justified the chemical composition, excellent crystalline nature, surface morphology and elemental composition of the synthesized composite material. The synthesized adsorbent material showed 95% adsorption of TCP from wastewater system at optimal conditions i.e., pH (6), adsorbent dosage (30 mg) and shaking time (60 min). The mathematical models such as isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics studies validate the nature of adsorption process of TCP pollutant. The adsorption data found to be best fitted with Langmuir isotherms (R2 = 0.99); whereas kinetic study suggested the pseudo-second-order nature of reaction with R2 = 0.99. The thermodynamics study confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the TCP pollutant onto the surface of p-DMAC4/GO material. Moreover, the results of current work were also compared with existing reported adsorbents and data suggested the higher efficiency, feasibility, and reusability of p-DMAC4/GO material to remove the TCP pollutant from the wastewater system.

Two jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferases in Gossypium hirsutum involved in MeJA biosynthesis may contribute to plant defense.

Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the crucial plant hormones, can induce the emission of plant volatiles and regulate the behavioral responses of insect pests or their natural enemies. In this study, two jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferases (JMTs), GhJMT1 and GhJMT2, involved in MeJA biosynthesis in Gossypium. hirsutum were identified and further functionally confirmed. In vitro, recombinant GhJMT1 and GhJMT2 were both responsible for the conversion of JA to MeJA. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) measurement indicated that GhJMT1 and GhJMT2 were obviously up-regulated in leaves and stems of G. hirsutum after being treated with MeJA. In gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, MeJA treatment significantly induced plant volatiles emission such as (E)-ß-ocimene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool and (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), which play vital roles in direct and indirect plant defenses. Moreover, antennae of parasitoid wasps Microplitis mediator showed electrophysiological responses to MeJA, ß-ocimene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and linalool at a dose dependent manner, while our previous research revealed that DMNT excites electrophysiological responses and behavioral tendencies. These findings provide a better understanding of MeJA biosynthesis and defense regulation in upland cotton, which lay a foundation to JA and MeJA employment in agricultural pest control.

Functionalized graphene oxide-based lamellar membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration applications.

In this study, two-dimensional graphene oxide-based novel membranes were fabricated by modifying the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets with six-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) at room conditions. The as-modified PEGylated graphene oxide (PGO) membranes with unique layered structures and large interlayer spacing (∼1.12 nm) were utilized for organic solvent nanofiltration applications. The as-prepared 350 nm-thick PGO membrane offers a superior separation (>99%) against evans blue, methylene blue and rhodamine B dyes along with high methanol permeance ∼ 155 ± 10 L m-2 h-1, which is 10-100 times high compared to pristine GO membranes. Additionally, these membranes are stable for up to 20 days in organic solvent. Hence the results suggested that the as-synthesized PGO membranes with superior separation efficiency for dye molecules in organic solvent can be used in future for organic solvent nanofiltration application.

Lamellar Graphene Oxide-Based Composite Membranes for Efficient Separation of Heavy Metal Ions and Desalination of Water.

Sufficient efforts have been carried out to fabricate highly efficient graphene oxide (GO) lamellar membranes for heavy metal ion separation and desalination of water. However, selectivity for small ions remains a major problem. Herein, GO was modified by using onion extractive (OE) and a bioactive phenolic compound, i.e., quercetin. The as-prepared modified materials were fabricated into membranes and used for separation of heavy metal ions and water desalination. The GO/onion extract (GO/OE) composite membrane with a thickness of 350 nm shows an excellent rejection efficiency for several heavy metal ions such as Cr6+ (∼87.5%), As3+ (∼89.5%), Cd2+ (∼93.0%), and Pb2+ (∼99.5%) and a good water permeance of ∼460 ± 20 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. In addition, a GO/quercetin (GO/Q) composite membrane is also fabricated from quercetin for comparative studies. Quercetin is an active ingredient of onion extractives (2.1% w/w). The GO/Q composite membranes show good rejection up to ∼78.0, ∼80.5, ∼88.0, and 95.2% for Cr6+, As3+, Cd2+, and Pb2+, respectively, with a DI water permeance of ∼150 ± 10 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. Further, both membranes are used for water desalination by measuring rejection of small ions such as NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4. The resulting membranes show >70% rejection for small ions. In addition, both membranes are used for filtration of Indus River water and the GO/Q membrane shows remarkably high separation efficiency and makes river water suitable for drinking purpose. Furthermore, the GO/QE composite membrane is highly stable up to ∼25 days under acidic, basic, and neutral environments as compared to GO/Q composite and pristine GO-based membranes.

Influence of Operating and Electrochemical Parameters on PEMFC Performance: A Simulation Study.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, or polymer electrolyte fuel cell, (PEMFC) has received a significant amount of attention for green energy applications due to its low carbon emission and less other toxic pollution capacity. Herein, we develop a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamic model. The values of temperature, pressure, relative humidity, exchange coefficient, reference current density (RCD), and porosity values of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) were taken from the published literature. The results demonstrate that the performance of the cell is improved by modifying temperature and operating pressure. Current density is shown to degrade with the rising temperature as explored in this study. The findings show that at 353 K, the current density decreases by 28% compared to that at 323 K. In contrast, studies have shown that totally humidified gas passing through the gas channel results in a 10% higher current density yield, and that an evaluation of a 19% higher RCD value results in a similar current density yield.

Association Of Fibrotic Changes In Liver On Fibro-Scan With Viral Load And Duration Of Hepatitis C Infection -A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C is a diverse illness that causes significant death and morbidity. The hepatitis C virus infects hundreds of millions of individuals globally (HCV). More than 80% of those infected develop chronic infection; the remaining 10-20% recovers spontaneously through natural immunity. Acute hepatitis is only icteric in 20% of individuals and is seldom severe. METHODS: A pilot study was conducted at INOR hospital Abbottabad. Eleven hepatitis C positive and 10 hepatitis C negative participants were included in the study. RESULTS: A significant difference correlation was found between viral load and SWE quantification for fibrosis stage in Kilo-Pascal, r=0.904 (p-value=0.000

Ultrathin Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Purification.

Two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO)-based lamellar membranes have been widely developed for desalination, water purification, gas separation, and pervaporation. However, membranes with a well-organized multilayer structure and controlled pore size remain a challenge. Herein, an easy and efficient method is used to fabricate MoO2@GO and WO3@GO nanocomposite membranes with controlled structure and interlayer spacing. Such membranes show good separation for salt and heavy metal ions due to the intensive stacking interaction and electrostatic attraction. The as-prepared composite membranes showed high rejection rates (˃70%) toward small metal ions such as sodium (Na+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. In addition, both membranes also showed high rejection rates ˃99% for nickel (Ni2+) and lead (Pb2+) ions with good water permeability of 275 ± 10 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. We believe that our fabricated membranes will have a bright future in next generation desalination and water purification membranes.

Plant volatile ligands for male-biased MmedOBP14 stimulate orientation behavior of the parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator.

As an important class of chemosensory-associated proteins, odorant binding proteins (OBPs) play a key role in the perception of olfactory signals for insects. Parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator relies on its sensitive olfactory system to locate host larvae of Noctuidae and Geometridae. In the present study, MmedOBP14, a male-biased OBP in M. mediator, was functionally investigated. In fluorescence competitive binding assays, the recombinant MmedOBP14 showed strong binding abilities to five plant volatiles: ß-ionone, 3,4-dimethylacetophenone, 4-ethylacetophenone, acetophenone and ocimene. Homology modeling and molecular docking results indicated that the binding sites of all five ligands were similar and concentrated in the binding pocket of MmedOBP14. Except acetophenone, the remaining four ligands at 1, 10 and 100 µg/µL caused strong antennal electrophysiological responses in adults M. mediator, and males showed more obvious EAG responses to most ligands than females. In behavioral trials, males were attracted by low concentrations of MmedOBP14 ligands, whereas high doses of ß-ionone and acetophenone had a repellent effect on males. Moreover, 1 µg/µL of 3,4-dimethylacetophenone showed the strongest attractiveness to female wasps. These findings suggest that MmedOBP14 may play a more important role in the perception of plant volatiles for male wasps to locate habitat, supplement nutrition and search partners.