[Problems of ethyl glucuronide use in ethanol consumption diagnosis]. / Problemy ispol'zovaniya etilglyukuronida v diagnostike upotrebleniya etanola.

Quantitative determination of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in different biological objects in recent years has been positioned as one of the most reliable biomarkers of unconditional alcohol consumption. The aim of the study is to summarize the analytical methods of alcohol consumption testing with the use of EtG currently available in domestic and foreign literature and to present a schematic overview of possible errors in reproducibility and interpretation of research on EtG results, which may limit their use in forensic medical practice. The main objective is to increase the reliability and validity of EtG as a marker of ethanol consumption.

[Determination of the corpse's stay in the water duration according to maceration degree of its skin]. / Opredelenie dlitel'nosti prebyvaniya trupa v vode po stepeni vyrazhennosti matseratsii ego kozhnogo pokrova.

A serious problem during the postmortem examination of a corpse extracted from the water can be a significant determination of its stay in the water duration. First of all, the signs indicating the presence of a corpse in the water include maceration, according to the severity of which forensic experts often determine how long the corpse stayed in the water. The aim of the study is to summarize the available literature data and propose ways to objectify the determination of a corpse's stay in water duration by the severity of skin maceration. In this article, based on the analysis of literature, the process of skin maceration is described, as well as the timing and speed of its development according to various authors. The presence of quite a large number of external and internal factors affecting the process of skin maceration and the subjectivity of its severity assessment is indicated. This article provides examples of the biophysical methods usage for the study of biological objects in forensic medical examination, allowing to objectively record changes in the researcher's parameter of interest. The use of skin impedancemetry to objectify the severity of skin maceration.

[Analytical and synthesizing part of the forensic expert panel conclusion: a case study of professional violation of healthcare professionals]. / Analitiko-sinteziruyushchaya chast' zaklyucheniya sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertnoi komissii na primere del o professional'nykh pravonarusheniyakh meditsinskikh rabotnikov.

The objective of the study is to develop scientific criteria for the analytical and synthesizing part of the expert report on 'medical cases.' We studied 15 conclusions of expert panels. The following research methods were used: logical and analytical, logical and synthetic (generalization), comparative, systemic and analytical (analysis of relations between facts). For the first time, a new algorithm for the analytical and synthesizing part of the expert report was proposed; and also ways to improve the quality of forensic reports for all types of expert examinations, including those involving non-state forensic experts, were described. These improvements make the results of expert examinations and reviews more convenient and objective. They are intended for non-state forensic experts, attorneys who use them, and state forensic experts, including during the training and professional development.

[Estimation of time since death with the postmortem microbiome: a modern view and approaches to solving the problem]. / Opredelenie davnosti nastupleniya smerti s pomoshch'yu posmertnogo mikrobioma: sovremennyi vzglyad i podkhody k resheniyu problemy.

The aim of the review is to summarize and update the data of modern studies devoted to determining the post-mortem interval (PMI) with the use of microorganisms, as well as disclosing prospects for further study in the presented direction. Estimating the time elapsed since death based on the postmortem microbiome has great potential for accurate determination of PMI, but all methods currently used have their limitations. The dynamics of changes in microbial communities due to the influence of many external and internal factors significantly complicates the process of interpreting the results. The change of microbial communities in the human corpse has shown promising results for the assessment of PMI, but to date there is no evidence of the repeatability of such a continuity in various geographic and ecological conditions. The question of conducting new, large-scale studies, taking in all the factors that could affect the posthumous microbiome, is becoming urgent.

[Diagnostics of the presence of once of death and peculiarities of performance of the forensic medical examination in post-mortal facial condition]. / Diagnostika davnosti nastupleniya smerti i osobennosti provedeniya sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy pri posmertnom oledenenii trupa.

The purpose of the research is to summarize the current information about post-mortem interval (PMI) estimating and the peculiarities of the forensic medical examination in postmortem glaciation of the corpse. On the territory of most regions of the Russian Federation, the autumn-winter period passes with a significant decrease in ambient temperature, which makes this topic relevant. The article describes in detail the mechanisms of freezing of human cells and tissues, methods for diagnosing PMI, the peculiarities of the examination in postmortem glaciation, and also put forward directions for further research.

[Current views on methods of determining the age of injuries in the practice of the forensic expert]. / Sovremennyi vzglyad na metody opredeleniya davnosti povrezhdenii v praktike sudebno-meditsinskogo eksperta.

The review objective is to summarize the current data on new methods development for detection and determination of the age of injuries (AI) and to analyze the prospects of their use in the practice of forensic medical experts. The injury healing processes in various human body tissues are described in detail, and data on biomarkers of healing and their role are provided. Three main diagnostic methods for AI were analyzed: immunohistochemical, molecular biological study, and biophysical objectivization. Their advantages and disadvantages, as well as ways of further improvement of these methods, are considered.

[Personality factors' influence (gender, age, death category) on indicators of biophysical objectification of intra-vital injuries of a putrefactive corpse]. / Vliyanie faktorov individual'nosti (pol, vozrast, kategoriya smerti) na pokazateli biofizicheskoi ob"ektivizatsii prizhiznennykh povrezhdenii gnilostno izmenennogo trupa.

OBJECTIVE: Determination of the personality factors influence (gender, age, death category) on the numerical indicators of electrical characteristics during biophysical objectification of soft tissue injuries in a putrefactive corpse. The study was carried out based on Bureau of Forensic Medicine of the Bashkortostan Republic. The instrumental method examined 177 putrefactive corpses; 78 are female and 99 are male. Measurement of electrical characteristics (electrical capacity, electrical resistance) was carried out by an invasive method using a submersible sensor. It was established a significant effect of a person's age, gender and death category on the results of instrumental measurements. These individual characteristics can be recognized as factors that determine the electrical resistance and electrical capacity of biological tissues.

[Forensic aspects of sudden autopsy-negative cardiac death]. / Sudebno-meditsinskie aspekty vnezapnoi autopsiya-otritsatel'noi serdechnoi smerti.

The review of the world literature on the most common causes, mechanism of development and diagnostic signs of sudden autopsy-negative cardiac death is presented. Two groups of reasons for the development of this pathology were identified - traumatic and non-traumatic. The traumatic group includes the cardio-inhibitory reflex and the trigemino-cardiac reflex. The non-traumatic group included prolonged Q-T interval syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. The importance of postmortem molecular genetic research in cases of sudden cardiac death in order to prevent the deaths in the victim's relatives is noted. The criteria for the diagnosis of reflex cardiac arrest are indicated.

[TRAUMATIC INTRAORGANIC HEPATIC AND SPLENIC HEMATOMAS].

An analysis of application results of complex research methods of diagnostics of intraorganic hepatic and splenic hematomas was made. At the same time, options of these methods were used for determination of prescription of injury. The ultrasound, CT, MR-imaging, videolaparoscopy, angiography, Doppler ultrasonics, impedometry, biochemical, laboratory and cytological study of punctate sample from hematomas were applied for this purpose in 33 patients. According to authors, an evolution of hematomas happened in 3 stages, each of this stage was characterized by specified data associated with investigation results. The staging procedure of hematomas or their evolution allowed setting the prescription of injury.